Mohmoud Mossa-Modeling, Analysis and Enhancement of The Performance of A Wind Driven DFIG During Steady State and Transient Conditions-Anchor Academic Publishing (2014)

Mohmoud Mossa
Modeling, Analysis and Enhancement

of the performance of a Wind Driven
DFIG During steady state and transient
conditions
Anchor Academic Publishing

disseminate knowledge
Mossa, Mohmoud A.: Modeling, Analysis and Enhancement of the performance of a Wind
Driven DFIG During steady state and transient conditions. Hamburg, Anchor Academic
Publishing 2014
Buch-ISBN: 978-3-95489-139-9
PDF-eBook-ISBN: 978-3-95489-639-4
Druck/Herstellung: Anchor Academic Publishing, Hamburg, 2014
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ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
In the name of Allah, the most Gracious and most Merciful
All deepest thanks are due to ALLAH, the merciful and the compassionate for
the uncountable gifts given to me.
I
would
like
to
express
my
great
thanks
to
Prof. Dr. Ahmed Abd-Al twab hassan, Professor of Electrical Machines, El Minia
University for his discussions and encouragement. I would like to express my deepest
thanks to him for his kind supervision, generous advice, clarifying suggestions and
support during each step of this work.
I
also
would
like
to
express
my
great
thanks
to
Prof. Dr. Yehia Sayed Mohamed, Professor of Electrical Machines, EL Minia University
for his discussions, advices and encouragement. I would like to express my deepest
thanks to him for his kind supervision, generous advice.
I
also
would
like
to
express
my
great
thanks
to
Prof. Dr. Mohamed Mahmoud Hamada, Professor of electrical power systems, EL
Minia University for his discussions and encouragement. I would like to express my
deepest thanks to him for his kind supervision, generous advice.
I would like to thank all members and friends in the Electrical Engineering
Department, EL Minia University, for their valuable cooperation that was highly needed
during the conduction of this study.
I must not forget to express my deepest thanks to my family especially my lovely
mother whose prayers, cooperation at all stages of this work and against all odds, have
been simply overwhelming.
Mahmoud, 2013
ABSTRACT
Wind electrical power systems are recently getting lot of attention, because they are cost
competitive, environmental clean and safe renewable power source, as compared with
fossil fuel and nuclear power generation. A special type of induction generator, called a
doubly fed induction generator (DFIG), is used extensively for high-power wind
applications. They are used more and more in wind turbine applications due to ease
controllability, high energy efficiency and improved power quality.
This research aims to develop a method of a field orientation scheme for control both the
active and reactive powers of a DFIG driven by a wind turbine. The proposed control
system consists of a wind turbine that drives a DFIG connected to the utility grid through
AC-DC-AC link. The main control objective is to regulate the dc link voltage for
operation at maximum available wind power. This is achieved by controlling the
and
axes components of voltages and currents for both rotor side and line side converters
using PI controllers. The complete dynamic model of the proposed system is described in
detail. Computer simulations have been carried out in order to validate the effectiveness
of the proposed system during the variation of wind speed. The results prove that, better
overall performances are achieved, quick recover from wind speed disturbances in
addition to good tracking ability.
Generally, any abnormalities associated with grid asymmetrical faults are going to affect
the system performance considerably. During grid faults, unbalanced currents cause
negative effects like overheating problems and mechanical stress due to high torque
pulsations that can damage the rotor shaft, gearbox or blade assembly. Therefore, the
dynamic model of the DFIG, driven by a wind turbine during grid faults has been
analyzed and developed using the method of symmetrical components. The dynamic
performance of the DFIG during unbalanced grid conditions is analyzed and described in
detail using digital simulations.
A novel fault ride-through (FRT) capability is proposed (i.e. the ability of the power
system to remain connected to the grid during faults) with suitable control strategy in this
research. In this scheme, the input mechanical energy of the wind turbine during grid
ii
faults is stored and utilized at the moment of fault clearance, instead of being dissipated
in the resistors of the crowbar circuit as in the existing FRT schemes. Consequently,
torque balance between the electrical and mechanical quantities is achieved and hence the
rotor speed deviation and electromagnetic torque fluctuations are reduced. This results in
a reduction of reactive power requirement and rapid reestablishment of terminal voltage
on fault clearance.
Extensive simulation study has been carried out employing MATLAB/SIMULINK
software to validate the effectiveness of the proposed system during grid faults. The
results demonstrate that the potential capabilities of the proposed scheme in enhancing
the performance of DFIG based wind farms to fault ride-through are excellent.
iii
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
ABSTRACT.
ii
TABLE OF CONTENTS
iv
LIST OF TABLES..
vii
LIST OF FIGURES ...
viii
LIST OF SYMBOLS..
xiv
CHAPTER (1)
INTRODUCTION
1-1
General
1-2
Research Objectives.
1-3
Research Outlines
LITERATURE REVIEW
2-1
Introduction..
2-2
Synchronous Generators Driven by a wind
CHAPTER (2)
Turbine
2-2-1
Wound Field Synchronous Generator (WFSG)

Driven by a wind turbine..
2-2-2
2-3-1
2-3-2
2-4
iv
Permanent-Magnet Synchronous Generator

(PMSG) Driven by a wind turbine
2-3
Induction Generators Driven by a variable

speed wind turbine
Squirrel Cage Induction Generator (SCIG)
Driven by a wind turbine
8
8
8
Doubly Fed Induction Generator (DFIG) Driven

by a wind turbine
10
Field oriented Control of an Induction machine
11
2-4-1
Direct field oriented control of a wind driven
DFIG.
13
2-4-2
Indirect field oriented control of a wind driven
DFIG.
14
2-5
Enhancement techniques of DFIG performance

during grid faults
2-5-1
15
Traditional techniques for protection of wind

turbines during grid faults.
16
2-5-2
Crowbar protection technique
16
2-5-2-1
Series antiparallel thyristors LVRT technique
18
Field Orientation Control of a Wind Driven

DFIG Connected to the Grid
21
CHAPTER (3)
3-1
3-2
3-3
3-3-1
3-3-2
3-4
3-5
3-6
3-7
3-8
CHAPTER (4)
4-1
4-2
4-3
4-4
4-5
Introduction
System description.
Dynamic modeling of the DFIG..
Turbine model....
Induction machine model.
DC Link model ..
Complete system model.
Field oriented control of a DFIG..
Complete system configuration
Simulation results and discussions
Dynamic Performance of a Wind Driven Doubly

Fed Induction Generator During Grid Faults
Introduction..
Dynamic Model of a DFIG System.
Mathematical Model of DFIG System Under
Unbalanced Grid Voltage.
System Description
Simulation results and discussions..
21
21
22
22
24
24
25
25
27
31
38
38
39
40
44
45
CHAPTER (5)
Enhancement of Fault Ride through Capability

of a Wind Driven Doubly Fed Induction
Generator Connected to the Grid
62
Introduction..
System under study and proposed FRT scheme..
Control strategy of the proposed FRT scheme
Choice of size of storage inductor..
Simulation results and discussions
62
63
64
65
67
CHAPTER (6)
Conclusions and Recommendations.
85
6-1
6-2
Conclusions.
Recommendations for future work..
85
86
...
88
93
94
95
5-1
5-2
5-3
5-4
5-5
REFERENCES
Appendix A
Appendix B
Appendix C
vi
LIST OF TABLES
TABLES
3-1
C.2
Page
Parameters and data specifications of the DFIG system
31
Sequence and mode of operation of the FRT scheme
96
vii
LIST OF FIGURES
FIGURES OF CHAPTER (2)
Figure 2-1:
Induction machine (SCIG) based wind turbine
Figure 2-2:
Doubly Fed Wound Rotor Induction Generator wind

based system.
Figure 2-3:
Figure 2-7:
12
14
Structure of indirect field oriented control of a wind

driven DFIG.
Figure 2-6:
10
Structure of a direct field oriented control of a wind

driven DFIG..
Figure 2-5:
General structure of a field oriented control in

a synchronous reference frame for an induction machine
Figure 2-4:
Page
15
Crowbar circuits. a] Antiparallel thyristor crowbar

b] Diode bridge crowbar..
17
Series antiparallel thyristors for LVRT
19

Figure 3-1:
Doubly-fed induction Generator driven by a wind

turbine system
22
Figure 3-2:
Wind turbine control system
23
Figure 3-3:
Power flow through dc-link element...
25
Figure 3-4:
Proposed control scheme of the DFIG driven by a wind

turbine based on field orientation...
Figure 3-5:
30
Performance of the proposed DFIG driven by a wind

turbine system with wind speed step change.
33
Figure 3-5-a:
Wind speed variation...
32
Figure 3-5-b:
Rotor speed variation...
32
Figure 3-5-c:
Generated active power
32
viii
Figure 3-5-d:
Generated reactive power
33
Figure 3-5-e:
DC link voltage
33
Figure 3-6:
Dynamic response of the proposed system with

sinusoidal variation of wind speed..
35
Figure 3-6-a:
Wind speed variation...
34
Figure 3-6-b:
Rotor speed variation...
34
Figure 3-6-c:
34
Figure 3-6-d:
Generated reactive power
35
Figure 3-6-e:
DC link voltage
35
Figure 3-7:
Performance of the proposed DFIG driven by a wind

turbine system with linear bi-directional variation
of wind speed
37
Figure 3-7-a:
Wind speed variation
36
Figure 3-7-b:
Rotor speed variation
36
Figure 3-7-c:
36
Figure 3-7-d:
Generated reactive power.
37
Figure 3-7-e:
DC link voltage.
37

Figure 4-1:
Equivalent circuit of a DFIG in the synchronous

reference frame rotating at a speed of s..
Figure 4-2:
Relationships between the (-) reference frame and the
Figure 4-3:
(d q)+ and (d q) reference frames..

DFIG driven by a wind turbine based on field
orientation control during grid fault conditions...
Figure 4-4:
39
41
44
performance of the proposed system under a single
ix
phase to ground fault during a constant wind speed.
49
Figure 4-4-a: Rotor speed variation..
45
Figure 4-4-b: Generated active power...
45
Figure 4-4-c: Generated reactive power
46
Figure 4-4-d: DC link voltage...
46
Figure 4-4-e: Mechanical torque...
46
Figure 4-4-f: Electromagnetic torque...
47
Figure 4-4-g: Voltage of phase A.
47
Figure 4-4-h: Voltage of phase B.
47
Figure 4-4-i: Voltage of phase C.
48
Figure 4-4-j: Current of phase A.
48
Figure 4-4-k: Current of phase B.
48
Figure 4-4-l: Current of phase C.
49
Figure 4-4-m: Phase A rotor current.
49
Figure 4-5:
performance of the proposed system under a double

phase to ground fault during a constant wind speed
55
51
51
Figure 4-5-c: Generated reactive power
52
Figure 4-5-d: DC link voltage...
52
Figure 4-5-e: Mechanical torque...
52
Figure 4-5-f: Electromagnetic torque...
53
Figure 4-5-g: Voltage of phase A..
53
Figure 4-5-h: Voltage of phase B..
53
Figure 4-5-i: Voltage of phase C..
54
Figure 4-5-j: Current of phase A..
54
Figure 4-5-k: Current of phase B..
54
Figure 4-5-l: Current of phase C..
55
Figure 4-5-m: Phase A rotor current.
55
Figure 4-6:
performance of the proposed system under a three

phase to ground fault during a constant wind speed.
60
Figure 4-6-a: Rotor speed variation...
57
Figure 4-6-b: Generated active power
57
Figure 4-6-c: Generated reactive power.
58
Figure 4-6-d: DC link voltage
58
Figure 4-6-e: Mechanical torque
58
Figure 4-6-f: Electromagnetic torque
59
Figure 4-6-g: Phase voltages..
59
Figure 4-6-h: Current of phase A..
59
Figure 4-6-i: Current of phase B
60
Figure 4-6-j: Current of phase C
60
Figure 4-6-k: Phase A rotor current.
60

Figure 5-1:
Proposed fault ride-through (FRT) scheme and field

oriented control for DFIG system.
Figure 5-2:
63
Performance of the proposed DFIG system with

crowbar resistance and with FRT scheme during a
single phase to ground fault..
72
Figure 5-2-a: Rotor speed variation...
68
Figure 5-2-b: Generated active power
68
69
Figure 5-2-d: DC link voltage
69
Figure 5-2-e: Mechanical input torque...
69
70
xi
Figure 5-2-g: Phase voltages..
71
Figure 5-2-h: Stator currents..
72
Figure 5-2-i: Phase A rotor current...
72
Figure 5-3:

double phase to ground fault
78
74
74
75
Figure 5-3-d: DC link voltage....
75
Figure 5-3-e: Mechanical input torque...
75
76
Figure 5-3-g: Phase voltages
76
Figure 5-3-h: Stator currents
77
Figure 5-3-i: Phase A rotor current.
78
Figure 5-4:

three phase to ground fault.
83
Figure 5-4-a: Rotor speed variation
80
Figure 5-4-b: Generated active power.
80
Figure 5-4-c: Generated reactive power..
81
Figure 5-4-d: DC link voltage.
81
Figure 5-4-e: Mechanical input torque
81
Figure 5-4-f: Electromagnetic torque.
82
Figure 5-4-g: Stator currents...
83
Figure 5-4-h: Phase A rotor current...
83
xii
FIGURES OF APPENDICES
Figure App.A:
Simulink program for normal operation of the

proposed DFIG system during wind speed
variation..
Figure App. B:
93
Simulink program of the proposed DFIG system

during unbalanced network conditions...
94
Figure App. C.1: Simulink program of the proposed DFIG system

during grid faults with the application of FRT
scheme..
95
Figure App. C.2: Mode and Sequence of operation of the FRT

scheme.
96
Figure App. C.3: Simulink program of the proposed DFIG system

during grid faults with the application of Crowbar
resistance
97
xiii
LIST OF SYMBOLS
SYMBOLS

e

, Vqs

,

,

,

,

V
, V

,

,
Rs
Rr
Lm
Ls
Lr
Lls
Llr
r
VW
p
Tm
Te
B
Jm
Ps , Qs
Pm
P
e
r
slip
(, )
Dr
I rdc
Rcw
tf
de -axis and qe -axis stator voltages, (V).

de -axis and qe -axis stator currents, (A).
de -axis and qe -axis rotor voltages, (V).
de -axis and qe -axis rotor currents, (A).
de -axis and qe -axis magnetizing currents, (A).
ds -axis and qs -axis stator voltages, (V).
ds -axis and qs -axis stator currents, (A).
ds -axis and qs -axis rotor currents, (A).
Stator winding resistance, ().
Rotor winding resistance, ().
Magnetizing inductance, (H).
Stator self inductance, (H).
Rotor self inductance, (H).
Stator leakage inductance, (H).
Rotor leakage inductance, (H).
Electrical rotor angular speed in (rad./sec).
Wind speed, (m./sec).
d/dt, the differential operator.
Mechanical torque on the shaft, (N.m).
Electromagnetic torque, (N.m).
Friction damping coefficient,( N.m./rad./sec).
Machine moment of inertia, (Kg.m2).
Stator active and reactive powers, (W).
Turbine mechanical power, (W).
Number of pole pairs.
Electrical stator flux angle, degree.
Electrical rotor angular position, degree.
Electrical slip flux angle, degree.
Blade pitch angle, degree.
Ratio of the rotor blade tip speed and wind speed (rad)
Specific density of the air, (Kg.m3).
Swept area of the blades, (m2).
Turbine power coefficient.
Rotor diameter in meters.
Rectified Rotor current, (A).
Crowbar resistance, ().
Storage inductance, (H).

The leakage factor.
Subscripts
+, r, s
xiv
Fault duration, (sec).
Positive and negative sequence.

Rotor/stator reference.
*
^
d-q
Denote the reference value.

Denote the estimated value.
Direct and quadrature axis.
Nomenclature
RSC
GSC
IGBT
FRT
PI
C.T
SPWM
LVRT
ZVRT
VSI
FOC
Rotor side converter.

Grid side converter.
Insulated gate bipolar transistor.
Fault ride through.
Proportional integral controller.
Co-ordinate transformation.
Sinusoidal pulse width modulation.
Low voltage ride through.
Zero voltage ride through.
Voltage source inverter.
Field orientation control.
xv
Chapter 1
INTRODUCTION
1.1.
General
Wind energy has been the subject of much recent research and development. In order to
overcome the problems associated with fixed speed wind turbine system and to maximize the
wind energy capture, many new wind farms employ variable speed wind turbine. (DFIG) Double
Fed Induction Generator is one of the components of variable speed wind turbine system. DFIG
offers several advantages when compared with fixed speed generators including speed control.
These merits are primarily achieved via control of the rotor side converter. Many works have
been proposed for studying the behavior of DFIG based wind turbine system connected to the
grid. Most existing models widely use vector control Double Fed Induction Generator. The stator
is directly connected to the grid and the rotor is fed to magnetize the machine.
The reason for the world wide interest in developing wind generation plants is the rapidly
increasing demand for electrical energy and the depletion of the reserves of fossil fuels, namely,
oil and coal. Many places also do not have the potential for generating hydro electrical power.
The growing awareness of these problems led to heightened research efforts for developing
alternatives of energy sources. The most desirable source would be one that non-pollutant,
available in abundance, renewable and can be harnessed at an acceptable cost in both large-scale
and small scale systems. The most promising source satisfying these entire requirements is wind.
Since earliest recorded history, wind power has been used to move ships, grind grains and pump
water. Wind energy was used to propel boats along the Nile River as early 5000 B.C. within
several centuries before Christ; simple windmills were used in china to pump water [1].
All electric-generating wind turbines, no matter what size, are comprised of a few basic
components: the part that actually rotates in the wind, the electrical generator, a speed control
system, and a tower. Some wind machines have fail- safe shutdown system so that if part of the
machine fails, the shutdown system turn the blades out of the wind or puts brakes [2]. Just like
solar electric system, wind powered system can be used in two ways: off-grid or on-grid is when
your home or business is entirely disconnected from electric utility company and we generate
absolutely all of the electricity we need. Usually these systems cost about 30% more than an ongrid (or grid-tie system).
DFIG is used extensively for high-power wind applications. DFIG has the ability to control rotor
currents that allow reactive power control and variable speed operation. Both grid connected and
stand-alone operation is feasible. For variable speed operation, the standard power electronics
interface consists of a rotor and grid side pulse width modulator (PWM) inverters that are
connected back-to-back. These inverters are rated, for restricted speed range operation, to a
fraction of the machine rated power. Applying field oriented control techniques yields current
control with high dynamic response.
In grid-connected applications, the DFIG may be installed in remote, rural areas where weak
grids with unbalanced voltages are not uncommon. As reported, induction machines are
particularly sensitive to unbalanced operation since localized heating can occur in the stator and
the lifetime of the machine can be severely affected. Furthermore, negative-sequence currents in
the machine produce pulsations in the electrical torque, which can result in acoustic noise due to
torque pulsations at low levels and at high levels can damage the rotor shaft, gearbox, or blade
assembly. Also an induction generator connected to an unbalanced grid will draw unbalanced
current. These unbalanced current tend to magnify the grid voltage unbalance and cause over
current problems as well.
Controller design parameters for the operation of induction generators in unbalanced grids have
been reported in, where it is proposed to inject compensating current in the DFIG rotor to
eliminate or reduce torque pulsations [2]. The main disadvantage of this method is that the stator
current unbalance is not eliminated. Therefore, even when the torque pulsations are reduced, the
induction machine power output is rerated, because the machine current limit is reached by only
one of the stator phase. Compensation of unbalanced voltages and currents in power systems are
addressed in where a STATCOM is used to compensate voltage unbalances. In this research, a
novel FRT scheme is proposed. In this scheme, the input mechanical energy of the wind turbine
during grid fault is stored and utilized at the moment of fault clearance, instead of being
dissipated in the resistors of the crowbar circuit as in the existing FRT schemes.
1.2.
Research Objectives:
In view of the foregoing brief discussion, the objectives of the research are summarized
as follows:
1. Modeling of a variable speed wind energy conversion system (WECS) including
a doubly fed induction generator as an electrical power generation unit.
2. Controlling and improving the performance of a doubly fed induction generator
driven by a wind turbine system during wind speed variations based on field
orientation control principle.
3. Investigating the effect of the grid faults on the dynamic performance of variable
speed wind-driven doubly fed induction generator connected to the grid.
4. Enhancing the capability of a wind driven doubly fed induction generator to faultride through during grid faults.
1.3.
Research outlines:
The present research is organized in six chapters.
Chapter 1 is entitled ''Introduction''. It gives an overview about the importance of the
wind energy conversion system (WECS). Also, it presents the motivations and objectives
of the thesis and the contents of this research.
Chapter 2 is entitled ''Literature review''. It contains a brief review of types of wind
generation systems and the types of generators used in each system. Literature review of
different control methods of a wind driven doubly fed induction generator have been
presented. The available literature covering the methods used for enhancing the
performance of the doubly fed induction generator during grid fault intervals and a
detailed comparison between these methods.
Chapter 3 is entitled ''Field orientation control of a wind driven doubly fed induction
generator connected to the grid''. It presents a dynamic model of the proposed wind
generation system, and developing an excellent control technique for controlling both the
active and reactive power of the doubly fed induction generator based on field orientation
control technique. Also the performance of the wind generation system has been tested
for different wind speed profiles variations to emphasize the validity of the proposed
control method.
Chapter 4 is entitled ''Dynamic performance of a wind driven doubly fed induction
generator during grid fault''. It presents a dynamic mathematical model of the wind driven
doubly fed induction generator during grid faults. The mathematical model is based on
symmetrical components analyzing method, and it is used for studying and explaining the
transient behavior of the DFIG during different types of unbalanced conditions.
Chapter 5 is entitled ''Enhancement of fault ride through capability of a wind driven
DFIG connected to the grid''. It introduces a novel scheme used for improving the
performance and enhancing the fault ride through capability of the wind driven doubly
fed induction generator scheme. In this scheme, the input mechanical energy of the wind
turbine during grid fault is stored and utilized at the moment of fault clearance, instead of
being dissipated in the resistors of the crowbar circuit as in the existing FRT schemes.
Furthermore, the stored electromagnetic energy in the inductor is transferred into the dc
link capacitor on fault clearance and hence the grid side converter is relieved from
charging the dc link capacitor.
Chapter 6 is entitled ''Conclusion and recommendations for future work''. It summarizes
the main conclusions drawn from this research along with recommendations for future
work.
In addition of these chapters, a quite useful list of references pertinent to the topics
treated in the research is given. For related details, the research is ended with three
appendices summarized as follows:
Appendix A, which gives the simulink model for normal operation of the proposed DFIG
system during different wind speed variations.
Appendix B, which presents the simulink model of the proposed DFIG system during
unbalanced grid conditions.
Appendix C.1, which introduces the simulink model of the proposed DFIG system
during grid faults with the application of FRT scheme.
Appendix C.2, contains a table that illustrates the mode and sequence of operation of the
FRT scheme.
Appendix C.3, that shows the simulink model of the proposed DFIG system during grid
faults with the application of crowbar resistance.
Chapter 2
Literature Review
2.1. Introduction
Electrical power is the most widely used source of energy for our homes, work places and
industries. Population and industrial growth have led to significant increases in power
consumption over the past three decades. Natural resources like coal, petroleum and gas which
drive our power plants, industries and vehicles for many decades are becoming depleted at a very
fast rate. This serious issue has motivated nations across the world to think about alternative
forms of energy which utilize inexhaustible natural resources. Wind plants have benefited from
steady advances in technology made over past 15 years. Much of the advancement has been
made in the components dealing with grid integration, the electrical machine, power converters,
and control capability. The days of the simple induction machine with soft start are long gone.
We are now able to control the real and reactive power of the machine, limit power output and
control voltage and speed [1]. There is a lot of research going on around the world in this area
and technology is being developed that offers great deal of capability. It requires an
understanding of power systems, machines and applications of power electronic converters and
control schemes put together on a common platform. Unlike a conventional power plant that uses
synchronous generators, a wind turbine can operate as fixed-speed or variable-speed. In a fixedspeed wind turbine, the stator of the generator is directly connected to the grid. However, in a
variable-speed wind turbine, the machine is controlled and connected to the power grid through a
power electronic converter. There are various reasons for using a variable-speed wind turbine:
i.
Variable-speed wind turbines offer a higher energy yield in comparison to constant speed
turbines.
ii.
The reduction of mechanical loads and simple pitch control can be achieved by variable
speed operation.
iii.
Variable-speed wind turbines offer acoustic noise reduction and extensive controllability
of both active and reactive power.
iv.
Variable-speed wind turbines show less fluctuation in the output power [1] and [2].
The use of renewable energy sources for electric power generation is gaining importance in order
to reduce global warming and environmental pollution, this is in addition to meeting the
escalating power demand of the consumers. Among various renewable energy technologies, grid
integration of wind energy electric conversion system is being installed in huge numbers due to
their clean and economical energy conversion. Recent advancements in wind turbine technology
and power electronic systems are also more instrumental for the brisk option of grid integration
of wind energy conversion system [3]. Generally, wind power generation uses either fixed speed
or variable speed turbines, the main configurations of generators and converters used for grid
connected variable speed wind power system (WPS) are presented in the following sections:
2.2.
Synchronous Generators Driven by a Wind Turbine
A synchronous generator usually consist of a stator holding a set of three-phase windings, which
supplies the external load, and a rotor that provides a source of magnetic field. The rotor may be
supplied either from permanent magnetic or from a direct current flowing in a wound field.
2.2.1. Wound Field Synchronous Generator (WFSG) Driven by a Wind Turbine
The stator winding is connected to network through a four-quadrant power converter comprised
of two back-to-back sinusoidal PWM. The machine side converter regulates the electromagnetic
torque, while the grid side converter regulates the real and reactive power delivered by the WPS
to the utility. The Wound Field Synchronous Generator has some advantages that are:
x
The efficiency of this machine is usually high, because it employs the whole stator
current for the electromagnetic torque production [3].
The main benefit of the employment of wound field synchronous generator with salient
pole is that it allows the direct control of the power factor of the machine, consequently
the stator current may be minimized at any operation circumstances.
The existence of a winding circuit in the rotor may be a drawback as compared with permanent
magnet synchronous generator. In addition, to regulate the active and reactive power generated,
the converter must be sized typically 1.2 times of the WPS rated power [4].
2.2.2.
Permanent-Magnet Synchronous Generator (PMSG) Driven by a Wind Turbine.
Many configuration schemes using a permanent magnet synchronous generator for power
generation had been adopted. In one of them a permanent magnet synchronous generator was
connected to a three-phase rectifier followed by boost converter. In this case, the boost converter
controls the electromagnet torque. One drawback of this configuration is the use of diode
rectifier that increases the current amplitude and distortion of the PMSG [5]. As a result this
configuration has been considered for small size wind power system (WPS) (smaller than 50
kW).
In another scheme using PMSG, the PWM rectifier is placed between the generator and the DC
link, while another PWM inverter is connected to the network. The advantage of this system
regarding the use of field orientation control (FOC) is that it allows the generator to operate near
its optimal working point in order to minimize the losses in the generator and power electronic
circuit. However, the performance is dependent on the good knowledge of the generator
parameter that varies with temperature and frequency. The main drawbacks, in the use of PMSG,
are the cost of permanent magnet that increase the price of machine, demagnetization of the
permanent magnet material and it is not possible to control the power factor of the machine [6].
2.3.
Induction Generators Driven by a Variable Speed Wind Turbine
The AC generator type that has most often been used in wind turbines is the induction generator.
There are two kinds of induction generator used in wind turbines that are: squirrel cage and
wound rotor.
2.3.1. Squirrel Cage Induction Generator (SCIG) Driven by a Wind Turbine
Three-phase squirrel cage induction generators are usually implemented in standalone power
systems that employ renewable energy resources, like hydro-power and wind energy. This is due
to the advantages of these generators over conventional synchronous generators. The main
advantages are: reduced unit cost, absence of a separate d.c. source for excitation, ruggedness,
brushless rotor construction and ease of maintenance. A three-phase induction machine can be
operated as a self excited induction generator if its rotor is externally driven at a suitable speed
and a three-phase capacitor bank of a sufficient value is connected across its stator terminals. The
stator winding in this generation system is connected to the grid through a four-quadrant power
converter comprised of two PWM VSI connects back-to-back trough a DC link, this can be
shown in figure 2.1.
1:n
Grid
Wind
Tm
DC Link
IG
Machine
side
Converter
Vdc
speed
Step up
Transformer
Grid side
Converter
Figure 2.1: Squirrel Cage Induction machine (SCIG) driven by a wind turbine.
The control system of the machine side converter regulates the electromagnetic torque and
supplies the reactive power to maintain the machine magnetized [7]. The grid side converter
regulates the real and reactive power delivered from the system to the utility and regulates the
DC link, but the uses of squirrel cage induction generator have some drawbacks as following:
x
Complex system control whose performance is dependent on the good knowledge of the
generator parameter that varies with magnetic saturation, temperature and frequency [7].
The stator side converter must be oversized 30-50% with respect to rated power, in order
to supply the magnetizing requirement of the machine [7].
2.3.2. Doubly Fed Induction Generator (DFIG) Driven by a Wind Turbine
A
B
A
Universal
Grid
1:n
B
C
1:n
Step up
Transformer
Wind
Tm
DC Link
IG
Rotor side
Converter
Vdc
speed
Step up
Transformer
Grid side
Converter
Gear
Box
Figure 2.2: Doubly fed wound rotor induction generator driven by a wind turbine
The wind power system shown in Figure 2.2 consists of a doubly fed induction generator
(DFIG), where the stator winding is directly connected to the network and the rotor winding is
connected to the network through a four quadrant power converter comprised of two back-toback sinusoidal PWM. The thyristor converter can be used but they have limited performance.
Usually, the controller of the rotor side converter regulates the electromagnetic torque and
supplies part of the reactive power to maintain the magnetization of the machine. On the other
hand, the controller of the grid side converter regulates the DC link [8]. Compared to
synchronous generator, this DFIG offers the following advantages:
x
Reduced inverter cost, because inverter rating typically 25% of the total system power.
This is because the converters only need to control the slip power of the rotor.
Reduced cost of the inverter filter, because filters rated for 0.25 p.u. total system power,
and inverter harmonics represent a smaller fraction of total system harmonics.
10
Robustness and stable response of this machine facing against external disturbance [8].
2.4.
Field Oriented Control of an Induction Machine
The control system of a variable speed wind turbine with DFIG has goals to control the reactive
power interchanged between the generator and the grid and the active power drawn from the
wind turbine in order to track the wind turbine optimum operation point or to limit the power in
the case of high wind speeds. Each wind turbine system contains subsystems (aero dynamical,
mechanical, electrical) with different ranges of time constants, i.e. the electrical dynamics are
typically much faster than the mechanical. This difference in time constants becomes even bigger
in the case of a variable speed wind turbine, due to the presence of the power electronics. Such
more complicated electrical system requires a more sophisticated control system too. The DFIG
control system contains two decoupled control channels: one for the rotor side converter and one
for the grid side converter. As the pulse-width modulation factor PWM is the control variable of
the converter, each of these control channels generates a pulse-width modulation factor PWM,
for the respective converter. This control variable is a complex number and therefore can control
simultaneously two variables, such as the magnitude and phase angle of the rotor induced
voltage. For example, for a predefined DC voltage and a control variable (pulse width
modulation factor PWM), the line-to-line AC-voltage is determined. On the other hand, the wind
turbine control is a control with slow dynamic responses. The wind turbine control contains two
cross-coupled controllers: a torque controller and a power limitation controller. It supervises both
the pitch angle actuator system of the wind turbine and the reactive power set point of the DFIG
control level. It thus provides both a reference pitch angle directly to the pitch actuator and a
converter reference reactive power signal for the measurement grid point.
Nowadays many variable speed wind turbines (WT) are based on DFIGs, which are connected to
the grid through back to back converters. The major advantage of these facilities lies in the fact
that the power rate of the inverters is around the 25-30% of the nominal generator power. This
feature permits to regulate the electrical power production within this range, something that has
been proven to be a good tradeoff between optimal operation and costs. The most used power
control systems for DFIG-WTs are normally based on voltage oriented control (VOC)
algorithms. The most extended version of such systems takes advantage of the field oriented
control (FOC) principle. Regarding this method, an accurate synchronization with the stator flux
11
vector enables to perform a decoupled control of the injection of active (P) and reactive (Q)
powers, by means of the q and the d component of the rotors currents in the Parks synchronous
reference frame. From now on this FOC algorithm will be referenced as voltage oriented control
in the synchronous reference frame (FOC-SRF) [9]. In addition to the decoupled control of P and
Q, the synchronous reference frame transforms enables the FOCSRF to treat the state variables
of the machine as continuous signals. This feature has launched its implementation in many
DFIG-WTs, as the tuning of the controller parameters can be easily achieved.
The basic idea behind this control is to transform the three phase quantities in AC machine in an
orthogonal d-q system aligned to one of the fluxes in the machine. Thus, a decoupling in
controlling the flux and electromagnetic torque of the machine is achieved. Two method of field
oriented control for induction machine is used namely: indirect and direct field oriented control.
The indirect field oriented control can operate in four-quadrant down to standstill and it is widely
used in motor drives and generator application. Typically the orthogonal synchronous reference
frame is aligned on the rotor flux. However, this control is highly dependent on machine
parameters. The direct field control oriented along the stator flux does not need information
about the rotor speed and is less sensitive to the machine parameters .However; it presents low
performances for low speeds near to standstill .A general control structure for field oriented
control in synchronous reference frame for induction machines is shown in figure 2.3.
idmeas
Flux
estimation
Teref
idref
eref
+
PI
PI
Te
e
Te
Machine Model
Flux/Torque
Estimator
idqmeas
PI
vqref
iqref
vdref
Voltage
Decopling
dq-
Transformation
Duty Cycles
Modulation
Strategy
PI
iqmeas
idqmeas rmeas
idqmeas
iabcmeas
abc - dq
Transformation
vdqmeas
vabcmeas
Figure 2.3: General structure of a field oriented control in a synchronous reference frame for an
induction machine.
12
The q-axis controls the electromagnetic torque while the d-axis controls the flux of the machine.
The actual flux and torque as well as the flux angle are determined based on the machine
equations using the currents. Similar control structure is used for the DFIG systems. Typically
the outer control loops are used to regulate the active and reactive power on the stator side of the
machine.
A comparison between the two basic schemes of field orientation can be made as following:
x
Direct Field Oriented control (DFO)
Indirect Field Oriented control (IFO)
Direct field orientation originally proposed by Blaschke, requires flux acquisition (position and
magnitude) which is mostly obtained from computational techniques using machine terminal
quantities. Whereas IFO [10] avoids the direct flux acquisition, by adding an estimated and
regulated slip frequency to the shaft speed and integrating the result to obtain the rotor flux
position.
2.4.1.
Direct Field Oriented Control of a Wind Driven DFIG
In DFO the position of the rotor flux, which is essential for the correct orientation, is directly
measured using search coils as shown in figure 2.4 or estimated from terminal measurements.
However using sensors to acquire the flux information makes it impossible to use off the shelf
induction machine because installation of such sensors can be done only during machine
manufacturing.
13
A
Grid
B
C
Stator
1:n
Line
Tm
Rotor side
Converter
Pr
Sensor
Qr
Vdc
IG
speed
Flux
DC Link
Rotor
Wind
PL
QL
Grid side
Converter
V* abc L
V* abc r
Speed
Sensor
Idqr
V*dqr
Stator
current
controller
Idqs
Rotor
current
controller
(C.T)-1
i*ds
i*qs
slip
V*dqs
I*dqs
PI
*slip
T*e
PI
i*qs
(2 Lr)
(3Lm *r)
Tm
Coordinate
Transformation
(C.T)-1
Sin *e
Cos *e
PI
I*dql
I*qr
I*dr
PI
Q*
dqr
Reactive
Power
Calculator V*dqL
*r
Unit vector
Generation
Flux
Controller
QS
sdr
I*dql
Vdc
PI
*
dc
sqr
PI
Idql
|r|
(Sqr)2 + (Sdr)2
( C.T )
e
Iabcl
sqr
sdr
Figure 2.4: Structure of a direct field oriented control of a wind driven DFIG.
2.4.2.
Indirect Field Oriented Control of a Wind Driven DFIG
Indirect field oriented control method is essentially the same as direct field orientation, except
that the flux position in figure 2.4 is generated in the feed forward manner. Figure 2.5 shows
the indirect vector oriented control block diagram with rotor flux orientation. The synchronously

and
are controlled independently to control
rotating vector components of stator current
the torque and rotor flux, respectively. It can be shown that rotor flux orientation tends to give
true decoupling control. The unit vector signal that transforms the synchronously rotating
stator voltages into stationary frame signals has been generated from the speed signal and slip

, as shown.
signal which is a function of
14
A
Grid
B
C
Stator
1:n
Line
Tm
DC Link
IG
Pr
Qr
Vdc
Rotor
Wind
speed
Rotor side
Converter
PL
QL
Grid side
Converter
V* abc L
V* abc r
Speed
Sensor
Idqr
V*dqr
Idqs
Rotor
current
controller
(C.T)-1
i*ds
i*qs
slip
T*e
*
slip
V*dqs
I*dqs
(1/Lm) + PTr
*r
Stator
current
controller
PI
(2 Lr)
(3Lm *r)
Coordinate
Transformation
(C.T)-1
i*qs
Cos *e
Tm
PI
Sin *e
i*qs
I*dql
I*qr
I*dqr
I*dr
Q*
PI
Reactive
Power
Calculator V*dqL
QS
I
Vdc
dc
*slip
*e
*
dql
PI
*
Unit vector
Generation
Lm
(Tr *r)
PI
Idql
*e
1/s
( C.T )
e
Iabcl
Figure 2.5: Structure of indirect field oriented control of a wind driven DFIG.
The slip gain s is a function of machine parameters which should track with the actual machine
parameters to get true decoupling of active and reactive power control.
2.5.
Enhancement Techniques of DFIG Performance During Grid Faults
The major issues concerning integration of DFIG wind turbines are that the best wind regimes
are located in rural areas and the power grid in these areas is often weak and prone to voltage
sags, faults and unbalances. Unbalanced grid voltages can cause many problems for DFIG wind
turbines such as torque pulsations, unbalanced currents, and reactive power pulsations. These
problems may be attributed to the instability in the power converters DC link voltage during
system disturbances. This issue with the DC link voltage is mainly due to the distorted control in
the back to back PWM converters during system unbalance.
15
2.5.1.
Traditional Techniques for Protection of a Wind Driven DFIG During Grid Faults
In the past, the protection requirements of wind turbines were focused on safe-guarding the
turbines themselves. When the network suffers any transient disturbance such as voltage sag or
short circuit fault, the wind turbine generators are usually disconnected from the grid as soon as
the occurrence of voltage dip in the range of 7080%. However, with large integration of wind
generators in the power system network, loss of considerable part of wind generators following a
transient disturbance is not preferable. Tripping of numerous wind generators during transient
disturbance can further risk the stability of power system thereby contributing to amplification of
the effect of the disturbance that has originated. According to recent grid code requirement [26],
wind generators should remain connected and actively support the grid during network fault or
any other transient disturbance. Therefore, it has become inevitable for existing and new
upcoming wind generators to be equipped with fault ride-through (FRT) or low voltage ridethrough (LVRT) or zero voltage ride through (ZVRT) schemes to avoid their disconnection
from the power system network during grid faults. Moreover, FRT is extremely important for
maintaining system reliability and voltage stability, especially in areas where concentration of
wind power generation facilities are high.
As a result of grid fault, the DFIG terminal voltage drops to a very low value, which is
accompanied with increased stator current. The stator disturbance is further transmitted to the
rotor because of magnetic coupling between the stator and rotor, thereby resulting in high
transient rotor current. As the statorrotor turns ratio of DFIG is chosen according to the desired
variable speed range, it may not be possible to obtain the required rotor voltage from RSC to
control high rotor current during grid faults. Current control techniques are usually adopted to
limit the rotor current, which however leads to high voltage at the converter terminals that may
harm the RSC.
2.5.2. Crowbar Protection Technique of a Wind Driven DFIG
The traditional method to protect the RSC of DFIG is to short circuit the rotor windings using a
thyristor crowbar circuit [27]. Thyristor crowbar is usually made of anti-parallel thyristors or
a diode bridge with anti-parallel thyristors and additional resistors if any needed, these can be
shown in figure 2.6. The external resistors are deployed to reduce the rotor current on fault
16
occurrence and the reactive power requirement of the induction machine on fault clearance. The
thyristor crowbar is enabled and signals to RSC are blocked whenever the rotor current exceeds
its limit. The crowbar and RSC recover to the pre-fault condition after the terminal voltage is
restored above certain value following fault clearance. Hansen and Michalke have utilized power
factory DIgSILENT, a power system simulation toolbox, to study the FRT capability of wind
turbines [28]. A supplementary damping controller to damp the torsional oscillations in the wind
turbine shaft that may affect the converter operation during grid faults was investigated. In
addition, criteria for selection of size of crowbar resistance based on the parameters namely rotor
current, electromagnetic torque and reactive power were demonstrated [29].
A
Grid
B
C
Stator
1:n
Line
Wind
Rotor
Pitch angle()
IG
Pr
[a]
DC Link
Rotor side
Converter
Vdc
Tm
speed
PL
Grid side
Converter
V* abc r
QL
Antiparallel
thyristor
crowbar
V* abc L
Qr
Voltage and current Controllers
V*dc
Vdc
Iabcl
Iabcs
Vabcs
[b]
Diode bridge
crowbar
Figure 2.6: Typical Crowbar circuits. a) Antiparallel thyristor crowbar b) Diode bridge crowbar
The results of the analysis show that a small value of crow bar resistance causes high rotor
current and torque transient peaks at the fault moment. A high value of crow bar resistance can
however imply a risk of excessive transients in rotor current, electromagnetic torque and reactive
power at the instant of removal of crowbar circuit. In [37], a soft transition from transient
17
condition to normal operation with thyristor crowbar circuit is attempted by setting the reference
values for the controllers equal to the values of currents at the moment of fault clearance. These
values are then slowly ramped up to the required reference values. In spite of the above, with
thyristor crowbar scheme, transients could not be avoided at the resumption of normal operation.
Seman et al. have proposed an active crowbar circuit employing fully controllable bidirectional
switches to protect the converters of DFIG [37]. The operation of active crow bar is controlled
by dc link voltage. However, the dc link voltage alone is not a suitable candidate for the control
of active crow bar circuit as it does not reflect the increase in rotor current under all situations.
An additional anti-parallel thyristor switch in the stator circuit to limit the stator current
subsequent to the instant of fault clearing was proposed in [38]. This method requires an
additional switch with the rating of stator circuit and also it disconnects the stator winding during
fault and completely interrupts stator active power generation. The drawback in all the above
solution methods is troublesome evacuation of heat generated in the resistors of the crowbar
circuit for a long-duration voltage sag or interruption. Moreover, the speed deviation that is
resulted by a grid disturbance could not be averted in both thyristor and active crowbar FRT
schemes. Hence with the above schemes, the reactive power requirement of DFIG at the instant
of fault clearance is higher than the pre-fault value.
Controller design parameters for the operation of induction generators in unbalanced grids have
been reported in, where it is proposed to inject compensating current in the DFIG rotor to
eliminate or reduce torque pulsations. The main disadvantage of this method is that the stator
current unbalance is not eliminated. Therefore, even when the torque pulsations are reduced, the
induction machine power output is rerated, because the machine current limit is reached by only
one of the stator phases. Compensation of unbalanced voltages and currents in power systems are
addressed in where a STATCOM is used to compensate voltage unbalances.
2.5.2.1. Series antiparallel Thyristors (LVRT) Technique

In [48] a new LVRT system is proposed. The power rating of the IGBTs in the converter
connected to the rotor are dimensioned for higher current ratings, and antiparallel thyristors are
placed as in figure 2.7, just like a conventional soft-starter. When the grid voltage recovers after
18
fault clearing, high transient currents appear in the stator. These high currents are controlled with
the anti-parallel thyristors by increasing the stator voltage in a controlled manner. During normal
operation the thyristors are kept off. The problem with this configuration is that the efficiency
decreases due to the conduction losses in the thyristors during normal operation. This could be
avoided by bypassing the thyristors with commutators, but the switching time of the
commutators may be too slow and the system may not respond fast enough to a voltage dip. The
higher ratings of the IGBT-s will increase the cost of the power converter, but this high current
only take place during very short periods of time, and the cooling system doesnt need un
upgrade.
Ac voltage
controllers
A
Grid
B
C
Line
1:n
Stator
Rotor
IG
speed
Pitch angle()
Pr
DC Link
Rotor side
Converter
V*
Vdc
Tm
Wind
PL
QL
Line side
Converter
V*
abc r
abc L
Qr
V*dc
Vdc
Iabcl
Iabcs
Vabcs
Figure 2.7: Series antiparallel thyristors for LVRT
However, the application of the control method to DFIGs is not discussed. No formal
methodology for the design of the control systems and its enhancement during grid fault is
presented and only simulation results are discussed.
19
In chapter 5, a novel FRT scheme is proposed to control and enhance the performance of a DFIG
driven by wind turbine system during grid faults. In this scheme, the input mechanical energy of
the wind turbine during grid fault is stored and utilized at the moment of fault clearance, instead
of being dissipated in the resistors of the crowbar circuit as in the existing FRT schemes. The
proposed FRT scheme, which is connected between the rotor circuit and dc link capacitor in
parallel with RSC, consists of an uncontrolled rectifier, two sets of IGBT switches, a diode and
an inductor. As these components are rated for rotor circuit power ratings, the proposed scheme
is cost effective.
20
Field Orientation Control of a Wind Driven DFIG Connected to the Grid
3.1.
Introduction
Recently, advanced control techniques, which were applied successfully on the machine
drives, have been proposed for regulating the wind power in a grid connected wind energy
conversion scheme. They include variable structure control, direct power control using space
vector modulation, fuzzy control, and field orientation control [11]. In these methods, the
speed feedback may be necessary to avoid instability. In this research there is no need to a
speed sensor as the stator flux and rotor flux phase angles are directly calculated from the
stator flux and rotor flux linkages respectively.
This chapter aims to develop a method of field orientation scheme for control of both active
and reactive powers of a DFIG driven by a wind turbine. The controlled system consists of a
wind turbine that drives a DFIG connected to the utility grid through AC-DC-AC link. The
control method is based on the theory of controlling the de and qe axes components of
voltage and current for both rotor side and line side converters using PI controllers. The main
control objective is to regulate the dc link voltage for operating at maximum available wind
power. Also, a complete dynamic model of the proposed system is described and the field
oriented control of a DFIG is explained in this chapter. Computer simulations using
MATLAB/SIMULINK software have been carried out in order to validate the effectiveness
of the proposed system. Good dynamic and steady state performances of the proposed system
are achieved during the variation of wind speed.
3.2.
System Description
Figure 3.1 shows a basic layout of a DFIG driven by a wind turbine system, the machine may
be simulated as an induction machine having 3-phase supply in the stator and three phase
supply in the rotor. The rotor circuit is connected through slip rings to the back to back
converters arrangement controlled by pulse width modulation (PWM) strategies [11] and
[12]. The power rating of these converters is restricted to a fraction of the machine rated
power.
21
by controlling the switch impulses that drive the IGBTs inverter. Back to back converters
consist of two voltage source converters (ac-dc-ac) having a dc link capacitor connecting
them. The generator side converter takes the variable frequency voltage and converts it into a
dc voltage. The grid side converter has the voltage conversion from the dc link as input and
ac voltage at grid as output. Rotor-side converter acts as a voltage source converter, while the
grid-side convertor is expected to keep the capacitor voltage constant under wind speed
variations and at different operating conditions of the grid [12] and [13]. The current and
voltage controllers of Figure3.1 are included for obtaining the rotor side and grid side voltage
references (V*abcr and V*abcl).
A
Grid
B
C
Line
1:n
Stator
Wind
Tm
DC Link
Rotor
IG
Pitch angle()
Pr
Rotor side
Converter
Qr
Vdc
speed
PL
QL
Grid side
Converter
V* abc r
V* abc L
V*dc
Vdc
Iabcl
Iabcs
Vabcs
Figure 3.1: Doubly-fed induction Generator driven by a wind turbine System

3.3. Dynamic Modeling of the DFIG
3.3.1
Turbine model
To operate a wind turbine at its optimum operation condition at different wind speeds, the
wind turbine should be operated at its maximum power coefficient (
(, ), optimum= 0.3-0.5).
The wind turbine should be operated at a constant tip-speed ratio ( ) for operating around its
maximum power coefficient [14] As the wind speed increases the rotor speed should follow
22
aerodynamic power generated by wind turbine can be written as [15]:

= 0.5AVw3
(, )
(3-1)
Where the turbine power coefficient is defined in terms of the ratio of the rotor blade tip
speed () and the blade pitch angle () as [16].
(, ) = 0.73
151
18.4
0.002 13.2
Where

=
2
At lower wind speed, the blade pitch angle () is set to a null value, because, the maximum
power coefficient is obtained for this angle. Pitch angle control operates only when the value
for wind speed is greater than the nominal wind speed [16].
To track the wind speed precisely, the wind turbine output power can also be expressed in
terms of the rotor speed. In reality, the wind turbine rotor has a significantly large inertia due
to the blade inertia and other rotating components.
Vw
Vw
Tip speed ratio

calculation
()
Cp
Cp
Mechanical power
calculation based on
Equation (3-1)
Pm
r
Tm
Figure 3.2: Wind turbine control system

Figure 3.2. shows the wind turbine control system, inputs to block are turbine speed ( r),
blade pitch angle () and wind speed (Vw) , the turbine speed is obtained from the powerspeed characteristics curve (tracking characteristics) [16]. the mechanical torque on the shaft
is calculated as:
=

(3 2)
23
The general equations for the - representation of an induction machine, in the stationary
stator reference frame, are given as [17]:

R s + pLs

= 0

pLm

r Lm

0
R s + pLs
r Lm
pLm
pLm
0
R r + pLr
r Lr

0

pLm
(3-3)
r Lr

R r + pLr
The developed electromagnetic torque can be expressed in terms of stator and rotor current
components as:
3P

Te = Lm (

)
22
(3-4)
The mechanical equation in the generating region is given as:

Tm = ! pr + Br + Te
(3-5)
The state-space form of equation (3-5) can be written as:

pr =
3.4
T m T e B r
!
(3-6)
DC link model
Figure 3.3 shows the blocked diagram of the dc link model, which consists of the line side
and rotor side converters and the dc link capacitor.
The dc link capacitor provides dc voltage to the grid side converter and any attempt to store
active power in the capacitor would raise its voltage level [18]. To ensure stability of the
system, power flow of the line side and rotor side converters, as indicated in figure 3.3,
should guarantee the following control objective:
PL = Pr
(3-7)
The differential equation of the dc link can be written as:

pCVdc = i1 i2
(3-8)
Where Vdc is the dc voltage at the converter output terminals and C is the smoothing
capacitor. Assuming no power losses for the converters, i1 and i2 can be derived as:
24
i2 = V r
(3-10)
dc
Rotor side
Converter
Vdc
I2
I1
c
Grid side
Converter
Pr
Qr
PL
QL
Figure 3.3: Power flow through dc-link element
3.5
Complete System Model
The above subsystem dynamic models can be interfaced to form the unified nonlinear
dynamic model of the wind generation system. The system can be described by the following
differential equations:

p
= A2 r Lm
R s A1
+ R r A2
+ A1 r Lm
A1
(3-11)

p
= A1 R s A1
A2 r Lm
+ R r A2
A1 r Lr
(3-12)

= A2 r Lm
+ R s A2
A1 r Ls
A3
+ A2
p
(3-13)

= R s A2
+ A2 r Ls
A3
+ A1 r Ls
p
(3-14)
Where A1 = (L
Lr
2
s L r L m )
,A2 = (L
Lm
2
s L r L m )
3P
, and A3 =

#]
pr = ! [ Tm Br 2 2 Lm "
R r (1+A 2 L m )
Lr
(3-15)
pcVdc = L r
V
V
dc
(3-16)
dc
3.6. Field Oriented Control of a DFIG

The field orientation techniques allow decoupled or independent control of both active and
reactive power. These techniques are based on the concept of controlling in different
reference frames [19] and [20], where the current and the voltage are decomposed into
distinct components related to the active and reactive power. In this work, the stator flux
oriented rotor current control, with decoupled control of active and reactive power is adopted.
25
maximum power curve, for maximum power capturing and to be able to control the reactive
power generation. These control objectives must be achieved with adequate stability of the
system which also includes the power converter and the dc link. The total active and reactive
power generated can be calculated in terms of
stator voltage and current
components as [21]:
3

= 2 | |
(3-17)

$ = | |
2
(3-18)
Where
2
| | = %(
) + ( )2
The field orientation control is based on the field model, where the reference frame
rotates synchronously with respect to the stator flux linkage, with the d-axis of the reference
frame instantaneously overlaps the axis of the stator flux. By aligning the stator flux phasor
on the axis, so (= e and qs = 0, = ). In such case the following expressions
are obtained

= Ls
+ Lm
=0

=
Lm

L s
(3-19)
The developed electromagnetic torque can be expressed in terms of stator current

and flux components as:
3P

Te = 2 2 (

)
(3-20)
By putting = 0 , in the torque equation, this yields:

3P

)
Te = 2 2 (
(3-21)
Using (3-19) and the active power equation (3-17), the equation of the active power becomes:
3
Ps = |Vs |
2
Lm

L
s
The -axis stator current component can be written as:

=

26
(3-22)
be expressed as follows:
3
| |

Qs = 2 | | *2f L
s m
(3-24)

) can be obtained by regulating the stator
Therefore, the -axis rotor current component, (

reactive power. On the other hand, the axis rotor current component, (
) can be
obtained by controlling the generated torque which is obtained from the stator active power
and the generator speed [22] and [23].
The stator flux linkage components in the stationary stator reference frame can be calculated
through the integration of the difference between the phase voltage and the voltage drop in
the stator resistance as:

= (

R s ) 6

= ( R s ) 6
(3-25)
The magnitude of the stator flux linkage and its phase angle are given by,
2
2
= %(
) + (
)
1
= tan
(3 26)

3.7. Complete system configuration

Figure 3.4 shows the proposed block diagram of the DFIG driven by a wind turbine control
system. The control system consists of a reactive power controller, a torque controller, three
current controllers, three co-ordinate transformations (C.T), two sinusoidal pulse-widthmodulation (SPWM) for transistor bridge inverters, a stator flux and torque estimators and
reactive power calculator. The reference value of reactive power, Qs*, can be either directly
implemented to the converter, considering the appropriate power, or calculated from equation
(3-24).
Individual control of the rotor side converter (RSC) and of the grid side converter (GSC) and
related feedback between the two converters are shown. A sinusoidal pulse width modulator

and
to the rotor circuit, controlling stator
(SPWM) provides field oriented currents
reactive power and electromagnetic torque respectively The co ordinate transformation
27
voltage references by using the field angle.

The control inputs to the (SPWM) are the line voltage or rotor voltage commands and
predefined triangular carrier waves. The SPWM modulator calculates the pulse pattern and
supplies firing signals to the inverter. In the PWM scheme, the inverter output voltage is
defined by the intersections of the voltage commands and carrier waves [23], which are
synchronized such that the carrier frequency is an inter multiple of the frequency of voltage
commands. This manner of synchronization eliminates sub harmonic generation [24].
The reference Torque is given by the turbine optimal torque-speed profile. Another (SPWM)
is used to interface with the power network, possibly through a transformer. In the same

reference frame as determined by the stator flux, its currents (:
and:
) are also field
oriented, controlling PL and QL, respectively. As discussed earlier, PL is controlled through

to stabilize the dc bus voltage and QL is controlled through :
to meet the overall reactive
:
power command.
The RSC controls the reactive power (Q) injection and the developed electric power (Pelec) by
the DFIG. The electric power reference (Popt *) is determined based on the optimum rotor
speed given by the Cp characteristic in Figure 3.2, depending on the wind speed as a
parameter. The calculated reactive power of the DFIG (Q*) is compared to the estimated one.
The reference direct axis current (Ie*dr) is then calculated from the resulting error, through a

PI controller. (Ie*dr ) is then compared to the actual direct axis rotor current (;
), and the error
is then sent to another PI controller to determine the reference value of the direct axis rotor
voltage (Ve*dr).
The quadrature axis component of the rotor current (Ie*qr) is controlled in a similar manner as
the direct axis component, regulates the developed electric power (Pelec) to an optimal
reference (P*opt). The direct-quadrature components of the reference rotor voltages (Ve*dr and
Ve*qr) are then transformed back into three-phase voltages (V*abcr), required at the RSC
output, through a dq0-abc transformation. The converters IGBTs are considered to be ideal
and commutation losses are therefore neglected.
The GSC controls the voltage level at the direct-current link (DC link) between the two
28
reference line current (Ie dl) is being calculated through a PI controller. (Ie dl) is then
compared to the actual value of the direct axis line current (Idl) and then sent to another PI
controller, in order to calculate the direct axis reference line voltage (Ve*dL).
There is no need for a GSC reactive power regulation, since the RSC already controls the
power factor of the DFIG. Therefore the quadrature axis component of the reference current
is set to zero (Ie*ql = 0). Ie*ql is then compared to the quadrature axis component of the actual
line current (Iql) and the error is sent to a PI controller to determine the quadrature axis
component of the reference line voltage (Ve*qL). The two components of the reference line
voltage (Ve*dL and Ve*qL) are then transformed into the three-phase voltages (V*abcl) needed at
the output of the GSC.
The method uses stator reference frame model of the induction machine and the same
reference frame is used in the implementation thereby avoiding the trigonometric operations
encountered in the C.T of other reference frames. This is one of the advantages of the control
scheme.
29
Grid
B
C
Stator
Wind
Tm
speed
Rotor
IG
Pr
I2
Rotor
side
Converter
Qr
Line
I1
C
PL
QL
Grid side
Converter
V* abc L
V* abc r
r
Iabcr
slip
e
iedqr
Iabcs
dqs
e*
Torque
Calculation
based on
Eq.3.20
( C.T )
iedqs
QS
Reactive
power
controller
Torque
controller
Flux
Calculation
based on
Eq.3.25
( C.T )
Te
PI
Ie*qr
Ie*dqr
Ie*dr PI
Q*
Reactive I dql
Power
Calculator
based on Ve*dqL
Eq.3.18
Tm
dqs
abc to ds qs
Transformation
Vabcs
Voltage
Controller
Iabcs
Vdc
V*dc
Ie*dql
PI
PI
Iedql
( C.T )
slip
Ie*dqr
iedqr
Rotor
Current
Contoller
Stator
Current
Contoller
ie*dqs
iedqs
Ve*dqr
Current
controller
(C.T)-1
Iabcl
Vedqs*
e
(C.T)-1
Figure 3.4: Proposed control scheme of the DFIG driven by a wind turbine based on field
30
Digital simulation is carried out in order to validate the effectiveness of the proposed scheme
of Figure 3.4. The Matlab/Simulink software package has been used for this purpose. The
DFIG under study is a 9 MW, 6-poles, 967 rpm, its nominal parameters and specifications are
listed in table1. Simulated circuit is given in appendix A.
Table 3.1: Parameters and data specifications of the DFIG system.
DFIG and Wind turbine parameters
Pn(nominal)
9106 W
Vn(rms)
580 V
Fn
50 Hz
Rs
0.104
Rr
0.0743
Lls
2.54 (H)
Llr
2.31 (H)
Lm
4.35 (H)
Vdc(nominal)
1200 V
Jm
0.0887 Kg.m2
B
0.00478 N.m./rad./s.
DC bus capacitor
60 mF
Nominal mechanical output power of turbine, at Vw 9106 W
= 1.25 Kg./m2.
= 15 m/s.
31
Wind speed [m/sec]
16
14
12
10
8
6
0
Time (sec)
(a) Wind speed variation (m/sec)

380
Rotor speed [rad/sec]
370
360
350
340
330
320
0
Time (sec)
(b) Rotor speed (rad./sec.)

10
Generated active power [Mwatt]
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
0
5
Time (sec)
32
Generated reactive power [Mvar]
0.3
0.2
0.1
0
-0.1
0
Time (sec)
(d) Generated reactive power (Mvar)

1230
DC link voltage [Volts]
1220
1210
1200
1190
1180
1170
0
Time (sec)
(e) DC link voltage (Volts)

Figure 3.5: Performance of the proposed DFIG driven by a wind turbine system with
wind speed step change.
The transient performance of the proposed scheme for a step change of wind speed from 8
m/sec to 15 m/sec in bi-directional is investigated as shown in figure 3.5. This figure shows
that the proposed system exhibits good dynamic performance during wind speed transients.
Figure 3.5.b shows that the values of rotor speed can be effectively calculated and have the
same track as the wind speed. The calculated values of generated active and reactive powers
give desired performance as shown in figures 3.5.c and 3.5.d. The calculated values of dc link
voltage are almost constant during the application and removal of the rated wind speed (15
33
Wind speed [m/sec]
15
10
0
0
10
12
14
16
18
20
Time (sec)

380
370
360
350
340
330
320
0
10
12
14
16
18
20
14
16
18
20
Time (sec)

9
8
7
6
5
4
3
0
10
Time (sec)
34
12
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0
0
10
12
14
16
18
20
16
18
20
Time (sec)

1230
1220
1210
1200
1190
1180
1170
0
10
12
14
Time (sec)
(e): DC link voltage (Volts)

Figure 3.6: Dynamic response of the proposed system with sinusoidal variation of wind speed
The transient behavior of the proposed scheme is evaluated for sinusoidal variation of wind
speed. The calculated values of rotor speed have the same profile with the wind speed as
shown in figure 3.6.b. The calculated values of generated active and reactive powers have
good matching with the sinusoidal variation of wind speeds as shown in figures 3.6.c and
3.6.d. Figure 3.6.e illustrates that, the calculated values of the dc link voltage have constant
values despite the sinusoidal variation of wind speed. Moreover, this voltage exhibits large
amplitude of pulsation due to voltage source inverter PWM.
35
Wind speed [m/sec]
14
12
10
8
6
0
10
12
14
Time (sec)

390
380
370
360
350
340
330
0
10
12
14
10
12
14
Time (sec)

10
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
0
8
Time (sec)
(c) Generated active power (Mwatt)
36
0.5
-0.5
0
10
12
14
12
14
Time (sec)

1230
1220
1210
1200
1190
1180
1170
0
10
Time (sec)
(e) DC link voltage (Volts)

Figure 3.7: Performance of the proposed DFIG driven by a wind turbine system with linear
bi-directional variation of wind speed
The transient performance of the proposed scheme has been tested with change of wind speed
in linear fashion. Thus, the wind speed is assumed to vary linearly from 8 m/sec. to 15 m/sec.
in bi-directional. Figures 3.7.a, 3.7.b, 3.7.c, 3.7.d and 3.7.e show the wind speed, actual rotor
speed, the generated active power, the generated reactive power, the dc link voltage. Figure
3.7.b shows that the rotors speed has the same track as the wind speed with the proposed
scheme. Figure 3.7.c indicates that the generated active power matches the variation of the
wind speed with fast and precise transient response. It is worthy to mention that the generated
reactive power and the dc link voltage are kept constant during the change of wind speed as
shown in 3.7.d and 3.7.e. However, the generated active and reactive powers and the dc link
voltage exhibit high-frequency pulsation of large magnitude due to voltage source inverter
37
Chapter 4
Dynamic Performance of a Wind Driven Doubly Fed Induction Generator During Grid
Faults
4.1. Introduction
Unbalance may be defined as in several views, it can be voltage dip (also the word voltage sag is
used) is a sudden reduction (between 10% and 90%) of the voltage at a point in the electrical
system, and sudden change of load (dynamic load) .There can be many causes for a voltage dip:
short circuits somewhere in the grid, switching operations associated with a temporary
disconnection of a supply, the flow of the heavy currents which are caused by the start of large
motor loads, or large currents drawn by arc furnaces or by transformer saturation [25]. The
magnitude of a voltage dip at a certain point in the system depends mainly on the type of the
fault, the distance to the fault, the system configuration, and the fault impedance. As a result the
effect of the fault is consequently transferred to the connected generator with the unbalanced
grid. So the performance of the DFIG is also affected during the fault period [26].
This chapter describes the dynamic behavior of a DFIG, operating with the wind turbine during
grid faults. The method of symmetrical components gives an elegant way of analyzing the
operation of a DFIG system during unbalanced conditions. In the synchronous rotating fluxoriented positive and negative (d-q) reference frames, the mathematical model of a DFIG system
under unbalanced supply is developed. Based on the developed model, the relationships between
the electromagnetic torque, active and reactive powers, and the positive and negative sequence
components of the stator flux and rotor current components are fully established. In this study,
two types of faults, symmetrical (three phase-to-ground fault) and unsymmetrical (single-phase
and double-phase-to ground faults) are applied at the grid terminals. Through the results it can be
noticed that the currents and voltages exhibit high transients in their values during the fault
period. The unbalanced currents create unequal heating on the stator windings, and pulsations in
the electromagnetic torque and stator output active and reactive powers.
38
4.2. Dynamic Model of a DFIG System

The equivalent circuit of a DFIG can be expressed in the synchronous rotating reference frame as
shown in figure 4.1 [27].In this circuit the core losses and saturation are neglected.
Ll s
Is
Llr
Ir
Rr
Rs
Vs
p
s
p
r
Lm
Vr
j(
s- r)
r
jss
Figure 4.1. Equivalent circuit of a DFIG in the synchronous reference frame rotating at a speed
of s.
According to figure 4.1, the stator and rotor flux linkages (s and r) are given, respectively, by,
s = Ls Is + Lm Ir
r = Lr Ir + Lm Is
(4-1)
Also, from this figure, the stator and rotor voltages and in the synchronous rotating
reference frame can be expressed as:
= < Is + ps + js s
= < Ir + pr + j(s r )r
Equation (4-1), can be rewritten for obtaining the rotor flux and stator current as:
L
r = m s + Lr Ir
L
(4-2)
(4-3)
Is = (s Lm Ir )
L
(4-5)
(4-4)
Where = 1 L2m (Ls Lr ) , is the leakage factor.

Substituting equations (4-4) and (4-5) into equation (4-3), this yields
= < Ir + Lr pIr +
Lm
Ls
p s + j(s r )( Lr Ir +
Lm
Ls
s )
(4-6)
As the stator voltage is usually constant, which results in constant stator flux, equation (4-5) can
be simplified as:
= < Ir + Lr pIr + j (s r )( Lr Ir +
Lm
Ls
s )
(4-7)
39
Separating the real and imaginary parts of equation (4-7) into d-q components, the rotor voltage
equation can be expressed in state space form as:
Idr
R ( Lr )
p @I D = @ r
(s r )
qr
qs
Vdr
(s r ) Idr
( )L
1
D + L @V D
D @I D + s r m @
Lr Ls
R r ( Lr ) qr
ds
r
qr
(4-8)
Using equations (4-2) and (4-5), and after neglecting the effect of stator voltage drop (< Is ), the
stator output active and reactive powers can be calculated as:
3
F Is 3 js s 1 (s Lm Ir )
+ E$ =
2
2
L
3
= 2 s ( js ) L [( s Lm Idr ) + j Lm Iqr ]
3 s
=2
Ls
[ s Lm Iqr j s (s Lm Idr )]
(4-9)
Thus, the stator active and reactive powers in terms of (d-q) rotor current components and stator
flux are given by,
3 s
Ls
= 2
s Lm Iqr
3 s
$ = 2
Ls
s (s Lm Idr )
(4-10)
4.3. Mathematical Model of DFIG System Under Unbalanced Grid Voltage

The unbalanced three-phase quantities such as voltage, current, and flux may be decomposed
into positive and negative sequence components, assuming no zero sequence components. In the
stationary (-) reference frame, the voltage, current, and flux can be decomposed into positive
and negative sequence components as [28], [29].
JKM (6) = JKM +(6) + JKM (6)
+
= NJKM +N. E ( 6+O ) + NJKM N. E ( 6+O )
(4-11)
Where O + and O are the respective phase shift for positive and negative sequence components
and F represents the voltage, current, or flux vector .
40
Figure 4.2 shows that, for the positive ( )+ reference frame, the + axis is fixed to the
positive stator flux rotating at the speed of . While for the negative ( ) reference
frames, as can be seen from figure 4.2, its axis rotates at an angular speed of with the
phase angle to the K-axis being .
q+
qd+
F
s
s+
s= s t
-s= -s t
s- s
dFigure.4.2. Relationships between the (-) reference frame and the ( )+ and ( )
reference frames.
From figure.4.2, the transformation from (-) reference frame to ( )+ and ( )
reference frames are given by,
+
J
= JKM . E 6 = J
. +E 2 6
+
J
= JKM . E 6 = J
. E 2 6
(4-12)
(4-13)
Similar to grid connected converters [30, 31], during network unbalance, the state space form of
the rotor model given in equation (4-8) can be expressed in the positive and negative sequence
components, rotating at angular frequency of s and s , respectively as:
+
;
R ( Lr )
pU + W = @ r
;
(s r )
+
+
X+

(s r ) ;
L m (s r )
1

DU + W +
U + W+
U +W
Lr Ls
L r
R r ( Lr ) ;
X
(4-14)
41

;
R r ( Lr )
p @; D = @
(s r )

X

(s r ) ;
L ( )
1

D @; D + m L sL r @ D + L @ D
R r ( Lr )
X
r s
r

(4-15)
According to figure.4.2 and equations (4-11), (4-12), and (4-13), the stator and rotor current and
voltage vectors can be expressed using their respective positive and negative sequence
components as:
+
=
+
. E 2 6
(4-16)
=
+
. E 2 6
(4-17)
Although unbalanced, the stator voltage can still be regarded as being constant. Therefore,
p X+
= 0 , p X = 0
(4-18)
Under unbalanced network conditions, the amplitude and rotating speed of the stator flux are no
longer constant. Neglecting the stator resistance and taking into account equations (4-2), (4-4),
(4-5), (4-16) and (4-17), the stator voltage and current can be expressed in the positive (
)+ reference frame as:
E 2 6
F = E "X+

#
+X .
(4-19)
1
L
+
E 2 6
; = L "X+
# Lm (;
+;
. E 2 6 )
+X .
s
(4-20)
Similar to balanced condition, the stator output active and reactive powers can be calculated as:
3
F ;
+ E$ =
2
(4-21)
Substituting (4-19) and (4-20) into (4-21) and separating the active and reactive power into
different oscillating components yield,
= 0 + Y 2 . sin(2 6) + Z\ 2 . cos(2 6)
$ = $0 + $ Y 2 . sin(2 6) + $ Z\ 2 . cos(2 6)
Where
42
(4-22)
3 L m
0 =
2L s
+
+ +
[X+
; + X ; + X ; X ; ],
3
3 Lm + +
2
2
+ 2
2
+
[X+
[X ; + X+
;
X +X +X ] +
2Ls
2Ls
X
; X ; ],
$0 =
3 +
+
+
+
^ X X + X
X + X X + X X _
2Ls
3 Lm
+
+
+
+
^X
X+
+
; X ; X ; _,
;
2Ls
Y 2 =
3
+
+
+
+
^ X
X + X X + X X X X _
2Ls
3 Lm
+
+
+
+
+
^ X
X
;
; X ; + X ; _,
2Ls
Z\ 2 =
$ Y 2 =
$ Z\ 2 =
3 L m
2L s
3 L m
2L s
+
+
+
+
[ X
; X ; + X ; X ; ],
+
+
+
+
[X
; X ; + X ; + X ; ] ,
According to figure.4.1, the electromagnetic power equals to the sum of the power outputs from
the equivalent voltage source j s and j( )s .Thus, it is given by,
=
3
2
3
+
+
+
<[ j X+
; + j( ) X ; ]
1
+
+
< ` j X+
L "X Lm ; #b
s
2 <[ j( )(
=
3 Lm
2 Ls
Lm
Ls
+
+
X+
+ g Lr ; ) ; ]
+
<[E X+
; ] = 0 + Y 2 + Z\ 2
(4-23)
Where,
X+

3 Lm
h Y 2 k = 2 L l X
s
Z\ 2
X

0
+
;
X
X
X+

+
;
+ X+
X X
u
+
;
X
X+
X

;
The electromagnetic torque of the DFIG is calculated as:

= = ( 0 + Y 2 + Z\ 2 )/
(4-24)
43
4.4. System Description

Figure 4.3 shows a basic layout of a single line diagram for a DFIG driven by a wind turbine
system during grid fault conditions. The machine may be simulated as an induction machine
having 3-phase unbalanced supply voltages in the stator and in the rotor. The method of
symmetrical components is used for analyzing this simulated machine for obtaining the stator
and rotor current and voltage components. In this figure, the method of a field orientation is used
for controlling the stator and rotor currents and voltages to allow decoupling or independent
control of both active and reactive powers. Symmetrical and unsymmetrical faults across the grid
terminals have been studied to investigate the dynamic response in the DFIG's performance
during the fault period. Simulated circuit is given in appendix B.
Grid
Wind
Step up
transformer
speed
Is
Il
P l , Ql
Ps , Qs
Fault
IG
Tm
Grid side
(Converter/
Inverter)
Vdc
DC Link
C
Ir Qr , Pr
Rotor side
(Converter/
Inverter)
V* abc L
V* abc r
DFIG Field oriented control Strategy
V*dc Vdc
Iabcl
Iabcs
Vabcs
Figure 4.3: DFIG driven by a wind turbine based on field orientation control
during grid fault conditions
44
Pitch angle()
Ic Qc , Pc
4.5. Simulation Results and Discussions

Digital simulation is carried out in order to investigate the performance of the DFIG wind based
generation system during different types of fault. The Matlab/Simulink software package has
been used for modeling the proposed system shown in figure 4.3. The DFIG under study is a 9
MW, 6-poles, 976 rpm, its nominal parameters and data specifications were listed in the previous
chapter (table 3.1).
4.5.1. Performance of the proposed system under a single phase to ground fault.
The dynamic performance of the proposed system has been tested under a single phase to
ground fault (phase A) of the grid terminals when the wind speed is constant at 10 m/sec. The
fault is applied at (t=1.25 sec.), and it is cleared at (t=1.75 sec.), and the results are as follow.
350
340
335
330
325
0
0.5
1.5
Time (sec)
2.5
2.5
Figure 4.4.a: Rotor speed variation (rad./sec)

12
10
Rotor speed [rad./sec.]
345
8
6
4
2
0
0
0.5
1.5
Time (sec)
Figure 4.4.b: Generated active power (Mwatt)
45
4
3
2
1
0
-1
0
0.5
1.5
2.5
2.5
2.5
Time (sec)
Figure 4.4.c: Generated reactive power (Mvar)
DC link Voltage [Volts]
1300
1250
1200
1150
0
0.5
1.5
Time (sec)
Figure 4.4.d: DC link voltage (Volts)

4
-1
x 10
Mechanical torque [N.m]
-1.1
-1.2
-1.3
-1.4
-1.5
0
0.5
1.5
Time (sec)
Figure 4.4.e: Mechanical input torque (N.m)
46
Electromagnetic torque [N.m]
x 10
-2
-4
-6
0
0.5
1.5
2.5
2.5
2.5
Time (sec)
Figure 4.4.f: Electromagnetic torque (N.m)

1000
Voltage of phase A [Volts]
500
-500
-1000
0
0.5
1.5
Time (sec)
Figure 4.4.g: Voltage of phase A (Volts)

1500
Voltage of phase B [Volts]
1000
500
0
-500
-1000
-1500
0
0.5
1.5
Time (sec)
Figure 4.4.h: Voltage of phase B (Volts)
47
1500
Voltage of phase C [Volts]
1000
500
0
-500
-1000
-1500
0
0.5
1.5
2.5
2.5
2.5
Time (sec)
Figure 4.4.i: Voltage of phase C (Volts)

4
x 10
Current of phase A [A]
-2
-4
0
0.5
1.5
Time (sec)
Figure 4.4.j: Current of phase A (A)

4
1.5
x 10
Current of phase B [A]
1
0.5
0
-0.5
-1
-1.5
0
0.5
1.5
Time (sec)
Figure 4.4.k: Current of phase B (A)
48
x 10
Current of phase C [A]
-1
-2
0
0.5
1.5
2.5
2.5
Time (sec)
Figure 4.4.l: Current of phase C (A)

4
x 10
Phase A rotor current [A]
0.5
-0.5
-1
0
0.5
1.5
Time (sec)
Figure 4.4.m: Phase A rotor current (A)
Figure 4.4: performance of the proposed system under a single phase to ground fault
during a constant wind speed.
Figure 4.4.a shows that the rotor speed has a noticeable increase over its nominal value by 2.5 %
; this is also accompanied with high pulsations during the fault period that can destroy and
damage the rotor shaft system if the fault is not cleared. Figures 4.4.b and 4.4.c illustrate the
negative sequence effect of the fault on the generated active and reactive powers respectively.
From these figures it can be noticed that the generated active power reduces significantly by a
49
percentage of 30 % of its normal value, on the other hand the generator absorbs high amount of
reactive power from the grid during the fault period with an increase of 8 times of its normal
value . Also, the effect of fault is appeared clearly on the rising of dc link voltage by 5 % of its
normal value due to the high values of line and rotor currents, this is viewed within figure 4.4.d.
High transient oscillations exhibit in the mechanical and electromagnetic torques values during
the fault period as shown in figures 4.4.e and 4.4.f.
Observed grid phase voltages and currents are shown through figures 4.4.g, 4.4.h, 4.4.i, 4.4.j,
4.4.k and 4.4.l respectively. Phase A voltage has dropped while phase B and phase C have
experienced an overvoltage during the fault period by 38% of its normal values. The reason for
the over voltages of phases B and C is the existence of some leakage and coupling
capacitance to ground in addition to the resistance of the grounding wires. It is noticed that the
values of phases A, B and C currents are increased during the fault period to about 3.7, 2.47
and 2.47 times of their normal values, respectively. The rotor current is jointly determined by the
rotor voltage and the derivative of the stator flux with time, so the stator disturbance is further
transmitted to the rotor because of magnetic coupling between the stator and rotor, thereby
resulting in high transient rotor current, this is shown in figure 4.4.m, that shows an increase in
phase A rotor current during the fault period by about 3 times of its normal value.
50
4.5.2. Performance of the proposed system under a double phase to ground fault.
The dynamic performance of the proposed system has been tested under a double phase to
ground fault (phases A and B) of the grid terminals when the wind speed is constant at 10 m/sec..
The fault is applied at (t=1.25 sec.), and it is cleared at (t=1.75 sec.), and the results are as
follow.
360
340
330
320
310
0
0.5
1.5
2.5
2.5
Time (sec)

6
5.5
350
5
4.5
4
3.5
3
2.5
0
0.5
1.5
Time (sec)
51
3
2
1
0
-1
-2
-3
0
0.5
1.5
2.5
2.5
2.5
Time (sec)

1350
1300
1250
1200
1150
1100
0
0.5
1.5
Time (sec)
Figure 4.5.d: DC Link voltage (Volts)

4
-0.6
x 10
-0.8
-1
-1.2
-1.4
-1.6
-1.8
0
0.5
1.5
Time (sec)
52
x 10
-2
-4
-6
0
0.5
1.5
2.5
2.5
2.5
Time (sec)

1000
500
-500
-1000
0
0.5
1.5
Time (sec)
Figure 4.5.g: Voltage of phase A (Volts)

1000
500
-500
-1000
0
0.5
1.5
Time (sec)
Figure 4.5.h: Voltage of phase B (Volts)
53
1500
1000
500
0
-500
-1000
0
0.5
1.5
2.5
2.5
2.5
Time (sec)
Figure 4.5.i: Voltage of phase C (Volts)

4
x 10
4
2
0
-2
-4
0
0.5
1.5
Time (sec)
Figure 4.5.j: Current of phase A (A)

4
x 10
1
0
-1
-2
-3
-4
0
0.5
1.5
Time (sec)
Figure 4.5.k: Current of phase B (A)
54
x 10
-1
-2
0
0.5
1.5
2.5
2.5
Time (sec)
Figure 4.5.l: Current of phase C (A)

4
1.5
x 10
1
0.5
0
-0.5
-1
0
0.5
1.5
Time (sec)
Figure 4.5.m: Phase A rotor current (A)
Figure 4.5: performance of the proposed system under a double phase to ground fault
during a constant wind speed.
Figure 4.5.a shows that the rotor speed presents an increase over its nominal value by 3.5 %; this
is also accompanied with high transient oscillations during the fault period that damage rotor
shaft due to high vibration if the fault is not cleared. Figures 4.5.b and 4.5.c illustrate the effect
of negative sequence of the fault on the generated active and reactive powers respectively. From
these figures it can be noticed that the generated active power is negatively affected during the
55
fault period and its value decreases by a percentage of 45 % of its normal value, on the other
hand the generated reactive power introduces a noticeable increase by about 8 times of its normal
value. Also, the effect of fault is appeared clearly on making the value of dc link voltage
increases by about 3.5 % of its normal value due to the high values of line and rotor currents, this
is illustrated within figure 4.4.d. The values of the mechanical and electromagnetic torques
introduce high transient oscillations during the fault period; this is shown in figures 4.5.e and
4.5.f.
Observed line voltages and currents are illustrated through figures 4.5.g, 4.5.h, 4.5.i, 4.5.j, 4.5.k
and 4.5.l respectively. Phases A and B voltage has dropped to very low values while phase
C have experienced a marginal drop during the fault period by 30 % of its normal values. It is
noticed that the amplitude values of phases A, B and C currents present a significant
increase during the fault period by about 4.4, 4.4 and 1.9 times of their normal values. The rotor
current values depend on the rotor voltage (that is already related to the stator voltages) and on
the derivative of the stator flux with time, so the stator disturbance is further transmitted to the
rotor because of magnetic coupling between the stator and rotor, thereby resulting in high
transient rotor current, this is shown in figure 4.5.m, that shows an increase in phase A of the
rotor current amplitude during the fault period by about 2.8 times of its nominal value.
56
4.5.3. Performance of the proposed system under a three phase to ground fault.
The dynamic performance of the proposed system has been tested under a three phase to ground
fault across the grid terminals when the wind speed is constant at 10 m/sec.. The fault is applied
at (t=1.25 sec.), and it is cleared at (t=1.75 sec.), and the results are as follow.
380
370
360
350
340
330
320
310
0
0.5
1.5
2.5
Time (sec)

10
8
6
4
2
0
-2
-4
0
0.5
1.5
2.5
Time (sec)
57
3
2
1
0
-1
-2
-3
0
0.5
1.5
2.5
Time (sec)

1700
DC Link voltage [Volts]
1600
1500
1400
1300
1200
1100
0
0.5
1.5
2.5
2.5
Time (sec)

5000
0
-5000
-10000
-15000
-20000
0
0.5
1.5
Time (sec)
58
x 10
0
-1
-2
-3
-4
-5
-6
0
0.5
1.5
2.5
Time (sec)

1000
800
Phase Voltages Vabc [Volts]
600
400
200
0
-200
-400
-600
-800
-1000
0.5
1.5
Time (sec)
2.5
2.5
Figure 4.6.g: Phase voltages (Volts)

4
x 10
-2
-4
0
0.5
1.5
Time (sec)
Figure 4.6.h: Current of phase A (A)
59
x 10
2
0
-2
-4
-6
0
0.5
1.5
2.5
2.5
Time (sec)
Figure 4.6.i: Current of phase B (A)

4
x 10
-2
-4
0
0.5
1.5
Time (sec)
Figure 4.6.j: Current of phase C (A)

15000
10000
5000
-5000
0
0.5
1.5
2.5
Time (sec)
Figure 4.6.k: Phase A rotor current (A)

Figure 4.6: performance of the proposed system under a three phase to ground fault during a
constant wind speed.
60
A three phase to ground fault is applied to the grid terminals. Figure 4.6.a shows that the rotor
speed is severely increased over its nominal value by 7.5 % during the fault period, which causes
flying apart of the rotor shaft system if the fault is not cleared. Figures 4.6.b and 4.6.c illustrate
the harmful effect of the fault on the generated active and reactive powers respectively. From
these figures it can be noticed that the value of generated active power reduces significantly by a
percentage of 82 % of its normal value, while the generated reactive power presents an increase
of 5 times of its normal value during the fault period. Also, the effect of fault is appeared clearly
on the dc link voltage which introduces a noticeable increase of 1.2 times of its normal value due
to the high values of line and rotor currents, this is viewed within figure 4.4.d. High oscillations
appear in the mechanical and electromagnetic torques values during the fault period as shown in
figures 4.5.e and 4.5.f.
Observed line voltages and currents are shown through Figures 4.6.g, 4.6.h, 4.6.i and 4.6.j
respectively. All three phase voltages have been dropped to a very low value. It is noticed that
their values have not been dropped to zero but they have a very low values but not equal zero.
The reason for this is the existence of some leakage and coupling capacitance to ground in
addition to the resistance of the grounding wires. It is noticed that the values of phases A, B
and C currents are increased during the fault period to about 2.4 times of their normal values.
As the rotor current is determined by the rotor voltage (that is already related to the stator voltage
values) and the derivative of the stator flux with time, so the unbalanced stator voltage values are
further transmitted to the rotor because of magnetic coupling between the stator and rotor,
thereby resulting in high transient rotor current, this is viewed in figure 4.5.k, that shows a
noticeable increase in phase A of the rotor current during the fault period by about two times of
its normal value.
61
Chapter 5
Enhancement of Fault Ride Through Capability of a Wind Driven Doubly Fed Induction
Generator Connected to the Grid
5.1.
Introduction
In the past, the protection requirements of wind turbines were focused on safe-guarding of the
turbines themselves. When the network suffers any transient disturbance such as voltage sag or
short circuit fault, the wind turbine generators are usually disconnected from the grid as soon as
the occurrence of voltage dip in the range of 7080%. However, with large integration of wind
generators in the power system network, loss of considerable part of wind generators following a
transient disturbance is not preferable. Tripping of numerous wind generators during transient
disturbance can further risk the stability of power system thereby contributing to amplification of
the effect of the disturbance that has originated [32]. Therefore, new upcoming wind generators
to be equipped with fault ride-through (FRT) or low voltage ride-through (LVRT) or zero
voltage ride through (ZVRT) schemes to avoid their disconnection from the power system
network during grid faults. Moreover, FRT is extremely important for maintaining system
reliability and voltage stability, especially in areas where concentration of wind power
generation facilities are high [33].
In this chapter, a novel FRT scheme is proposed to enhance the performance of a DFIG system
during grid faults. In this scheme, the input mechanical energy of the wind turbine during grid
fault is stored and utilized at the moment of fault clearance, instead of being dissipated in the
resistors of the crowbar circuit as in the existing FRT schemes. The proposed FRT scheme,
which is connected between the rotor circuit and dc link capacitor in parallel with RSC, consists
of an uncontrolled diode bridge rectifier, two sets of IGBT switches, a diode and a storage
inductor. Based on the results namely (electromagnetic and mechanical torques, reactive power
and speed), that are obtained with the application of the proposed FRT scheme, it can be
confirmed that the size of the storage inductor chosen in the present study is appropriate and thus
the proposed method of computation of initial guess for the size of storage inductor is also
validated. These are due to the noticeable decrease in transient oscillations in the values of
electromagnetic and mechanical torques, and due to the reduction in rotor speed's deviation from
62
its nominal value, which results from a reduction in the reactive power requirements during the
fault period.
5.2.
System under Study and Proposed FRT Scheme
Figure 5.1 shows a proposed fault ride through (FRT) scheme for a wind driven DFIG system
during grid faults. The structure of the proposed FRT scheme, which is connected across the dc
link capacitor in parallel with RSC is shown in figure 5.1. This scheme consists of an
uncontrolled diode bridge rectifier, two sets of IGBT switches S1, S2, diode D and storage
inductor L of suitable size. As discussed before, the control method during the normal operation
is based on the principle of field orientation [34], and the proposed FRT scheme is adopted
during the fault occurrence for achieving stability and enhancement of the performance of a
DFIG driven by wind turbine system. Simulated circuit is given in appendix C.1.
Grid
Faults
Stator
Line
+
S1
Tm
speed
S2
Uncontrolled
Rectifier
IG
Step up
transformer
1:n
Wind
Rotor
Pr
PL
QL
Vdc
Pitch angle()
Qr
Rotor side
Converter
+
C
DC Link
Grid side
Converter
V* abc L
V* abc r
Proposed FRT control strategy

DFIG Field oriented control Strategy
V*dc
Vdc
Iabcl
Iabcs
Vabcs
Figure 5.1: Proposed fault ride-through (FRT) scheme and field oriented control for DFIG
system.
63
5.3.
Control strategy of the proposed FRT scheme
During normal operation, the IGBT switches S1 and S2 remain open and diode D is reverse
biased, therefore the proposed FRT scheme does not interfere the normal operation of DFIG.
The DFIG terminal voltage drops to a very low value and the stator current rises rapidly during
grid faults. The stator disturbance is further transmitted to the rotor circuit due to magnetic
coupling between them [35] and [36]. This will result in high transient current in the rotor circuit
that may damage the power electronic devices in the rotor converter. In order to protect the rotor
converter, gating signals to RSC are blocked whenever the rotor current exceeds the
semiconductor device ratings. Though the devices are now protected, the transient current in the
rotor circuit now raises the dc link voltage through the anti-parallel diodes of RSC. Therefore, a
suitable control technique based on FRT scheme is proposed in this chapter so as to protect the
rotor converter against over-current and the dc link capacitor against excessive over-voltage [37]
and [38]. The mode and sequence of operation of the proposed FRT scheme is presented and
explained in Appendix C.2.
The objective of the proposed FRT scheme which employs minimal additional hardware
components and simple control technique for successful fault ride-through of the DFIG system
are:
x
Satisfactory performance and compliance with grid code requirements.
Protection of generator converters (RSC&GSC) against over-current and dc link

capacitor against excessive over-voltage.
Enhancing the stability of DFIG by damping speed deviations and electromagnetic torque
fluctuations.
Reduction of reactive power requirement of DFIG with rapid reestablishment of terminal

voltage at the instant of fault clearance.
In the proposed FRT scheme, when the rotor current is more than the permissible limit, gating
signals to RSC are blocked [39] and [40]. The switches S1 and S2 are closed if either the terminal
voltage dip is more than the threshold value of the IGBT's or the dc link capacitor voltage
64
exceeds the permissible limit. Since the generator and rotor side converter stay connected, the
synchronism of operation remains established during and after the fault. Normal operation of the
DFIG system can be restored immediately after the fault is distinguished. As soon as the rotor
current decreases below the permissible limit, gating signals to RSC are restored unlike the
crowbar protection scheme, where the gating signals to RSC are established only after the
terminal voltage restores above a certain limit [41] and [42]. Thus, generator magnetization is
done over the rotor circuit through the RSC. Now the input mechanical energy of the wind
turbine is stored as electromagnetic energy in the inductor L. Since a torque balance is
established between the developed electromagnetic torque of induction machine and the input
mechanical torque of the wind turbine, the rotor speed deviation is reduced. Thus the reactive
power requirement of the DFIG during the fault is also reduced in accordance with the reduction
in the rotor speed deviation from its nominal value with the help of the proposed FRT scheme
[43] and [44].
At the instance of fault clearance, the voltage dip is reduced below the threshold value; the
switches S1 and S2 are opened. Now the diode D is forward biased and the stored energy in the
inductor L is transferred back into the dc link capacitor Cdc. Consequently, the GSC current
needed for charging the dc link capacitor is reduced and the converters can be used to its full
capacity in restoring the normal operation of DFIG system [45, 46] and [47].
5.4.
Choice of Size of the Storage Inductor
The selection of the suitable size of an inductor L used in the proposed FRT scheme is similar to
that of the crowbar resistance scheme which is presented in appendix B. Small value of crowbar
resistance (Rcw) does not limit the values of rotor current and causes torque transient peaks
during the fault moment. On the other hand, higher value of Rcw has an efficient damping effect
on the values of rotor current and electromagnetic torque oscillation. It also reduces the reactive
power requirement at the instant of fault clearing. However, a very high value of R cw can imply a
risk of excessive transients' values in rotor current, electromagnetic torque and reactive power at
the instant of removing the crowbar resistance [48] and [49]. Similarly, if the inductor size is too
small, the entire mechanical energy of the wind turbine during the transient fault period cannot
be stored. Large inductor size will make the scheme bulky (heavy in weight) and costly.
65
Considering the correct choice of Rcw which is obtained for an existing DFIG, a procedure is
presented in this section to acquire an initial guess for the correct choice of the storage inductor
L for an existing DFIG.
In the proposed FRT scheme, in order to achieve a performance equivalent to or more efficient
than that of the active crowbar resistance scheme, the energy content of the storage inductor
should be at least equal to the energy dissipation capacity of the crowbar resistor Rcw in active
crowbar resistance scheme [50, 51] and [52]. With this hypothesis, the suitable size of storage
inductor is calculated in the following manner.
Neglecting the switching losses in the power electronic devices, the energy dissipated in the
resistor Rcw of an active crowbar FRT scheme during the fault period is given by,
2
xZ = ;Z
<Z 6y
(5-1)
Where Irdc is the rectified rotor current (A) and 6y is the time of fault duration (sec.).
The energy required to be stored in the inductor L during the same fault period, employing the
proposed FRT scheme can be expressed as:
1
2
z
xz = 2 ;Z
(5-2)
Based on the hypothesis, that the capacity of energy content of the storage inductor L must be
greater than or at least equal to the energy dissipation capacity of the resistors Rcw in the crowbar
FRT scheme, i.e.
xz xZ
(5-3)
Thus, from equations (5-1) and (5-3), this yields

1 2
; z
2 Z
2
;Z
<Z 6y
(5-4)
From equation (5- 4), the choice of the inductor size is computed as:
z 2 <Z 6y
(5-5)
Equation (5-5) is a good starting point for the selection of the suitable inductor size in the
proposed FRT scheme based on the value of crowbar resistance.
66
5.5.
Simulation Results and Discussions
Detailed simulation study and performance evaluation of the proposed FRT scheme are
discussed in details in this section using the system shown in figure 5.1. A 9 MW DFIG machine
is connected to an unbalanced grid is simulated using MATLAB/SIMULINK software. The
machine parameters and data specifications are the same as used previously. Three types of
faults are studied in this section; they are applied across the grid terminals and are sustained for a
period of 500 ms, a duration during which the wind turbine is required to remain connected as
per grid code requirement for achieving stability in the grid. Due to large mechanical time
constant of wind turbine, the variations in wind speed during the fault period are ignored. Also,
the performance of the proposed FRT scheme under grid fault conditions is compared with that
one of rotor short circuited using crowbar resistance technique.
The values of crowbar resistance (<Z ) is chosen as 1.486 (<Z = 20 < ) depend on machine
rating and parameters, where < is the rotor resistance as recommended in [44] and utilized in
[45- 46]. As wind generators are expected to be disconnected from the grid for fault duration
longer than 6y = 0.5 Z. [47-48], the value of the inductor used in the proposed scheme is
computed as follows:
<Z = 20 < ; 6y = 0.5 ; Using equation (5-5), z 2 <Z 6y ; z 0.38 } .
Therefore, an inductor of L =0.5 H is chosen for the simulation study.
67
5.5.1. Performance of the proposed DFIG system with the application of FRT scheme and
with crowbar resistance scheme during a single phase to ground fault.
The performance of proposed DFIG system is tested under the application of a single phase to
ground fault (phase A) of the grid terminals during a constant wind speed of 15 m/sec.. The
results have been obtained with the use of FRT scheme and it is compared with that one of
crowbar resistances. The relevant simulated circuit for crowbar resistance is given in appendix
C.3. The fault period is 0.5 sec., starts at t=1.25 sec. and clears at t=1.75 sec., the results are as
follow.
385
385
With crowbar resistance
With proposed FRT scheme
380
375
375
370
370
365
0
0.5
1.5
2.5
365
0
0.5
1.5
2.5
Time (sec)
Time (sec)
Figure 5.2.a: Rotor speed (rad./sec)
15
380
10
5
0
0.5
1.5
Time (sec)
68
2.5
4.5
4
3.5
3
2.5
2
1.5
1
0.5
0
-0.5
0.5
1.5
Time (sec)
2.5

1300
1300
1280
1200

1240
1220
1200
1180
1150
0.5
1.5
Time (sec)
2.5
1160
0.5
1.5
Time (sec)
2.5

4
-1.4
x 10
-1.6
1260
1250
-1.8
-2
-2.2
0
0.5
1.5
2.5
Time (sec)
69
x 10
-0.5
x 10

-1
-5
-1.5
-2
-2.5
-10
0
0.5
1.5
2.5
-3
0
0.5
1.5
2.5
Time (sec)
Time (sec)

1000
1000
500
500
-500
-500
-1000
0
0.5
1.5
2.5
-1000
0
0.5
2.5
1500
1500
1000
1000
1.5
Time (sec)
Time (sec)
500
0
-500
500
0
-500
-1000
-1000
-1500
0
0.5
1.5
Time (sec)
70
2.5
-1500
0
0.5
1.5
Time (sec)
2.5
1500
1500
1000
500
0
-500
500
0
-500
-1000
-1000
-1500
0
0.5
1.5
2.5
-1500
0
0.5
1.5
2.5
2.5
2.5
Time (sec)
Time (sec)

4
x 10
x 10
2
1
0
-1
-5
0
0.5
1.5
2.5
-2
0
0.5
Time (sec)
1.5
Time (sec)
x 10
x 10
1
1
1000
-1
-1
-2
0
0.5
1.5
2.5
-2
0
0.5
1.5
Time (sec)
Time (sec)
71
x 10
x 10
2
2
0
-2
1
0
-1
-4
0
0.5
1.5
2.5
-2
0
0.5
1.5
2.5
Time (sec)
Time (sec)
Figure 5.2.h: Stator currents (A)

4
1.5
x 10
15000
1
10000
0.5
0
-0.5
5000
-1
-1.5
0
0.5
1.5
2.5
-5000
0
0.5
Time (sec)
1.5
2.5
Time (sec)
Figure 5.2.i: Phase A rotor current (A)

Figure 5.2: Performance of the proposed DFIG system with the application of FRT scheme
versus its performance with the use of crowbar resistance during a single phase to ground fault.
Since the torque balance is achieved between the developed electromagnetic torque of induction
machine and the input mechanical torque of the wind turbine as illustrated in figures 5.2.f and
5.2.e, that show an obvious reduction in fluctuations and transients in torques's values to be
within their nominal values before the fault occurrence. So rotor speed's value is nearly
maintained as its pre-fault value as viewed in figure 5.2.a that gives a reduction in rotor speed
deviation during the fault period that makes its value of about 95 % of its pre-fault value after
using the proposed FRT scheme. Consequently the active power succeeded in retaining its
72
normal value before fault occurrence to be nearly about 98 % of its pre-fault value, this is
illustrated through figure 5.2.b.
Consequently the reactive power requirement of the DFIG during the fault shown in figure 5.2.c
is reduced significantly to be about only 1.22 times of its pre-fault value; this is due to large
reduction in rotor speed deviation from its pre-fault value. Hence rapid recovery of terminal
voltage of the DFIG to their nominal values, which can be inferred from voltages waveforms
shown through figure 5.2.g, is accomplished with the help of the proposed FRT scheme. The
values of terminal voltages of phases ''B'' and ''C'' present a re-tainting of their pre-fault values to
be only about 1.10 times of their nominal ones that are considered permissible values for the
DFIG system to be in operation without any dangers.
Figure 5.2.d shows the rapid recovery of pre-fault value of dc link voltage to be only about 1.008
of its nominal one. Consequently, the current in GSC needed for charging the dc link capacitor is
also reduced; this can be seen obviously through figure 5.2.h that shows a significant decrease in
phases ''A'',''B'' and ''C'' of stator currents to be about 1.18, 1.03 and 1.038 times of their normal
values, respectively. Accordingly, the rotor currents are also reduced due to the reduction in
stator currents; this can be viewed through figure 5.2.i that shows a remarkable reduction in rotor
current to be only about 1.2 times of its normal value. Thus the proposed FRT scheme assists
GSC and RSC in restoring the normal operation of the DFIG system.
73
with crowbar resistance during a double phase to ground fault.
The performance of proposed DFIG system is tested under the application of a double phase to
ground fault (phases A and B) of the grid terminals. The results have been obtained within the
use of FRT scheme and it is compared with that one of crowbar resistances during a constant
wind speed of 15 m/sec.. The fault period is 0.5 sec., starts at t=1.25 sec. and clears at t=1.75
sec., the results are as follow.
400
390
380
370
360
350
0
0.5
1.5
2.5
2.5
Time (sec)
Figure 5.3.a: Rotor speed (rad./sec.)
10
7
6
0
0.5
1.5
Time (sec)
74
2
1
-1
-2
-3
0.5
1.5
Time (sec)
2.5

1350
1360
1340
1320

1250
1200
1150
1300
1280
1260
1240
1220
1200
1180
1100
0.5
1.5
Time (sec)
2.5
1160
0.5
1.5
Time (sec)
2.5

4
-1
x 10
1300
-1.5
-2
-2.5
0
0.5
1.5
2.5
Time (sec)
75
x 10
x 10
-5
-10
-15
0
0.5
1.5
2.5
-5
-10
-15
0
0.5
1.5
2.5
2.5
Time (sec)
Time (sec)
1500
1500
1000
Vabc phase voltages [Volts]
Vabc phase voltages [Volts]
1000
500
-500
500
-500
-1000
0
0.5
1.5
2.5
-1000
0
0.5
Time (sec)
1.5
Time (sec)
76
x 10
x 10
-5
-10
0
0.5
1.5
2.5
-5
-10
0
0.5
Time (sec)
0
-2
2.5
2.5
x 10
2
0
-2
-4
0
0.5
1.5
2.5
-4
0
Time (sec)
0.5
1.5
Time (sec)
x 10
x 10
2.5
0
-1
0
-1
-2
-2
-3
0
x 10
1.5
Time (sec)
0.5
1.5
2.5
-3
0
0.5
1.5
Time (sec)
Time (sec)
Figure 5.3.h: Stator currents
77
x 10
20000
15000
1.5
0.5
0
10000
5000
0
-0.5
-1
0
0.5
1.5
2.5
-5000
0
0.5
Time (sec)
1.5
2.5
Time (sec)
Figure 5.3.i: Phase A rotor current (A)

versus its performance with the use of crowbar resistance during a double phase to ground fault.
Figure 5.3.a, illustrates the obvious positive effect of the proposed FRT scheme on limiting the
speed deviation from its nominal values in comparison with its value in case of using crowbar
resistances, as the rotor speed gives a value of about 1.01 times of its pre-fault value that is
considered the same nominal value. Now the input mechanical energy of the wind turbine gets
stored as electromagnetic energy in the inductor L, instead of being dissipated in the resistor R cw
as in the case of an active crowbar resistor. As the inductor L absorbs the power during the fault
period, so there is an effective transfer process of power during the fault period in comparison of
the case of losing this power as a heat in rotor crowbar resistances. Thus the torque balance is
achieved between the developed electromagnetic torque of induction generator and the input
mechanical torque of the wind turbine as illustrated in figures 5.3.f and 5.3.e that present a
noticeable decrease in fluctuations and transients in torques's values to be within their nominal
range during the pre-fault period. Consequently the generated active power is succeeded in
recovering its normal value after the fault occurrence; this can be shown within figure 5.3.b, that
gives a value for the active power during the fault equal nearly to 96% of its nominal one.
Consequently the reactive power requirement of DFIG during fault as shown in figure 5.3.c is
also greatly reduced to be about 1.2 times of its pre-fault value; this is due to the noticeable
decrease in rotor speed deviation from its pre-fault value.
78
A reduction in the dc link voltage can be also noticed clearly through figure 5.3.d, that gives a
value of the dc link voltage during fault interval of about 1.01 times of its pre-fault value, and
this is considered an acceptable value for charging the dc link capacitor with minimum harm.
Consequently, the current in GSC needed for charging the dc link capacitor is also reduced, this
can be viewed through figure 5.3.h, that gives values of stator currents (phases ''A'',''B'' and ''C'')
during the fault period of about 1.15, 1.038 and 1.025 times of their nominal values, respectively.
Accordingly the rotor currents are also reduced to be near from their nominal values, this can be
shown through figure 5.3.i that gives a value of rotor current to be about 1.2 times of its nominal
one.
79
with crowbar resistance during a three phase to ground fault.
The dynamic performance of proposed DFIG system is tested under the application of a three
phase to ground fault of the grid terminals. The results have been obtained within the use of FRT
scheme and it is compared with that one of crowbar resistances during a constant wind speed of
15 m/sec.. The fault period is 0.5 sec., starts at t=1.25 sec. and clears at t=1.75 sec., the results
are as follow.
420
400
380
360
340
0
0.5
1.5
2.5
2.5
Time (sec)
Figure 5.4.a: Rotor speed (rad./sec)
15
10
-5
0
0.5
1.5
Time (sec)
80
-1
-2
-3
0.5
1.5
Time (sec)
2.5
2.5
2.5

1650
1600
1550
1500
1450
1400
1350
1300
1250
1200
1150
0.5
1.5
Time (sec)

4
0.5
x 10
0
-0.5
-1
-1.5
-2
-2.5
0
0.5
1.5
Time (sec)
81
x 10
-5
-10
-15
0
0.5
1.5
2.5
Time (sec)

4
x 10
x 10
0
-2
0
-1
-2
-4
-6
0
0.5
1.5
2.5
-3
0
0.5
2.5
2.5
x 10
x 10
1.5
Time (sec)
Time (sec)
2
0
1
0
-1
-2
-4
0
0.5
1.5
Time (sec)
82
2.5
-2
0
0.5
1.5
Time (sec)
x 10
x 10
0
-2
-2
-4
-4
-6
0
0.5
1.5
2.5
-6
0
0.5
1.5
2.5
Time (sec)
Time (sec)
Figure 5.4.i: Stator currents [A]

4
x 10
15000
1.5
10000
0.5
0
5000
-0.5
-1
0
0.5
1.5
2.5
-5000
0
0.5
Time (sec)
1.5
2.5
Time (sec)
Figure 5.4.h: Phase A rotor current (A)

versus its performance with the use of crowbar resistance during a three phase to ground fault.
The performance of the wind generation system under a three phase to ground grid fault can be
observed through figure 5.4, which illustrates that the generator tendency for absorbing a large
amount of reactive power during the fault period is greatly reduced, this can be viewed in figure
5.4.c that gives a value of reactive power during the fault of about 1.18 times of its nominal one,
thus improving the stability in the grid in comparison with its state in case of using the crowbar
83
scheme. Normal operation of the DFIG is obviously restored and the measured values of
generated active are returned to nearly about to their normal range, this can be viewed in figures
5.4.b that gives a value of active power during the fault period after applying the FRT scheme of
about 98 % of its pre-fault value. Consequently, the rotor speed deviation from its normal value
is noticeably decreased; this is shown through figure 5.4.a which implies a value of rotor speed
during fault interval after using the FRT scheme of about 1.006 times of its nominal one.
Figure 5.4.d shows the positive effect of proposed scheme on the value of the dc link voltage
during fault period, this figure gives a value of about 1.009 times of nominal value of the dc link
voltage after using FRT scheme. The reduction in rotor currents to their normal values can also
be viewed in figure 5.4.h which presents a value of the rotor current during the fault of about
1.15 times of its pre-fault value; this is resulted from the reduction in the stator currents as
viewed in figure 5.4.g, that gives values of stator currents (phases ''A'',''B'' and ''C'') during the
fault period of about 1.088 times of their nominal values. Both mechanical and electromagnetic
torques are obviously affected by inserting the proposed FRT scheme, this can be shown through
the restoration of their normal values as viewed in figures 5.4.e and 5.4.f respectively.
Based on the results of the parameters of DFIG (namely, electromagnetic torque, reactive power
and speed) obtained with the proposed FRT scheme, it can be confirmed that the size of inductor
chosen in the present study is appropriate and thus the proposed method of computation of initial
guess for the size of storage inductor is also validated.
84
Chapter 6
CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS FOR FUTURE WORK
In this chapter, conclusions of the present work are reported along suggested future related
research work.
6.1. Conclusions
The main conclusions that can be inferred from the present results are summarized as follows:
1- The transient performance of the proposed scheme is presented for different wind speed's
profiles. Fast and good response of the dynamic performance are achieved following the
application and removal of wind speed disturbance, this in addition to a dc link voltage is
kept constant during the wind speed disturbance. Also, the calculated values of rotor
speed, active and reactive powers have good matching with wind speed variations.
2- Single-phase-to-ground fault applied at the connection point between wind-driven DFIG
farm and grid is the most severe fault when compared with the other faults.
3- During a single phase to ground grid fault, the rotor speed presents a noticeable increase
over its nominal value that causes flying apart of the rotor shaft system. This is also
accompanied with high oscillations. The value of generated active power is negatively
affected and reduces significantly.
4- With the application of a single phase to ground fault, the generated reactive power
presents an increase over its normal value. The dc link voltage introduces a noticeable
increase over its normal value with remarkable high transient oscillations.
5- High oscillations appear in the mechanical and electromagnetic torques values. Phase 'A'
grid voltage has been dropped to a very low value during the application of a single phase
to ground fault, while the other two phases' voltages present a noticeable increase during
the fault period.
85
6- The values of stator phase's currents present a remarkable rising over their nominal
values during the single phase to ground fault period. Also, the rotor current presents an
increase of about three times of its normal value.
7- As a response to the application of proposed FRT scheme, input mechanical energy of the
wind turbine during grid fault is stored and utilized at the moment of fault occurrence,
this leads continuity of power flow in the system during the fault period and this makes
the values of generated active power retain their pre-fault values.
8- The generated reactive power is reduced due to the effect of application of the proposed
FRT scheme during the fault period. This leads to a nearly constant value of the dc link
voltage that is needed to be within a certain value in order to achieving balance in power
transfer (exchange) between the grid side and the rotor side converters of the DFIG.
9- High transients in both stator and rotor currents are reduced effectively after using the
proposed FRT scheme in comparison with the results obtained by using crowbar
resistance. This lead to protecting both stator and rotor windings during the fault.
10- After the application of the proposed FRT scheme, rapid reestablishment of terminal
voltage is attained on fault clearance. This results from the reduction in reactive power
requirement during the fault period
6.2. Recommendations for future work
1. Applying artificial intelligence such as fuzzy logic, neural network, and fuzzy neural or
genetic technique to control the active and reactive power of the DFIG instead of using PI
controller used in the field orientation control technique.
2. Applying artificial intelligence such as fuzzy logic, neural network, and fuzzy neural or
genetic technique to predict the fault occurrence on the terminals of the stator of the
DFIG and hence increasing the response of the protection system to handle with the fault.
86
3. Investigating and development of a robust and new technique to fulfill the requirements
needed for achieving an appropriate synchronization process between the DFIG and the
grid during both steady state and transient conditions.
87
Simulink program for normal operation of the proposed DFIG system

during wind speed variation.
Scope1
simout
Discrete,
Ts = 5e-005 s.
Sine Wave
To Workspace1
Wind (m/s)
8
Constant
0.1
Add
Qref_pu
A
A
N
B
C
A
B
C
A
B
C
aA
aA
bB
bB
cC
cC
A
B
C
aA
bB
[wr]
m
<wr_pu (IG speed)> [P_pu]
cC
B575
(575 V)
30 km line
B120
(120 kV)
3.3ohms
A
B
C
[Vdc]
<Vdc_V>
<P_pu>
DFIG Wind Turbine
A
B
C
[Q_pu]
<Q_pu>
-T-
Grounding
Transformer
<Vabc_grid_conv_pu>
[P_pu]
-K-
[Q_pu]
MW
[Vdc]
[wr]
-T-
<Vabc_stator_pu>
-K-
P (MW)
Gain6
Q (Mvar)
Scope4
simout2
To Workspace3
Vdc (V)
-K-
wr (pu)
Gain
-T-
-KGain1
Scope2
simout1
To Workspace2
Scope5
simout3
To Workspace4
-T-
-KGain2
Scope9
simout4
Scope3
simout6
To Workspace8
To Workspace5
Scope10
simout5
To Workspace9
Figure (A) Matlab simulated circuit of the proposed DFIG system during wind speed
variations
88
Simulink program of the proposed DFIG system during unbalanced

network conditions.
A
Discrete,
Ts = 5e-005 s.
B
C
10
Wind (m/s)
0.1
Qref_pu
[Vdc]
Fault
<Vdc_V>
[wr]
A
A
N
B
C
A
B
C
A
B
C
aA
aA
bB
bB
cC
aA
bB
<P_pu>
[Q_pu]
C
<Q_pu>
DFIG Wind Turbine

<Iabc_rotor_pu>
A
B
C
Grounding
Transformer
<wr_pu (IG speed)>
[P_pu]
B
cC
B575
(575 V)
B25 30 km line
(25 kV)
B120
(120 kV)
3.3ohms
cC
A A
B B
C C
<Tm_pu>
Scope2
simout
Vabc_B575
Iabc_B575
[P_pu]
To Workspace1
-K-
<Tem_pu>
-T-
-T-
-T-
Vabc_B575 (pu)
Gain4 -KIabc_B575 (pu)
-K-
[Q_pu]
MW
[Vdc]
[wr]
Gain5
-K-
Scope3
simout1
To Workspace2
P (MW)
Gain6
Q (Mvar)
[Tm_pu]
Scope4
simout2
To Workspace3
Vdc (V)
-K-
wr (pu)
Gain
Scope6
simout8
Scope5
simout3
To Workspace4
To Workspace5
-KGain1
[Tem_pu]
Scope7
simout6
-K-
To Workspace6
Gain2
-T-
-KGain3
Scope8
simout7
To Workspace7
Scope9
simout4
To Workspace8
Scope10
simout5
To Workspace9
Figure (A) Matlab simulated circuit of the proposed DFIG system during unbalanced
network conditions
89
C.1. Simulink program of the proposed DFIG system during grid faults with the
application of FRT scheme.
Turbine and Drive Train

W_wt (pu)
[Pitch_deg]
Pitch angle (deg)
Tt (pu)
Wind speed (m/s)
Wind (m/s)
T_wt (pu)
[wr]
W_wt (pu)
Generator speed (pu)
[Tm]
-K-
T_shaft (pu)
Wind Turbine
Power base for the Generator
Drive Train
A
B
C
Wound-Rotor
Induction Generator
Fault
[Vabc_B1]
[Tm]
Tm
[AsyncMac_sig]
B
b
B
3
C
c
Asynchronous Machine
pu Units
B1
AC-DC-AC Converter
Average Model
C
Choke
[Vabc_grid_conv]
>= 3385
[Iabc_grid_conv]
Wind Turbine Control
Vabc_B1
[Iabc_stator]
Iabc_stator
Pulses_grid_conv
[Pulses_grid_conv]
[Iabc_rotor]
g
aB
Iabc_grid_conv
[Vdc_V]
B
-
B_grid_conv
Iabc_rotor
Universal Bridge
>= 3385
B
b
[Vabc_rotor]
Universal Bridge1 B_rotor_conv
f2
Vnom_r/Vnom
Z=0%
Vdc_V
Pitch_deg
[Pulses_rotor_conv]
>= 3385
f
C1
Pulses_rotor_conv
[Iabc_rotor]
g
+
[Iabc_grid_conv]
f1
[Pulses_grid_conv]
[Vabc_B1]
[Pulses_rotor_conv]
[Pitch_deg]
Qref
[Vdc_V]
g
C
Multimeter
[Vabc_B1]
<Rotor speed (wm)>

<Rotor angle thetam (rad)>
[wr]
[angle_rotor_rad]
[AsyncMac_sig]
[Iabc_stator]
Vabc_stator_pu
Iabc_stator_pu
IGBT1
Vabc_rotor_pu
Iabc_rotor_pu
[Iabc_rotor]
[Tem]
[Tem]
[PQ_pu]
[Pitch_deg]
inductor
Diode
IGBT3
t2
Universal Bridge2
Vdc_V
m
wr_pu (IG speed)
TurbineSpeed_pu
Tm_pu
Tem_pu
PQ_pu
Pitch_deg
Figure (C.1) Matlab simulated circuit of the proposed DFIG system during grid faults
with the application of FRT scheme
90
Iabc_grid_conv_pu
[TurbineSpeed]
[Tm]
<Rotor current ir_c (pu)>
t1
IGBT2
Vabc_grid_conv_pu
[wr]
<Rotor current ir_a (pu)>
<Electromagnetic torque Te (pu)>
[Iabc_grid_conv]
[Vdc_V]
<Stator current is_c (pu)>
<Rotor current ir_b (pu)>
[Iabc_rotor]
t3
m
[Vabc_grid_conv]
<Stator current is_a (pu)>

<Stator current is_b (pu)>
[Vabc_rotor]
IGBT
Outputs
Control
[Iabc_stator]
m
E
[PQ_pu]
wr
PQ_pu
[wr]
angle_rotor_rad
Qref_pu
[angle_rotor_rad]
t4
x
x
x
On fault occurrence (Mode-1)

On fault clearance (Mode-2)
If the rotor current exceeds the permissible
x Measuring of the terminal voltage and computing the voltage
dip (V).
limit, then gating signals of the RSC are
blocked.
Measuring the terminal voltage and
x If the voltage dip (V) is less than the threshold value of the
computing the voltage dip (V) during the
IGBT's voltage, then disconnect the FRT scheme by opening
fault.
the switches S1 and S2.
If either the voltage dip (V) is more than the
threshold value of the IGBT's voltage or dc
x The stored electromagnetic energy in the inductor is transferred
back into the dc link capacitor.
link voltage level exceeds its rated limit,
connect the proposed FRT scheme by closing
the switches S1 and S2.
After dying out of the initial rotor current
L
D
transients, gating signals to RSC will be
+
restored when the rotor current recovers its
+
Current
permissible limit.
VD = 0
Injection
Cdc
Now, input mechanical energy of the wind
turbine is stored in inductor L of the proposed rom GSC
FRT scheme through uncontrolled rectifier
and switches S1 and S2.
Irdc
+
IGBT Switches S1 and S2 are opened
VD
IGBT Switches S1 and S2 are closed
Figure (C.2) Mode and sequence of operation of the FRT scheme
91
application of Crowbar resistance.
Turbine and Drive Train

W_wt (pu)
[Pitch_deg]
Pitch angle (deg)
Tt (pu)
Wind speed (m/s)
Wind (m/s)
T_wt (pu)
[wr]
W_wt (pu)
Generator speed (pu)
[Tm]
-K-
T_shaf t (pu)
Wind Turbine
Power base for the Generator
Drive Train
A
B
C
Wound-Rotor
Induction Generator
Fault
[Vabc_B1]
[Tm]
Tm
[AsyncMac_sig]
B
b
B
3
C
c
Asynchronous Machine
pu Units
B1
AC-DC-AC Converter
Average Model
C
Choke
[Vabc_grid_conv]
Step
[Iabc_grid_conv]
Iabc_grid_conv
[Pulses_rotor_conv]
a
B
Universal Bridge
B_rotor_conv
Universal Bridge1
Step2
Step1
B
b
[Vabc_rotor]
S1
Vnom_r/Vnom
Z=0%
c
2
Vdc_V
[Vdc_V]
S2
Multimeter
[PQ_pu]
Step3
wr
S3
Outputs
[angle_rotor_rad]
[Iabc_stator]
[Iabc_rotor]
[Tm]
[Tem]
<Rotor current ir_c (pu)>
[Tem]
[PQ_pu]
[Pitch_deg]
Vdc_V
m
wr_pu (IG speed)
TurbineSpeed_pu
Tm_pu
Tem_pu
PQ_pu
R2
Pitch_deg
Figure (A) Matlab simulated circuit of the proposed DFIG system during grid faults
with the application of crowbar resistance
92
S5
Iabc_grid_conv _pu
[TurbineSpeed]
<Rotor current ir_a (pu)>
<Electromagnetic torque Te (pu)>
[Vdc_V]
Step5
Vabc_grid_conv _pu
[wr]
<Stator current is_c (pu)>
<Rotor current ir_b (pu)>
Iabc_rotor_pu
[Vabc_grid_conv]
[Iabc_grid_conv]
<Stator current is_a (pu)>

<Stator current is_b (pu)>
Vabc_rotor_pu
[Iabc_rotor]
<Rotor angle thetam (rad)>
S4
Iabc_stator_pu
[Vabc_rotor]
[wr]
2
1
Vabc_stator_pu
[Iabc_stator]
<Rotor speed (wm)>
[Vabc_B1]
angle_rotor_rad
Control
[AsyncMac_sig]
Step4
[Pitch_deg]
1
PQ_pu
[wr]
B_grid_conv
Iabc_rotor
Qref
Qref_pu
[angle_rotor_rad]
C1
Pitch_deg
g
+
[Vdc_V]
Iabc_stator
Pulses_rotor_conv
[Iabc_rotor]
aB
[Iabc_grid_conv]
[Pulses_grid_conv]
[Iabc_stator]
c
Vabc_B1
Pulses_grid_conv
[Pulses_grid_conv] [Pulses_rotor_conv]
[Vabc_B1]
Wind Turbine Control
R1
[1]
A. Rasmussens, BTM Consults (2005), International Wind Energy

Development World Market Update 2005, Forecast. Ringkbing, Denmark,
(2006), pp. 2006-2010.
[2]
C. Badrul H and C. Srinivas, "Double-fed induction generator control for

variable speed wind power generation" Electric Power Systems Research,
(2006) , Vol. 76, pp. 786-800.
[3]
L.M. Fernandez, C.A. Garcia and J.R. Saenz, ''Aggregated dynamic model for
wind farms with doubly fed induction generator wind turbines'', Renewable
Energy, (2008), Vol. 33, No .1, pp. 129140.
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About the author
Mahmoud A.Mossa was born in Kena, Egypt, in 1986. He received the B.Sc.
and M.SC. degrees in Electrical Engineering department (Power& Machines).

from El-Minia university Egypt, 2008 and 2013 respectively. Since January
2010, he is working as an Assistant Lecturer in Electrical Engineering dept.
El- Minia University, his publications about six researches in the fields of
renewable energy systems (i.e. Wind Energy System: Design, Control and
Enhancement).
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Modeling, Analysis and Enhancement

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LIST OF FIGURES ...

Synchronous Generators Driven by a wind

Wound Field Synchronous Generator (WFSG)

Permanent-Magnet Synchronous Generator

Induction Generators Driven by a variable

Doubly Fed Induction Generator (DFIG) Driven

Field oriented Control of an Induction machine

Enhancement techniques of DFIG performance

Traditional techniques for protection of wind

Crowbar protection technique

Series antiparallel thyristors LVRT technique

Field Orientation Control of a Wind Driven

Dynamic Performance of a Wind Driven Doubly

Enhancement of Fault Ride through Capability

Conclusions and Recommendations.

Sequence and mode of operation of the FRT scheme

Induction machine (SCIG) based wind turbine

Doubly Fed Wound Rotor Induction Generator wind

Structure of indirect field oriented control of a wind

Structure of a direct field oriented control of a wind

General structure of a field oriented control in

Crowbar circuits. a] Antiparallel thyristor crowbar

Series antiparallel thyristors for LVRT

FIGURES OF CHAPTER (3)

Doubly-fed induction Generator driven by a wind

Wind turbine control system

Power flow through dc-link element...

Proposed control scheme of the DFIG driven by a wind

Performance of the proposed DFIG driven by a wind

Wind speed variation...

Rotor speed variation...

Generated active power

Generated reactive power

Dynamic response of the proposed system with

Wind speed variation...

Rotor speed variation...

Generated active power

Generated reactive power

Performance of the proposed DFIG driven by a wind

Wind speed variation

Rotor speed variation

Generated active power

Generated reactive power.

FIGURES OF CHAPTER (4)

Equivalent circuit of a DFIG in the synchronous

Relationships between the (-) reference frame and the

(d q)+ and (d q) reference frames..

performance of the proposed system under a single

phase to ground fault during a constant wind speed.

Figure 4-4-a: Rotor speed variation..

Figure 4-4-b: Generated active power...

Figure 4-4-c: Generated reactive power

Figure 4-4-d: DC link voltage...

Figure 4-4-e: Mechanical torque...

Figure 4-4-f: Electromagnetic torque...

Figure 4-4-g: Voltage of phase A.

Figure 4-4-h: Voltage of phase B.

Figure 4-4-i: Voltage of phase C.

Figure 4-4-j: Current of phase A.

Figure 4-4-k: Current of phase B.