Conflict is negative situation created when a strong desire and

demand for change is neglected which embedded in relation at

the individual interpersonal organizational community national
and international levels and include psychological sociocultural
spiritual political historical and economic dimension.

The Nepali Civil War (labeled the People's War by the Maoists) was
an armed conflict between government forces and Maoist rebels
in Nepal which lasted from 1996 until 2006. The war was
launched by the Communist Party of Nepal (Maoist) on 13
February 1996 after being denied participation in a national
election. Among the primary aims were overthrowing the
Nepalese monarchy, overcoming caste discrimination and
favoritism, eliminating corruption and unwarranted entitlements,
and establishing a 'People's Republic'. It ended with the
Comprehensive Peace Accord signed on 21 November
2006.However; the study also identifies poverty, cast/ethnic
discrimination, Unemployment and illiteracy as primary causes of
the Maoist conflict.

Positive Aspects of the Conflict

25. if one discounts and pretends to temporarily forget the losses.
These positive aspects are the social reforms initiated by the
government after the Maoists began rattling the status quo by
forcibly correcting some long-standing socio-cultural inequities.
Some of those reforms were in the plans and programs of the
government and political parties but had never really been
implemented. The Maoists have effectively challenged the
discriminatory and exploitative caste system and have taken the
debate on ethnicity and identity to the level of discussion or
regional autonomy and self-determination.

26. The Maoists advocate regional autonomy, promising

nationalities and geographically specific regions the right to selfdetermination. Locally, Maoists women, enforced bans on alcohol
production and distribution, which they claim had helped reduce
social evils (domestic violence, for example), and also to improve
food security by ensuring that food grains are not used for
brewing alcohol. The anti-alcohol drive, however also had another
side. Many of the ethnic populations need alcohol for religious
ceremony and cultural events, and the industry is also a major
employer.

27. In the village the Maoists are also said to have forcefully
ended polygamy, by shaming or even killing those found guilty of
the offense, which is something every woman would support.
They also advocated equality of the sexes, and were able to
portray that they are at least better than the state, on gender
equality. According to published information, about one third of
the Maoists militia comprises women, which is symbolically a
better mix, compared to the status of women in state institutions.
Furthermore, in the Maoists base areas - places where they
claimed to have complete control - they tried out different
development models, for example cooperatives, restoration of the
tenancy rights of tillers and the setting up of model primary
schools.
positive impact such as a rethinking of the peoples war from
anthropological and psychological perspectives, an enhanced
consciousness of human rights and social issues, and a stronger
political awareness among many Nepalese. While there is no
possibility for an undoing of the war and its effects (p. 48), the
importance of dialogue and the necessity of political compromise
need to be reiterated and accepted by the major actors involved

in the conflict. Poverty and discrimination have not been

addressed leaving dissatisfied the majority of the population and
fuelling if not increasing inequality. Particular emphasis is put on
the Dalit issue. The Dalits are the low caste untouchables who
have no access to education, commodities and public services.
Equal participation in parliament

Negative\
The economic cost is examined in terms of physical
damages to infrastructures, disruption of development activities,
disturbance of

communication system as well as in terms of decline in tourismrelated activities, foreign

investment, increase of migration and government spending for
security, which has
inevitably drained economic resources from other sectors.
The social cost accounts for
visible changes in the lives of ordinary people: widespread human
rights violations either
by security forces or rebels, fear, displacement and increasing
vulnerability of children
and women

until October 2003 the insurgency has killed more than 8,000
people and cases of torture, rape, abductions, disappearances,
and unjustified violence
against civilians by the warring parties are reported on a daily
basis. It is estimated that,
by current trends, within five years there could be between
15,000 to 25,000 more
deaths. the
economy of Nepal has suffered a general decline,especially in its
strong sectors (tourism
and commerce). The Gross Domestic Product (GDP) has been
affected and, for the first
time in 2002, the country has recorded a negative growth. More
than 15,000 people were killed (10,500 civilians by the
government and 3,000 Maoists by the government)[1] and an
estimated 100,000 to 150,000 people were internally displaced as
a result of the conflict
As a result of the civil war, Nepal's greatest source of foreign
exchange, its tourism industry, suffered considerably. I Explore, a
travel company, published rankings of the popularity of tourist
destinations, based on their sales, which indicated that Nepal had
gone from being the tenth most popular destination among
adventure travelers, to the twenty-seventh.
The conflict forced the young and able to seek work abroad in
order to avoid the Human Rights Violations committed by the
Government forces and the crimes committed by the Maoists.
These labourers work predominantly in the Gulf (Qatar, Saudi
Arabia, etc.) and Southeast Asia (Malaysia etc.). The regular flow

of remittances from these labourers has permitted the country to

avoid serious economic crisis or economic bankruptcy. The
economy of Nepal is heavily dependent on the infusion of foreign
income from the labouring class
.Impacts of the Security Forces.Nothing can be more appalling to
innocent rural community than when security forces move in,
searching for insurgents. Because of the poor training of the
police personnel and their lack of knowledge and proper
orientation, instead of resolving the problem, they usually end up
becoming major problems themselves. Police Operations like
Operation Romeo, Operation Kilo Shera-2 and Jungle Search
Operations (1998-99) and Silent Kilo Shera-3, Delta and Operation
Chakrabihu (2000-May 2001) did not prove effective. Instead they
helped escalate the conflict from certain geographical areas to
across the country. Large numbers of innocent people were
victims of these operations, which developed further resentment
and feeling of revenge. The government completely failed to
recognize the gravity of the problem of geographically neglected
areas. Thus the Maoist were able to give the impression to the
general public that they truly represented their interests, needs
and aspirations of geographically isolated poor rural population
who had been excluded from the economic, political and social
opportunities mainly because of staying in geographically remote
and backward areas.
The conflict in Nepal had resulted into death of more than thirteen
thousand, from the hands of Maoist or the security forces. Many
more have been impaired for life and thousands more have been
displaced from their homes. There were fightings almost every
day after November 2001, except during seven months of truce
between January and August 2003. The conflict between the
security forces and the Maoist in the past had far-reaching effects
on any society, in terms of destruction, disruption, diversion and
dissaving. Besides destruction of material, the conflict also

disrupted the normal walk of life of the people causing social and
economic losses, many of which were difficult to measure. Some
of them being the pain of an individual or group that had lost their
dear and near ones, anguish of bereaved widows, orphans and
friends and families of those killed in the conflict, belonging either
to security forces, civilians or the Maoist combatant. Besides,
there is other aspect of the socio-cultural impact which includes
displacement of people resulting to homeless, Human Rights
violations, educational shutdown, detainees and disappearance,
psychological and mental problems in children and women,
degradation in environmental protection are some of the
experiences faced by the society during the insurgency period
Children nationwide experienced school disruptions because of
Maoist attack on schools, forced closures and strikes at schools.
Religion