Narendra Modi

Narendra Damodardas Modi (Gujarati: [nend r

d amod d as mod i], born 17 September 1950) is the
14th and current Prime Minister of India, in oce since
26 May 2014.[1][2] Modi, a leader of the Bharatiya Janata
Party (BJP), was the Chief Minister of Gujarat from 2001
to 2014 and is the Member of Parliament from Varanasi.
He led the BJP in the 2014 general election, which gave
the party a majority in the Lok Sabha (the lower house
of the Indian parliament), for the rst time since 1984
general elections.[3]
Since Modis taking oce as Prime Minister, his administration has focused on reforming and modernising Indias infrastructure and government,[4] reducing bureaucracy, encouraging increased foreign direct investment,[5]
improving national standards of health and sanitation
and improving foreign relations.[6][7][8] Earlier, as Chief
Minister of Gujarat, Modis economic policies (credited with encouraging economic growth in Gujarat) have
been praised,[9] although his administration has been criticised for failing to signicantly improve the human development in the state and for failing to prevent the
2002 Gujarat riots.[10][11][12] A Hindu nationalist and
member of the Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh (RSS),
Modi remains a controversial gure domestically and
internationally.[10][13][14][15][16][17][18]

Modi with his mother, Hiraben, on his 63rd birthday on 17

September 2013.

vak Sangh (RSS), and began attending its local shakhas

(training sessions). There, Modi met Lakshmanrao Inamdar, popularly known as Vakil Saheb, who inducted him
as a balswayamsevak (junior cadet) for RSS and became
his political mentor.[29] While Modi was training with the
RSS, he also met Vasant Gajendragadkar and Nathalal
Jaghda, Bharatiya Jana Sangh leaders who were founding
members of the BJPs Gujarat unit in 1980.[30][31]

Engaged while still a child to a local girl, Jashodaben

Narendrabhai Modi, Modi rejected the arranged mar1 Early life and education
riage at the same time he graduated from high school.[32]
The resulting familial tensions contributed to his decision
Narendra Modi was born on 17 September 1950 to a to leave home in 1967.[33]
family of grocers in Vadnagar, Mehsana district, Bombay Modi spent the ensuing two years travelling across
State (present-day Gujarat). He was the third of six chilNorthern and North-eastern India, though few details
dren born to Damodardas Mulchand Modi and Hiraben of where he went have emerged.[34] In interviews,
Modi.[19] Modis family belonged to the Modh-GhanchiModi has described visiting Hindu ashrams founded
Teli (oil-presser) community,[20][21][22] which is cate- by Swami Vivekananda: the Belur Math near Kolkata,
gorised as an Other Backward Class by the Indian followed by the Advaita Ashrama in Almora and the
government.[22][23]
Ramakrishna Mission in Rajkot. Modi remained only
As a child, Modi helped his father sell tea at the Vadnagar railway station, and later ran a tea stall with his
brother near a bus terminus.[24][25] Modi completed his
higher secondary education in Vadnagar in 1967, where
a teacher described him as an average student and a keen
debater, with an interest in theatre.[24] Modi had an early
gift for rhetoric in debates, and this was noted by his
teachers and students.[26] Modi preferred playing largerthan-life characters in theatrical productions, which has
inuenced his political image.[27][28]

a short time at each, since he lacked the required college education.[35][36][37] Modis life is said to have
Vivekanandas deep inuence. People close to Modi have
often been quoted, saying that Modi has molded many aspects of his life as Vivekanandas.[38]

Reaching the Belur Math in the early summer of 1968

and being turned away, Modi wandered through Calcutta, West Bengal and Assam, stopping by Siliguri
and Guwahati.[39] Modi then went to the Ramakrishna
Ashram in Almora, where he was again rejected, beAt age eight, Modi discovered the Rashtriya Swayamse- fore travelling back to Gujarat via Delhi and Rajasthan in
1

3 CHIEF MINISTER OF GUJARAT (200114)

1968-69.[40] Sometime in late 1969 or early 1970, Modi

returned to Vadnagar for a brief visit before leaving again
for Ahmedabad.[41] There, Modi lived with his uncle,
working in the latters canteen at the Gujarat State Road
Transport Corporation.[42][43]

3 Chief Minister of Gujarat (2001

14)

In Ahmedabad, Modi renewed his acquaintance with Inamdar, who was based at Hedgewar Bhavan (RSS headquarters) in the city.[44][45][46] After the Indo-Pakistani
War of 1971, he stopped working for his uncle and became a full-time pracharak (campaigner) for the RSS.[43]
In 1978, Modi became an RSS sambhag pracharak (regional organiser), and received a degree in Political Science after a distance-education course from Delhi University.[47][48] Five years later, he received a Master of
Arts degree in political science from Gujarat University Chief Minister Modi and his cabinet ministers at a Planning Commission meeting in New Delhi, 2013.
in 1982.[49][50]

Early political career, 19752001

On 26 June 1975, Prime Minister Indira Gandhi declared a state of emergency in India which lasted until
1977. During this period, many of her political opponents were jailed and opposition groups (including the
RSS) were banned.[51][52] As pracharak in-charge of the
Akhil Bharatiya Vidyarthi Parishad (ABVP), the student
wing of the RSS, Modi was forced to go underground
in Gujarat and frequently travelled in disguise to avoid
arrest. He became involved in printing pamphlets opposing the government, sending them to Delhi and organising demonstrations.[24][53][54][55] During this period,
Modi wrote a book in Gujarati, Sangharsh ma Gujarat
(The Struggles of Gujarat), describing events during the
Emergency.[56][57]
He was assigned by the RSS to the BJP in 1985.[30]
In 1988, Modi was elected organising secretary of the
partys Gujarat unit, marking his entrance into electoral
politics.[47][58] He rose within the party, helping organise L. K. Advani's 1990 Ram Rath Yatra in 1990 and
Murli Manohar Joshi's 199192 Ekta Yatra (Journey for
Unity).[24][59] As party secretary, Modis electoral strategy was considered central to BJP victory in the 1995
state assembly elections.[30][60][61] In November of that
year Modi was elected BJP national secretary and transferred to New Delhi, where he assumed responsibility for
party activities in Haryana and Himachal Pradesh.[60][62]
The following year, Shankersinh Vaghela (one of the
most prominent BJP leaders in Gujarat) defected to the
INC after losing his parliamentary seat in the Lok Sabha
elections.[24] Modi, on the selection committee for the
1998 Assembly elections in Gujarat, favoured supporters of BJP leader Keshubhai Patel over those supporting
Vaghela to end factional division in the party. His strategy was credited as key to the BJP winning an overall
majority in the 1998 elections,[60][63] and Modi was promoted to BJP general secretary (organisation) in May of
that year.[64]

In 2001, Patels health was failing and the BJP had lost
seats in the by-elections. Allegations of abuse of power,
corruption and poor administration were made, and Patels standing had been damaged by his administrations
handling of the 2001 Bhuj earthquake.[60][65][66] The BJP
national leadership sought a new candidate for chief minister, and Modi (who had expressed misgivings about Patels administration) was chosen as a replacement.[24] Although Advani did not want to ostracise Patel and was
concerned about Modis lack of experience in government, Modi declined an oer to be Patels deputy chief
minister and told Advani and Atal Bihari Vajpayee he was
going to be fully responsible for Gujarat or not at all.
On 3 October 2001 he replaced Patel as Chief Minister
of Gujarat, with the responsibility of preparing the BJP
for the December 2002 elections.[67][68] As Chief Minister, Modi favoured privatisation and small government;
this was at odds with political commentator Aditi Phadnis' description of the RSS as anti-privatisation and antiglobalisation.[65]

3.1 First term, 200102

On 7 October 2001, Modi was administered the oath of
oce.[69] On 24 February 2002 he won a by-election to
the Rajkot II assembly constituency, defeating Ashwin
Mehta of the Indian National Congress (INC) by 14,728
votes.[70]
3.1.1 2002 Gujarat riots
Main article: 2002 Gujarat riots
On 27 February 2002, a train with several hundred
passengers, was burned near Godhra killing about 60
people.[lower-alpha 1] The train carried a large number of
Hindu pilgrims returning from Ayodhya after a religious ceremony at the site of the demolished Babri
Masjid.[73][74] In the wake of rumours that the re

3.2

Second term, 200207

was set by Muslim arsonists, anti-Muslim violence

spread through Gujarat.[75] Estimates of that death toll
ranged from 900 to over 2,000, with several thousand
injured.[76][77] The Modi government imposed a curfew
in major cities, issued shoot-at-sight orders and called for
the army to prevent the violence from escalating,[78][79]
but human rights organisations, opposition parties and
some media accused the Gujarat government of taking
insucient action against the riots (to the point of condoning them).[78][79][80] Modis decision to move the bodies of the Kar Sevak train victims from Godhra to Ahmedabad was criticised for inaming the violence.[81][82]

3
3.1.2 2002 election
Main article: Gujarat Legislative Assembly election,
2002
In the aftermath of the violence came widespread calls
for Modi to resign as chief minister from within and outside the state, including leaders of the Dravida Munnetra
Kazhagam and the Telugu Desam Party (allies in the BJPled National Democratic Alliance coalition), and opposition parties stalled Parliament over the issue.[102] Modi
submitted his resignation, which was not accepted, at the
April 2002 BJP national executive meeting in Goa.[103]
His cabinet had a 19 July 2002 emergency meeting, offered its resignation to the Gujarat Governor S. S. Bhandari and the assembly was dissolved.[104][105] In the subsequent elections, the BJP won 127 seats in the 182member assembly.[106] Although Modi later denied it, he
made signicant use of anti-Muslim rhetoric during his
campaign.[107][108][109][110] He won the Maninagar constituency, receiving 1,13,589 of 1,54,981 votes and defeating INC candidate Yatin Oza by 75,333 votes.[111] On
22 December 2002, Bhandari swore Modi in for a second
term.[112]

In March 2008, the Supreme Court asked the state government to re-investigate nine cases from the 2002 riots (including the Gulbarg Society massacre), establishing a Special Investigation Team (SIT).[80][83][84] In response to a petition from Zakia Jafri (widow of Ehsan
Jafri, who was killed in the Gulbarg Society massacre),
in April 2009 the court asked the SIT to investigate her
allegation that Modi and another minister were complicit
in the killings.[83][85] The SIT questioned Modi in March
2010; in May, it presented to the court a report nding
no evidence to substantiate the allegations.[83][86] In July
2011, amicus curiae Raju Ramachandran submitted his nal report to the court: contrary to the SIT position, Modi
could be prosecuted based on the available evidence. The
team criticised Ramachandrans report for relying on tes- 3.2
timony from Sanjiv Bhatt, who they said fabricated the
documents used as evidence.[87][88] The Supreme Court
gave the matter to the magistrate court, with the SIT examining Ramachandrans report. The team submitted its
nal report in March 2012 seeking closure of the case,
with Zakia Jari ling a protest petition in response. In
December 2013 the magistrate court rejected the protest
petition, accepting the SITs nding that there was no evidence against the chief minister.[89]
Modis involvement in the 2002 events has continued to
be debated. Several scholars have described them as
a pogrom, while others have called them state terrorism.[90][91][92] Summarising academic views on the subject, Martha Nussbaum said: There is by now a broad
consensus that the Gujarat violence was a form of ethnic
cleansing, that in many ways it was premeditated, and that
it was carried out with the complicity of the state government and ocers of the law.[93] In 2012 Maya Kodnani,
a minister in Modis government from 2007 to 2009, was
convicted of participation in the Naroda Patiya massacre
during the 2002 riots.[94][95] Kodnani was the rst woman
and the rst MLA to be convicted in a Godhra-riots
case.[96] Although Modis government had announced
that it would seek the death penalty for Kodnani on appeal, in 2013 it retreated from that stance.[97][98][99]

Second term, 200207

Modi with Prime Minister Atal Bihari Vajpayee in 2002.

After accusations of anti-Muslim rhetoric during

the campaign, during Modis second term his emphasis shifted from Hindutva to Gujarats economic
development.[65][107] He curtailed the inuence of Sangh
Parivar organisations such as the Bharatiya Kisan Sangh
(BKS) and the Vishva Hindu Parishad (VHP),[113]
entrenched in the state after the decline of Ahmedabads
textile industry,[65] and dropped Gordhan Zadaa (an
ally of former Sangh co-worker and VHP state chief
Praveen Togadia) from his cabinet. When the BKS
Later in 2002, Modi said the way in which he had handled staged a farmers demonstration Modi ordered their
the media was his only regret regarding the episode.[100] eviction from state-provided houses, and his decision to
He subsequently claimed that some journalists at Indias demolish 200 illegal temples in Gandhinagar deepened
NDTV channel had acted irresponsibly in their coverage the rift with the VHP.[113][114] Sangh organisations were
of the events.[101]
no longer consulted or informed in advance about Modis

3 CHIEF MINISTER OF GUJARAT (200114)

administrative decisions.[113]
His 200207 changes have led to Gujarats description as
an attractive investment destination. According to Aditi
Phadnis, There was sucient anecdotal evidence pointing to the fact that corruption had gone down signicantly
in the state ... if there was to be any corruption, Modi
had to know about it.[65] He established nancial and
technology parks in Gujarat and during the 2007 Vibrant
Gujarat summit, real-estate investment deals worth 6.6
trillion were signed in the state.[65]
Despite his second-term focus on economic issues,
Modis relationship with Muslims continued to be criticised. Prime Minister Atal Bihari Vajpayee (who asked
Modi for tolerance in the aftermath of the 2002 Gujarat violence and supported his resignation as chief
minister)[115][116] distanced himself, reaching out to
North Indian Muslims before the 2004 Lok Sabha elections. After the elections Vajpayee called the violence in
Gujarat a reason for the BJPs electoral defeat and said
it had been a mistake to leave Modi in oce after the
riots.[117][118]
3.2.1

2007 election

Further information:
election, 2007

Gujarat Legislative Assembly

During the run-up to the 2007 assembly elections and the

2009 general election, the BJP ramped up its rhetoric on
terrorism.[119] On 18 July 2006, Modi criticised Prime
Minister Manmohan Singh " ... for his reluctance to revive anti-terror legislation such as the 2002 Prevention
of Terrorism Act. He asked the national government to
allow states to invoke tougher laws in the wake of the
2006 Mumbai blasts[120] and demanded the execution of
Afzal Guru,[121] a collaborator with Pakistani jihadists
who was convicted of terrorism for his involvement in the
2001 Indian Parliament attack.[122][lower-alpha 2] After the
November 2008 Mumbai attacks Modi held a meeting
to discuss the security of Gujarats 1,600-kilometre (990
mi)-long coastline, resulting in government authorisation
of 30 high-speed surveillance boats.[123] In July 2007
Modi completed 2,063 consecutive days as chief minister
of Gujarat (making him the longest-serving holder of that
post),[124] and the BJP won 122 of 182 state-assembly
seats in that years election.[125]

3.3
3.3.1

Third term, 200712

Projects

Keshubhai Patel and Modis BJP governments supported

NGOs and communities in the creation of groundwaterconservation projects; according to Tushaar Shah, Gujarat (a semi-arid state) was " ... never known for agrarian dynamism. By December 2008 500,000 structures

Sardar Sarovar Dam during a 2006 height increase.

were built, of which 113,738 were check dams. While

most check-dam impoundments dried up during the premonsoon period, they helped monsoon rains recharge
the aquifers beneath them.[126] Sixty of the 112 tehsils
which were found to have depleted the water table in
2004 had regained their normal groundwater levels by
2010,[127] and Gujarat increased its groundwater levels
when they were falling in all other Indian states. As a
result, the states production of genetically modied Bt
cotton (which could now be irrigated with tube wells) increased to become the largest in India.[126] The boom in
cotton production and its semi-arid land use[128] saw Gujarats agricultural growth increase to 9.6 percent from
2001 to 2007.[129] Although public irrigation measures in
central and southern Gujarat (such as the Sardar Sarovar
Dam) have been less successful,[126] from 2001 to 2010
Gujarat recorded an agricultural growth rate of 10.97
percent the highest of any state.[128] However, sociologists have pointed out that the growth rate under the
199297 INC government was 12.9 percent.[130]

Modi at a hospital dedication in Kheda district, 2013.

The Modi government brought electricity to every village in Gujarat, although according to Dipankar Banerjee all but 170 villages had been electried under the INC
administration.[130] Modi signicantly changed the states
system of power distribution, greatly impacting farmers. Gujarat expanded the Jyotigram Yojana scheme, in
which agricultural electricity was separated from other

3.4

Fourth term, 201214

rural electricity; the agricultural electricity was rationed

to t scheduled irrigation demands, reducing its cost.
Although early protests by farmers ended when those
who beneted found that their electricity supply had
stabilised,[126] according to an assessment study corporations and large farmers beneted from the policy at the
expense of small farmers and labourers.[131]

measuring governance, growth, citizens rights and labour

and business regulation among the countrys 20 largest
states.[139] However, critics have pointed to its relatively
poor record on human development, poverty relief, nutrition and education. Gujarat ranks 13th in India in poverty
and 21st in education. Nearly 45 percent of children under ve are underweight and 23 percent are undernouralarming category on the
Progress was made on the Gujarat International Finance ished, putting the state in the
India State Hunger Index.[140] In a review of the 1894
Tec-City project, considered one of Modis pet projects.
Its rst phase, consisting of two skyscrapers (GIFT One Land Acquisition Act, the Supreme Court of India identied Gujarat as one of the few states from which there
and Two), was completed in 2012.[132][133]
were no complaints of forcible land acquisition.[141]
He celebrated the year 2012 as Swami Vivekanandas
According to political scientist Christophe Jarelot, de150th anniversary year in Gujarat.[38]
velopment in Gujarat has been limited to the urban middle class as rural residents and the lower castes have become increasingly marginalised. The state ranks 10th
3.3.2 Development debate
of the 21 Indian states in the Human Development Index, which he attributes to less rural development. Jaffrelot says that under Modi the number of families below the poverty line has increased and conditions for rural adivasi and dalits, in particular, have declined.[142] In
July 2013 economics Nobel Laureate Amartya Sen expressed disapproval of Modis governance record, saying that under his administration Gujarats record in
education and healthcare is pretty bad.[143] However,
economists Arvind Panagariya and Jagdish Bhagwati say
that Gujarats social indicators have improved from a
lower baseline than that of other Indian states. According
to them, Gujarats performance in raising literacy rates
has been superior to other states and the rapid improvement of health indicators is evidence that its progress has
not been poor by any means.[144]

3.4 Fourth term, 201214

Modi addressing graduates at Gujarat National Law University,

2012.

Modis administration branded Gujarat as a state of dynamic development, economic growth and prosperity
with the slogan, Vibrant Gujarat.[134][135][136] Scholars
have stated that Gujarats rate of economic growth had
been high even before Modis tenure, and did not accelerate after he came to power.[137] During Modis tenure
as Chief Minister, Gujarat topped the World Banks ease
of doing business rankings among Indian states for two
consecutive years.[138] In 2013, Gujarat was ranked rst
among Indian states for economic freedom by a report

Modi with Anandiben Patel at a meeting of BJP MLAs after his

election as prime minister; Patel succeeded him as Gujarat chief
minister.

Further information:
election, 2012

Gujarat Legislative Assembly

In the 2012 Gujarat Legislative Assembly elections,

Modi won the constituency of Maninagar by 86,373 votes

4 2014 INDIAN GENERAL ELECTION

over Shweta Bhatt, the INC candidate and wife of Sanjiv

Bhatt.[145] The BJP won 115 of the 182 seats, continuing its majority during his tenure[146] and allowing the
party to form the government (as it had in Gujarat since
1995).[147] In later by-elections the BJP won four more
assembly seats and two Lok Sabha seats held by the INC,
although Modi did not campaign for its candidates.[148] In
2013, the Wharton India Economic Forum (WIEF) at the
Wharton School of the University of Pennsylvania cancelled a keynote video-conference speech by Modi following protests by Indian-Americans.[149] After his election as prime minister, Modi resigned as the chief minister and as an MLA from Maninagar on 21 May 2014.
Anandiben Patel succeeded him as the chief minister.[150]

March 2005, Rep. Conyers and Rep. Pitts in the

U.S. House of Representatives in Congress, submitted
H.RES.160, banning Narendra Modi, the Chief Minister of the State of Gujarat in India from entering the U.S.
indenitely. The title of the document is: Condemning
the conduct of Chief Minister Narendra Modi for his actions to incite religious persecution and urging the United
States to condemn all violations of religious freedom in
India. The document contains this quote: Whereas the
USCIRF has conrmed in its May 2004 report that the
state government in Gujarat led by Chief Minister Modi
has been widely accused of being reluctant to bring the
perpetrators of the killings of Muslims and non-Hindus
to justice.[162][163] On 16 May 2014, Narendra Modi was
elected the 15th Prime Minister of India, in the largest
Democratic election ever held on Earth.[164] On 14 June
3.5 International diplomacy
2014, Senator Barbara Boxer (D-California) and nine of
her colleagues in the U.S. Senate sent a joint letter to
To attract foreign investment to Gujarat when he was newly elected Prime Minister Modi with the following
chief minister, Modi visited China, Singapore and title: Boxer, Colleagues Urge Indian Prime Minister to
Japan,[151] travelling to China in November 2006 (to Improve Safety of Women in India.[165] On 8 June 2016,
study the countrys special economic zones, about to Prime Minister Narendra Modi of India addressed a joint
be implemented in Gujarat),[152] September 2007[153] session of the U.S. Congress.[166][167]
and November 2011. A month after his 2011 visit,
the Chinese government released 13 Indian diamond In 2011, the Karachi Chamber of Commerce & Industry,
traders charged with smuggling in Shenzhen, with impressed with development in Gujarat, invited Modi
Modi attributing their release to his diplomacy and to visit Pakistan and address business leaders who asked
him to consider a ight between Ahmedabad and Karachi
statesmanship.[154][155]
because of the cultural and economic relationships between Gujarat and Sindh. Modi wanted to ease Pakistans
power crisis, particularly in Sindh, and suggested that the
country could follow the examples of the Gujarat model
set by Gujarat Solar Park and the Kalpasar Project.[168]
In an April 2014 statement described as unexpected,
senior Pakistani diplomats told The Daily Telegraph that
Modi was their choice for Indias prime Minister as he
could provide the strong leadership necessary for peace
talks.[169]

Modi meeting the South Korean ambassador in Gandhinagar in

2013.

His relationship with many Western nations was troubled during his tenure as chief minister, with questions about his role in the 2002 riots resulting in travel
bans to the UK, the US and the EU. Modi was barred
from entering the United States under a provision of the
Immigration and Nationality Act banning violators of religious freedom,[156] the only person denied a US visa under this provision.[157] The UK and the European Union
refused to admit him because of what they saw as his role
in the riots. As Modi rose to prominence in India, the
UK[158] and the EU[159] lifted their bans in October 2012
and March 2013, respectively, and after his election as
prime minister he was invited to Washington.[160][161]

Modi visited Japan in 2012. According to Ryohei Kasai,

research fellow at the Center for South Asian Studies at
Gifu Womens University, There is a growing interest in
Modi in Japan with much anticipation that he will reshape
India by revitalising its economy and better governance. I
believe Japan has an excellent relationship with him. Not
only have successive Japanese ambassadors to India been
regular guests in 'Vibrant Gujarat' investors summit (organised biennially) but Japanese private companies also
made a big amount of investment in the state.[170]

4 2014 Indian general election

Main article: Bharatiya Janata Party campaign for Indian

general election, 2014
On 31 March 2013 Modi was appointed to the BJP parliamentary board, the highest decision-making body in
the party,[171][172] and at a meeting of the partys national
Regarding the United States of America (U.S.), on 16 executive on 9 June he was appointed chair of the BJPs

Modi addressing a rally in Meerut during the 2014 general election campaign.

central election campaign committee for the 2014 general election.[171][173] BJP founding member L. K. Advani resigned his party posts after the appointment, citing concern with leaders who were concerned with their
personal agendas. His resignation, which was described
as being a protest against Modis elevation, was withdrawn the following day at the urging of RSS chief Mohan
Bhagwat.[174] In September 2013, the BJP announced
that the chief minister would be their candidate for prime
minister in the 2014 Lok Sabha election.[175][173] Other
BJP leaders also initially expressed opposition to Modis
candidature.[171] Modis nomination also drew attention
for his reputation as one of contemporary Indias most
controversial and divisive politicians.[176]
Modi played a dominant role in the BJPs 2009 generalelection campaign.[177][178] Several people who voted for
the BJP stated that if Modi had not been the primeministerial candidate, they would have voted for another party.[179] The BJP projected an image of Modi
as a strong, masculine leader, who would be able to
take dicult decisions.[180][176][179][173][171] The focus on
Modi as an individual was unusual for a BJP election
campaign.[171][181] The election was described as a referendum on Narendra Modi.[176]
During the campaign, Modi focused on the corruption
scandals under the previous INC government, and played
on his image as a politician who had created a high rate
of GDP growth in Gujarat.[176][171] Modi projected himself as a person who could bring about development,
without focus on any specic policies.[171] His message
found support among young Indians and among middleclass citizens.[176] The BJP under Modi was able to downplay concerns about the protection of religious minorities
and Modis commitment to secularism, areas in which he
had previously received criticism.[176] Prior to the election Modis image in the media had centered around his
role in the 2002 Gujarat riots, but during the campaign
the BJP was able to shift this to a focus on Modis neoliberal ideology and the Gujarat model of development.[178]
Although the BJP avoided issues of Hindu nationalism
to an extent, Hindutva remained a signicant part of its
campaign.[179][171][182] Through the campaign, the BJP
received signicantly more positive media coverage than

its competitors, particularly in the northern and western

parts of the country. Commentators attributed this to
Modis inuence in the area.[183] The campaign also made
extensive use of advertising in vernacular media sources,
portraying Modi as the victim of a news media conspiracy among the English language sources.[178] However,
the BJPs campaign was assisted by its wide inuence in
the media.[184] Modis campaign blitz cost approximately
INR 5000 crores ($830 million),[176] and received extensive nancial support from corporate donors.[184] In addition to more conventional campaign methods, such as
rallies and the use of print media, Modi also made extensive use of social media,[176][171] and addressed more than
1000 rallies via hologram appearances.[182] The election
was described as Indias rst social media election.[185]
The BJP won 31% of the vote,[186] and more than doubled its tally in the Lok Sabha to 282, and became the
rst party to win a majority of seats on its own since
1984.[179][178] The results were described as a pro-Modi
wave.[176][179] Voter unhappiness with the INC, as well
as with regional parties in North India, was another reason for the success of the BJP.[179] The support network of the RSS played a role in Modis success.[171]
Scholars studying the election also stated that Modi had
an ability to attract supporters who would campaign for
him, thus strengthening his position as a candidate but
making the partys victory relatively fragile.[173][171] In
states such as Uttar Pradesh in which the BJP performed
well, it drew exceptionally high support from upper-caste
Hindus.[179] It won only 10 percent of the Muslim vote,
which was nonetheless more than it had won before.[179]
It performed particularly well in parts of the country that
had recently experienced violence between Hindus and
Muslims.[179]
The magnitude of the BJPs victory led many commentators to say that the election constituted a political realignment away from progressive parties and towards the
right-wing BJP.[176][179][187][188] Modis tweet announcing his victory in the election was the most re-tweeted
in India,[189] and was described as being emblematic of
the political realignment away from a Nehruvian secular,
socialist state towards capitalism and Hindu cultural nationalism.[189]
Modi himself was a candidate for the Lok Sabha in two
constituencies: Varanasi and Vadodara.[190] He won in
both constituencies, defeating Aam Aadmi Party leader
Arvind Kejriwal in Varanasi and Madhusudan Mistry of
the INC in Vadodara by 570,128 votes.[191] The BJP-led
NDA won the general election overall and the INC experienced its worst-ever defeat.[192][193][194] Modi, who
was unanimously elected leader of the BJP after his
partys victory, was appointed prime minister by Indias
president.[195][196] To comply with the law that an MP
cannot represent more than one constituency, he vacated
the Vadodara seat.[197]

PRIME MINISTER (2014PRESENT)

Prime Minister (2014present)

ported that foreign direct investment in India had risen

61% since the previous year.[214] In September 2015, IndestiFurther information: Swearing-in ceremony of Narendra dia was the worlds top foreign direct investment[215]
nation,
overtaking
China
and
the
United
States.
In
Modi
November
2015,
his
government
eased
foreign
investModi was sworn in as Prime Minister of India on 26
ment regulations in 15 major sectors of the economy.[216]

Modi at the launch of the Make in India program.

Modi (far right) being sworn in as Prime Minister, in the presence
of President Pranab Mukherjee (far left), 2014.

May 2014 at the Rashtrapati Bhavan. He became the rst

Prime Minister born after Indias independence from the
United Kingdom.[198] He was the rst to invite all South
Asian Association for Regional Cooperation leaders to attend his swearing-in ceremony.[199] His rst cabinet consisted of 45 ministers, 25 fewer than the previous UPA
government.[200] His rst cabinet decision was to set up an
SIT to address the issue of illegal money.[201] He started
a monthly radio program titled "Mann ki Baat" on 3 October 2014.[202] He repealed 1,159 obsolete laws in rst
two years as compared to 1,301 such laws repealed by his
preceding governments over a span of 64 years.[203][204]
As of May 2016, more than 1.04 crore people have been
trained under Skill India Mission launched by him in
2015.[205]

5.1

Economic policies

See also: Make in India

In September 2014, Modi introduced the Make in India

initiative to encourage foreign companies to manufacture
products in India, with the goal of turning India into a
global manufacturing hub.[217] Modis government has increased infrastructure spending to massively expand the
countrys transportation infrastructure. Projects to improve and expand the countrys road and railway networks
were undertaken, with railway reform being among the
governments top priorities. In November 2015, the Indian government signed major deals with General Electric and Alstom to supply India with 1,000 new diesel
locomotives, which would be built in India as part of
the Make in India scheme.[218][219] In December 2015,
Modis government signed an agreement with Japan to
jointly build a bullet train system linking Mumbai and
Ahmedabad.[220] The Indian government also began a
massive expansion of Indias highway network, and is intent on building transport links to remote areas. In addition, an expansion of the countrys water transport network was put forward, with a plan on converting 101
rivers into national waterways for the transport of goods
and passengers. Construction was started for new sea and
river ports, and plans were drawn up for waterbus and
hovercraft services.[221][222][223][224][225]

As Prime Minister, Modi announced measures to speed

up the eciency of Indias economy and reform the
red tape that had traditionally hindered Indian business,
streamlining the bureaucratic requirements on companies
such as a complex permit and inspection system and numerous regulations, so as to make business easier.[206][207]
Modi also ordered reform among the bureaucrats of the
Indian Administrative Service to ensure a more ecient
government bureaucracy.[208][209] The Planning Commission was abolished and replaced with a think tank called
PM Modi at the consultation meeting with CMs of dierent states
NITI Aayog.[210]
on replacing the Planning Commission, 2014.

In October 2014, the Modi government deregulated

diesel prices.[211]
Modi launched a agship scheme for developing 100
Modis government also liberalised Indias foreign direct smart cities on 25 June 2015.[226] In addition to the smart
investment policies, allowing more foreign investment in cities initiative, Modi unveiled the smart villages ininumerous industries.[212][213] In May 2015, it was re- tiative, under which rural villages will be given Internet

5.3

Defence policy

access, clean water, sanitation, and low-carbon energy,

with Members of Parliament overseeing the programmes
implementation in select villages in their constituencies,
other than their own or those of their relatives, with the
goal of at least 2,500 smart villages by 2019.[227]
On 22 January 2015, Modi launched two schemes - Beti
Bachao, Beti Padhao Yojana and Sukanya Samriddhi Account.[228] In June 2015, Modi launched the "Housing for
All By 2022 project, which intends to eliminate slums
in India by building about 20 million aordable homes
for Indias urban poor.[229][230] In May 2016, he claimed
that his government have been able to plug leakages worth
360 billion (US$5.3 billion) across various schemes by
identifying and stopping 1.62 crore fake ration cards.[231]

9
ments, although budgetary concerns have delayed its
implementation.[238][239][240]
In October 2014, Modi launched the Swachh Bharat
Abhiyan (Clean India) campaign, a national cleanliness drive to eliminate widespread open defecation prevalent in rural areas, as well as reduce widespread littering throughout the country, so as to improve Indias poor
sanitary conditions. As part of the programme, a public
awareness campaign against littering was launched, and
the Indian government stepped up construction of toilets in rural areas, as well as eorts to encourage people to use them.[241][242][243] The Indian government also
announced a series of projects to build new sewage treatment plants.[244]

In 2016, he announced his target to double the farmers income by 2022.[232][233] He also launched Pradhan Mantri
5.3
Fasal Bima Yojana in 2016.[234]

Defence policy

Modi launched Pradhan Mantri Jan Dhan Yojana in Au- Modis government has increased defence spending to
gust 2014, in which 21.90 crore accounts have been modernise and expand the Indian Armed Forces. In
opened and an amount of 377.75 billion (US$5.6 bil- 2015, the military budget was raised by 11%.[245]
lion) have been deposited by 18 May 2016.[235]
Modis government also negotiated a peace agreement
In 2016, Goods and Services Tax Bill was passed by the with National Socialist Council of Nagaland to end a
Parliament of India marking one of the biggest Economic Naga insurgency in northwest India that had been ongoing
reform in India.[236]
since the 1950s.[246]
He withdrew 1,000 (US$15) and 500 (US$7.40) on 9
November 2016 with the stated intention of curbing cor5.4 War on terrorism
ruption, black money, fake currency and terrorism.[237]
Modi declared Pakistan as an exporter of terrorism in domestic as well as international forums.[247] He has asked
the United Nations to dene the "terrorism" and declare
See also: Swachh Bharat Abhiyan
the supporters of terrorism.[248] He enhanced the comModis government developed a draft policy to in- pensation for terror victims and included POK citizens
in the scheme.[249] In September 2016, he urged the
BRICS to target and destroy funding channels of terrorist
groups.[250] On 29 September 2016, Indian Army conducted a surgical strike on terror launchpads in PoK.[251]

5.2

Health and sanitation policies

5.5 IT policy
Main article: Digital India

PM Modi participates in cleanliness drive at his constituency in

Varanasi.

troduce a universal health care system, known as the

National Health Assurance Mission. Under this plan,
the government was to provide free drugs, diagnostic treatment, and insurance coverage for serious ail-

Modi also launched the Digital India programme, which

aims to ensure that government services are available to
Indians electronically so as to reduce the amount of paperwork, build infrastructure to ensure rural areas get
high-speed Internet access, boost manufacturing of electronic goods in the country and promote digital literacy,
including among the poor.[252][253][254] He launched Digital India Week on 1 July 2015 in Delhi.[255] In September
2015, Modi visited silicon valley in USA to meet the likes
of Mark Zuckerberg, Sundar Pichai and Satya Nadella
promoting the Digital India programme.[256] Railway Stations across the country are being equipped with Wi-Fi
technology.[257]

10

5.6

7 IMAGE

International diplomacy

7 Image

Further information: Foreign policy of Narendra Modi Main article: Public image of Narendra Modi
and List of prime ministerial trips made by Narendra A vegetarian,[276] Modi has a frugal lifestyle and is a
Modi
Modi invited leaders of the SAARC countries to his
swearing-in as prime minister to strengthen ties among
its member states.[258] Continuing his eorts to promote
close relationships with neighbouring countries, his rst
foreign visit as prime minister was to Bhutan. Modi
visited Nepal on 8 August 2014,[259][260] and began a
ve-day trip to Japan on 30 August.[261] On 17 September 2014, Chinese President Xi Jinping arrived in India; nancial memoranda of understanding and cooperation agreements between the countries were signed,[262]
which Modi called a new chapter in their economic
relationship.[263] The prime minister had a successful visit
to the United States in the last week of September, which
led to an improvement in relations between India and the
US.[264] In a 27 September 2014 address to the United
Nations General Assembly Modi asked for the adoption
of 21 June as International Yoga Day,[265] and a resolution doing so was approved by the 193-member body. He
celebrated the same by doing Yoga in Delhi in 2015 and
in Chandigarh in 2016.[266][267]

Modi wearing a suit with his name embroidered in the pinstripes.

workaholic and introvert.[277] Adept at using social media, he has been since September 2014 the second-mostfollowed leader in the world (with over 17.9 million followers on Twitter as of February 2016), behind only
Barack Obama.[185][278][279] Modis 31 August 2012 post
Indian politician
He announced an International Solar Alliance (ISA) at the on Google Hangouts made him the rst
[280][281]
CoP21 Climate Conference on 30 November 2015.[268] to interact with netizens on live chat.
India became a member of Missile Technology Control Modi has also been called a fashion-icon with his signaRegime in June 2016.[269]
ture, crisply ironed, half-sleeved tunic-shirt (dubbed the
As of July 2016, Modi has completed 51 foreign trips as Modi kurta"), brand-name accessories, and a suit with
Prime Minister of India across 42 countries to strengthen his name embroidered repeatedly in the pinstripes that he
wore during a state visit by US President Barack Obama,
Indian diplomatic relations with them.[270][271]
drawing particular public and media attention, and someHe became the rst Indian PM to give ocial recogintion times criticism.[282][283][284]
to Balochistan and Gilgit-Baltistan issue.[247]
Although he is considered a controversial, polarising and
divisive gure,[285][286][287] British economist Jim O'Neill
blogged that Modi is good on economics one of the
things India desperately needs in a leader.[288] In August 2013, nancial analyst Chris Wood of CLSA wrote
in his weekly Greed & fear report: The Indian stock
markets greatest hope is the emergence of Gujarat Chief
6 Personal life
Minister Narendra Modi as the BJPs prime ministerial
candidate.[288]
In accordance with Ghanchi tradition, Modis marriage
was arranged by his parents when he was a child. He was
engaged at age 13 to Jashodaben, marrying her when he
was 18. They spent little time together and grew apart
when Modi began two years of travel, including visits
to Hindu ashrams.[24][272] Reportedly, their marriage was
never consummated and he kept it a secret because otherwise he could not have become a 'pracharak' in the puritan
Rashtriya Swayamsewak Sangh (RSS).[273][47] Although
Modi kept his marriage secret for most of his career, he
acknowledged his wife when he led his nomination for a
parliamentary seat in the 2014 general elections.[274][275]

As prime minister, Modi has received consistently high

approval ratings; at the end of his rst year in oce, he
received an overall approval rating of 87% in a Pew Research poll, with 68% of people rating him very favorably and 93% approving of his government.[289] His approval rating remained largely consistent at around 74%
through his second year in oce, according to a nationwide poll conducted by instaVaani.[290] At the end of
his second year in oce, an updated Pew Research poll
showed Modi continued to receive high overall approval
ratings of 81%, with 57% of those polled rating him very
favorably.[291][292]

11

Books

10 References

In 2001, Modi co-authored Setubandh, a biography of 10.1 Notes

the RSS leader Lakshmanrao Inamdar.[293] In 2007, a
book comprising a collection of Modis poems titled [1] The exact number of people killed in the train burning
is variously reported. For example, the BBC says it was
Aankh Aa Dhanya Chhe (Our Eyes Are So Blessed) was
59[71] while The Guardian put the gure at 60.[72]
[294][295]
published.
Modi also authored a book Karmayog
which was a 101-page booklet.[296][297][298][299] However, [2] Afzal Guru was executed on 9 February 2013. There had
this book was not circulated that time because of elecbeen BJP allegations that the governments delaying of the
tion code of conduct.[300] His Gujarati book titled Jyexecution for so long was an attempt to ensure that the
Muslim vote was not lost.[122]
otipunj was published in 2008 and contains biographical proles of various RSS leaders by whom he was
inspired. The longest prole is of M. S. Golwalkar,
under whose leadership the RSS expanded and whom 10.2 Citations
Modi refers to as Pujniya Shri Guruji (meaning Guru
[1] Narendra Modi is sworn in as the 15th Prime Minister of
worthy of worship).[301] According to The Economic
India. The Times of India. 26 May 2014. Retrieved 15
Times, his intention was to explain the workings of the
August 2014.
RSS to his readers and to reassure RSS members that
he remained ideologically sound. Modi has authored [2] Lakshmi, Rama (15 August 2014). Indias Modi takes on
rape issue in his rst Independence Day speech. Washeight other books, mostly comprising short stories for
ington Post. Retrieved 16 August 2014.
children.[302]
[3] Modi wave conquers all: What exit polls show in
Haryana, Maharashtra.

Awards and recognition

Modi was named Best Chief Minister in a 2007 nationwide survey by India Today.[303] In March 2012, he appeared on the cover of the Asian edition of Time, one of
the few Indian politicians to have done so,[304] and made
the 2014 Time 100 list of the worlds most inuential
people.[305]
Forbes Magazine ranked him the 15th-most-powerful
person in the world in 2014 and the 9th-most-powerful
person in the world in 2015.[306][307]

[4] Reuters (14 October 2015). Narendra Modis infrastructure splurge revives investment in India. The Economic
Times. Retrieved 22 February 2016.
[5] India pips US, China as No. 1 foreign direct investment destination - The Times of India. Timesondia.indiatimes.com. Times News Network. 30
September 2015. Retrieved 1 October 2015.
[6] 13 achievements of Narendra Modi-led governments
rst year in power, as listed by him. The Indian Express.
30 May 2015.
[7] 25 key achievements of Narendra Modi govt in past one

year. businesstoday.in.
In 2015, Modi was one of TIME's 30 most inuential people on the internet as the second-most-followed [8] Pay-o time for Modi: India displaces US, China as the
politician on Twitter and Facebook.[308] That year, the
top FDI destination in 2015. Firstpost. 29 July 2015.
magazine also ranked him eighth in its Person of the
Retrieved 1 October 2015.
Year list.[309] The same year saw him ranked fth on
Fortune magazines second annual list of 'Worlds Great- [9] Joseph, Manu (15 February 2012). Shaking O the Horror of the Past in India. The New York Times. Retrieved
est Leaders,[310] which showed numerous changes from
10 October 2012.
its rst publication in 2014 because of its requirement that
people who had been previously named had to requalify [10] Buncombe, Andrew (19 September 2011). A rebirth
dogged by controversy. The Independent. London. Rewith new achievements in the past 12 months.[311]
trieved 10 October 2012.

9.1

State honours

[11] David, Ruth (24 December 2007). Controversial Gujarati Premier Conrmed in Oce. Forbes. Retrieved
10 October 2012.

: State Order of Ghazi Amir Amanullah [12] Jarelot, Christophe (June 2013). Gujarat Elections:
The Sub-Text of Modis 'Hattrick' High Tech Populism
Khan, the highest civilian honor of Afghanistan,
and the 'Neo-middle Class. Studies in Indian Politics. 1.
[312]
June 2016.(
Afghanistan)
: Member Special Class of the Order of Abdulaziz al Saud, April 2016.(
Saudi Arabia)[313]

[13] Menon, Kalyani Devaki (2012). Everyday Nationalism:

Women of the Hindu Right in India. The University of
Pennsylvania Press. p. 26. ISBN 978-0-8122-2234-0.
Yet, months after this violent pogrom against Muslims,

12

10

the Hindu nationalist chief minister of Gujarat, Narendra

Modi, went to the polls and won a resounding victory
[14] Mishra, Pankaj (April 2011). Visweswaran, Kamala, ed.
Perspectives on Modern South Asia: A Reader in Culture,
History, and Representation. Wiley-Blackwell. p. 188.
ISBN 978-1-4051-0062-5. The chief minister of Gujarat,
a young up-and-coming leader of the Hindu nationalists
called Narendra Modi, quoted Isaac Newton to explain
the killings of Muslims. Every action, he said, has an
equal and opposite reaction.

[34] Marino 2014, p. 25.

[35] Marino 2014, pp. 3033.
[36] Mukhopadhyay 2013, pp. 128129.
[37] Narendra Modi invited to Ramakrishna Missions headquarter in Belurmath. The Economic Times. The Times
Group. 26 May 2014. Retrieved 17 October 2014.
[38] The tale of two Narendras: Narendra Modi and Swami
Vivekananda, The Statesman, 5 July 2016

[15] Indian PM Narendra Modi still mired in controversy,

says expert. Canadian Broadcasting Corporation. 16
April 2015.

[39] Marino 2014, p. 26.

[16] Nair, Rupam Jain (12 December 2007). Edgy Indian

state election going down to the wire. Reuters. Retrieved
10 October 2012.

[41] Marino 2014, pp. 28-29.

[17] Robinson, Simon (11 December 2007). Indias Voters

Torn Over Politician. Time. Retrieved 10 October 2012.
[18] Burke, Jason (28 March 2010). Gujarat leader Narendra Modi grilled for 10 hours at massacre inquiry. The
Guardian. Retrieved 10 October 2012.
[19] Marino 2014, pp. 13, 15, 74.
[20] Narendra Modi belongs to Modh-Ghanchi caste, which
was added to OBCs categories in 1994, says Gujarat government.
[21] Caste politics: Why is Narendra Modi not seen as an
OBC leader, unlike Nitish and Lalu?".
[22] "'Modi is a Teli-Ghanchi OBC': BJP. The Times of India.
23 April 2014.
[23] The oce of Prime Minister: A largely north Indian
upper-caste, Hindu aair. Business Standard. 7 May
2014.
[24] Jose, Vinod K. (1 March 2012). The Emperor Uncrowned. The Caravan. pp. 24. Retrieved 11 April
2013.
[25] Mehta, Harit (18 September 2011). On Race Course
road?". The Times of India.
[26] Marino 2014, p. 16.
[27] Mukhopadhyay 2013, p. 82.
[28] Modis life dominates publishing space (Election Special)". New Kerala. 14 March 2014. Retrieved 4 April
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[29] Marino 2014, p. 24.

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[42] Mukhopadhyay 2013, p. 131.

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11

Further reading

Sardesai, Rajdeep. 2014: The Election that Changed

India (2014)
Sridharan, Eswaran. Behind Modis Victory. Journal
of Democracy (2014) 24#4 pp: 20-33. Online
Fernandes, Vivian (2014). Modi: Leadership,
governance and Performance. Orient Publishing.
ASIN B00JUIMUBA.
Kamath, M.V.; Randeri, Kalindi (2013). The Man
of the Moment: Narendra Modi. Vikas. ISBN 9789325968387.
Kishwar, Madhu Purnima (2014). Modi, Muslims
and Media: Voices from Narendra Modis Gujarat.
Manushi Publications. ISBN 978-81-929352-0-1.
Mahurkar, Uday (2014). Centrestage: Inside the
Narendra Modi Model of Governanace. Random
House India. ASIN B00JR3PQ64.
Mitta, Manoj (2014). The Fiction of Fact-Finding:
Modi & Godhra. HarperCollins Publishers India.
ISBN 978-93-5029-187-0.
Nag, Kingshuk (2013). The NaMo Story A Political Life. Roli Books. ISBN 978-8174369383.
Nussbaum, Martha Craven (2008). The Clash
Within: Democracy, Religious Violence, and Indias
Future. Harvard University Press. ISBN 978-0674-03059-6.

12

External links

Ocial
Ocial website (Prime Ministers oce)

EXTERNAL LINKS

Ocial website (personal)

Ocial page on Bharatiya Janata Partys website

21

13
13.1

Text and image sources, contributors, and licenses

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Narendra Modi Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Narendra_Modi?oldid=749078417 Contributors: Arvindn, Dineshjk, Phoe6, Yann,

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