Nalco Chemical Company

Frank N. Kemmer

Editor

The NALCO
Water
Handbook
Second Edition

McGraw-Hill Book Company

Ne~

York

Bogoti

St . Louis

Hamburg

Milan

Montreal

San Francisco Auckland

Madrid Mexico
New Delhi Panama

London

Paris Siio Paul o

Sydney T okyo

Singapore
T oronto

CONTENTS
Preface

Part 1

vii

The Nature of Water

,. 1. The Water Molecule .. . .. . . .. . . . .. . .. .. . . .. . . _ ... _ .. _ .. _ . __ .

1

2. Water Sources and Uses

3 . Basic Chemistry

11

6 4.
1

.. .. .. .. . . .. . .

Water Chemistry and lnterpretation of Water Analyses . _ . _ . . . . . _ .

5. Aquatic Biology

6 6 . Water Contaminants: Occurrence and Treatment . .... . _ . . _ .

7. Water Ga uging, Sampling, and Analysis

Part 2

1 1
o

2 .1

. . . . .. . .. .. . .. . . _ .. .. . ...... . .. . .

3.1
4.1
5.1
6.1
7 .1
-~

Unit Operations of Water Treatment

\.. 8. Coagulation and Flocculation

8.1
9 .1

'i 9. Solids/ Liquids Separation

91 O. Precipitation

10.1

i 11 . Emulsion Breaking

11.1
1 2.1

c 12. lon Exchange

,, 13. Neutralization . .

13.1

l 14. Degasification . . . .

t 15.

l 1 6. Aeration

_.

' 1 7 . Adsorption

16.1
. . . . . . .. . . . . .. .. . . .. . . .. . . . . . . . .. . .. . . . . _ .. _ . . . . .. . . . . . 17.1

f 18. Evaporation . . .

n1 9.

1 4.1
15.1

Membrane Separation

. .. . . . . . . . .. . .. . . . .. . .

Oxidation-Reduction

~ 20. Corrosion Control

. . .. . .

l 21. Deposit Control . .

(l 22.. Control of M icrobial Activity
l

23. Biologica! Digestion

Part 3
l

18.1
19.1
20.1
21 .1
22.1
23.1

Uses of Water

24. Aluminum lndustry

24.1

t 25. Automotive lndustry

J 26. Chemical lndustry

25.1

_.

26.1

l 27. Coa l Products : Coke. Producer Gas. and Synfuels

27.1

l 28.

28 .1

Food Processing lndustry

.. . . . .. . .. . . . .. . . . . . . .. .

' 29. Mining

Q30. Pulp and Paper lndust ry

31

29 .1

30.1
31 .1

Petroleum lndustry

CO:>ITENTS

vi

32. Steel lndustry . ..

32.1
33.1

. 33. Textile lndustry

1

/J4.

3 4 .1
35. 1

Utilit ies

35. Municipal W ater

36. Municipal Sewage Treatment . . . . . . . .. . . .
( 37. Commerciai. lnstitutional, and Residential Water T reatment .

Part 4
1

36.1
37.1

Specialized Water Treatment Technologies

38. Cooling Water Treatment

fi39. Boiler Water Treatment

(40. Effluent T reatment

: 41 . W et Gas Scrubbing

. . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

38.1
39. 1
40.1

..... ... .. . ......... .. . .... .... . ..... .... ... . . 41 .1

, 42 . Agricultural Use s of Water .. ............ ...... ............... .. ...... 42 .1

J4 3 . Oii-Field W atar T echnology .................. . . ...... ............. .. . 43 .1
' 44. Production of Ultrapure Water
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44.1

.45. Chemical Feed Systems

1 46.

Enargy Prmer

Glossary
~

Appendix

..

G.1
A.1

j lndex follow s the Appendix

.. ... .. . . . . . .. , . . . . 4 5.1

46 .1