METODO DEL PUNTO FIJO

Ejemplo 1:
Usar el mtodo de iteracin del punto fijo para aproximar la raz de

f ( x )=0.5 sin( x)x +1

comenzando con

x 0=0

y hasta que el error

aproximado sea menor igual que 0.001 %.

Solucin
Sabiendo que hay varias funciones de iteracin de dicha ecuacin - es decir
hay muchas maneras de convertir en

x=g( x )

- entre ellas tomaremos la

siguiente:

x=0.5 sin ( x )+1

Entonces
1)

g ( x ) =0.5 sin ( x ) +1

x 0=g ( x 0 )=0

2)

x 1=g ( x0 ) =g ( 0 )=0.5sin ( 0 )+ 1=1

3)

x 2=g ( x1 ) =g ( 1 )=0.5 sin ( 1)=1.420735492

4)

x 3=g ( x 2) =g ( 1.420735492) =0.5 sin ( 1.420735492) +1=1.494380993

5)

x 4=

6)

x 5=

xn
0
1
2
3
4
5
6

a
0
1
1.420735492
1.494380993
1.498540884
1.498695356
1.498700925

0
100%
29.61392141%
4.928160981%
0.277596097%
0.010307098%
0.000371617%

0.001

La solucin de

x=1.498700925

f ( x )=0.5 sin ( x )x +1 es:

Ejemplo 2:
Usar el mtodo de iteracin del punto fijo para aproximar la raz de

f ( x )=2 x 23 x7

x 0=0

comenzando con

y hasta que el error aproximado

sea menor igual que 0.0001.

Solucin
Sabiendo que hay varias funciones de iteracin de dicha ecuacin - es decir
hay muchas maneras de convertir en

x=g( x )

- entre ellas tomaremos la

siguiente:

x=

3 x +7
2

Entonces

g (x )=

3 x+7
2

1)

x 0=g ( x 0 )=0

2)

x 1=g ( x1 ) =g ( 0 )=

3)

x 2=g ( x2 ) =g ( 1.870828693 )=

4)

x 3=g ( x 3) =g ( 2.511223415 )=

5)

x 4=

6)

x 5=

3 ( 0 )+ 7
=1.870828693
2

3 ( 1.870828693 ) +7
=2.511223415
2
3 ( 2.511223415 ) +7
=2.695706795
2

xn

0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7

0
1.870828693
2.511223415
2.695706795
2.746554240
2.760404202
2.764164666
2.765184804

1.870828693
0.640394722
0.184483380
0.050847445
0.013849962
0.003760464
0.001020138

8
9

La solucin de

2.765461482
2.765536516

f ( x )=2 x 23 x7

0.000276678
0.000075034

0.0001

es:

x=2.765536516

METODO DE REGULA FALSI

EJEMPLO 1
Usar el mtodo de iteracin de Regula Falsi para aproximar la raz de

f ( x )= xcos ( x )

con los intervalos

a0 =0 y b 0=1

y hasta que el error

aproximado sea menor o igual que 0.0001.

SOLUCION

f ( a )=f ( 0 )= 0cos ( 0 )=1

f ( b )=f ( 1 )= 1cos ( 1 )=0.459697694
x 0=

f ( a ) xbf ( b ) xa f ( 0 ) x 1f ( 1 ) x 0
=
=0.68507335 7
f ( a )f ( b )
f ( 0 )f ( 1 )
f ( x 0 )=f ( 0.68507335 )=0.05 3318949

f ( a 0 ) xf ( x 0 )< 0

PRIMERA ITERACION

0=0
{b 1=xa1=a
0=0.685073357 }

f ( a 1 )=f ( 0 )= 0cos ( 0 )=1

f ( b 1 )=f ( 0.685073357 )= 0.685073357cos ( 0.685073357 )=0.053318949

x 1=

f ( a ) xbf ( b ) xa f ( 0 ) x 0.685073357f ( 0.685073357 ) x 0

=
=0.650394980
f ( a )f ( b )
f ( 0 ) f ( 0.685073357 )

f ( x 1 ) =f ( 0.650394980 )=0.010625994

f ( a 1 ) xf ( x 1 ) <0

2=a 1=0
{b2=xa1=0.650394980
}

ERROR=|0.650394980.685073357|=0.034678377
SEGUNDA ITERACION

f ( a 2 )=f ( 0 ) =0cos ( 0 )=1

f ( b 2 )=f ( 0.650394980 )= 0.650394980cos ( 0.650394980 )=0.010625994

x 2=

f ( a ) xbf ( b ) xa f ( 0 ) x 0.650394980f ( 0.650394980 ) x 0

=
=0.643556552
f ( a )f ( b )
f ( 0 ) f ( 0.650394980 )
f ( x 2 )=f ( 0.643556552 )=0.002253033

f ( a 2 ) xf ( x 2 ) <0

2=0
{b 3=xa3=a
2=0.643556552 }

ERROR=|0.6435565520.65039498|=0.006838428
TERCERA ITERACION

f ( a )=f ( 0 )= 0cos ( 0 )=1

f ( b )=f ( 0.643556552 )= 0.643556552cos ( 0.643556552 )=0.002253033

x 3=

f ( a ) xbf ( b ) xa f ( 0 ) x 0.643556552f ( 0.643556552 ) x 0

=
=0.642109858
f ( a )f ( b )
f ( 0 ) f ( 0.643556552 )
f ( x 3 )=f ( 0.642109858 )=0.000483600

f ( a 3 ) xf ( x 3 ) <0

4=a 3=0
{b 4=xa3=0.642109858
}

ERROR=|0.6421098580.643556552|=0.001446694

Xn

ERROR

0
1
2
3
4
5

0.685073357
0.65039498
0.643556552
0.642109858
0.641799484
0.641732698

0.034678377
0.006838428
0.001446694
0.000310374
0.000066786 < 0.0001

La solucin es

X 5=0.641732698

EJEMPLO 2
Hallar la raz de la ecuacin
error

=0.0001

Solucin

f ( a )=f ( 0 )=( 0)3 5 ( 0 ) +1=1

x 35 x+1=0

con un intervalo de [0,1] con un

f ( b )=f ( 1 )=(1) 5 ( 1 )+1=3

x 0=

f ( b ) xaf ( a ) xb f ( 1 ) x 1f ( 0 ) x 3
=
=0 .25
f ( b )f ( a )
f ( 1 )f ( 0 )
f ( x 0 ) =f ( 0 .25 )=0.234375

f ( a0 ) xf ( x 0 ) < 0

a 1=a0 =0
b1 =x0 =0.25

PRIMERA ITERACION

f ( a )=f ( 0 )=( 0)3 5 ( 0 ) +1=1

3

f ( b )=f ( 0.25 )=( 0.25) 5 ( 0.25 )+1=0.234375

x 1=

f ( b ) xaf ( a ) xb f ( 0.25 ) x 1f ( 0 ) x0.234375

=
=0 .20253165
f ( b )f ( a )
f ( 0.25 )f ( 0 )
f ( x 1 )=f ( 0 .20253165 )=0.0043506

f ( a1 ) xf ( x 1 ) <0

a2=a1=0
b2=x 1=0.20253165

ERROR=|0.202531650.25|=0.047468350
SEGUNDA ITERACION

f ( a )=f ( 0 )=( 0)3 5 ( 0 ) +1=1

f ( b )=f ( 0.20253165 ) =(0.20253165)35 ( 0.20253165 ) +1=0,0043506

x 2=

f ( b ) xaf ( a ) xb f ( 0.20253165 ) x 1f ( 0 ) x 0.0043506

=
=0.20165433
f ( b )f ( a )
f ( 0.20253165 )f ( 0 )

f ( x 2 )=f ( 0.20165433 )=0.000071484

f ( a2 ) xf ( x 2 ) <0

a3=a2=0
b3=x 2=0.20165433

ERROR=|0.201654330.20253165|=0.000877320
TERCERA ITERACION

f ( a )=f ( 0 )=( 0)3 5 ( 0 ) +1=1

f ( b )=f ( 0.20165433 ) =(0.20165433)35 ( 0.20165433 ) +1=0,000071484

x 3=

f ( b ) xaf ( a ) xb f ( 0.20165433 ) x 1f ( 0 ) x0.000071484

=
=0.20163992
f ( b )f ( a )
f ( 0.20165433 ) f ( 0 )
f ( x 3 )=f ( 0.20165433 )=0.000001192

f ( a3 ) xf ( x 3 ) <0

a 4=a 3=0
b 4=x 3=0.20163992

ERROR=|0.201639920,20165433|=0.000014410

La raz es

Xn

0.25

0.20253165

0.047468350

0.20165433

0.000877320

0.20163992

0.000014410 < 0.00001

X 3=0.20163992

[Xn - Xn-1]

MTODO DE BISECCIN
EJEMPLO 1
Aplique el mtodo de biseccin para encontrar las soluciones exactas dentro de
10-2 para

f ( x )=x 4 2 x 34 x 2+ 4 x + 4

en el intervalo

f ( 0 )=4
f ( 2 )=4
i0

Sea

[ a0 , b0 ]= [ 0 ,2 ]
x0 =

x 0 =1
f ( 1 )=3

a 0+ b0 0+2
=
=1
2
2

[ 0 ,2 ]

f ( a0 ) f ( x 0 )=f ( 0 ) f ( 1 ) >0

a 1=x 0=1
b 1=b0 =2

i1
Sea

[ a1 , b1 ]=[ 1 ,2 ]
x 1=

a1 +b 1 1+2
=
=1.5
2
2

x 1=1.5
f ( 1.5 )=0.6875

f ( a1 ) f ( x 1) =f ( 1 ) f ( 1.5 ) <0

a2=a1=1
b2=x 1=1.5

i2

Sea

[ a2 , b2 ]=[ 1 ,1.5 ]
x 2=

a 2+ b2 1+1.5
=
=1.25
2
2

x 2=1.25
f ( 1.25 )=1.28515625

f ( a2 ) f ( x 2) =f ( 1 ) f ( 1.25 ) >0

i3

Sea

a3=x 2=1.25
b3=b2=1.5

[ a3 , b3 ]= [ 1.25 , 1.5 ]
x 3=

a 3+ b3 1.25+ 1.5
=
=1.375
2
2

x 3=1.375
f ( 1.375 )=0.3127441406

f ( a3 ) f ( x 3 )=f (1.25 ) f ( 1.375 )> 0 a4 =x 3=1.375

b 4=b 3=1.5
n

xn

x n+1 x n

0
1
2
3
4
5
6

1
1.5
1.25
1.375
1.4375
1.40625
1.421875

0.5
0.25
0.125
0.0625
0.03125

EJEMPLO 2

0.015625

0.01

Aplique el mtodo de biseccin para encontrar soluciones exactas dentro de

10-2 para la siguiente funcin:

f ( x )=x2x

en el inervalo

f ( 0 )=1
f ( 1 )=0.5
i0

Sea

[ a0 , b0 ]= [ 0 ,1 ]
x0 =

a 0+ b0 0+1
=
=0.5
2
2

x 0 =0.5
f ( 0.5 ) = -0.207106781
f ( a0 ) f ( x 0 )=f ( 0 ) f ( 0.5 ) >0

a1=x 0=0.5
b1=b0=1

i1
Sea

[ a1 , b1 ]=[ 0.5 , 1 ]
x 1=

a1 +b 1 0.5+1
=
=0.75
2
2

x 1=0.75
f ( 0.75 ) = 0.155396442

[ 0 ,1 ]

f ( a1 ) f ( x 1) =f ( 0.5 ) f ( 0.75 )< 0

a 2=a1=0.5
b2 =x1 =0.75

i2

Sea

[ a2 , b2 ]=[ 0.5 , 0.75 ]

x 2=

a 2+ b2 0.5+ 0.75
=
=0.625
2
2

x 2=0.625
f ( 0.625 ) = -0.023419777

f ( a2 ) f ( x 2) =f ( 0.5 ) f ( 0.625 ) >0 a3 =x 2=0.625

b 3=b2 =0.75
i3

Sea

[ a3 , b3 ]= [ 0.625 , 0.75 ]
x 3=

a 3+ b3 0.625+0.75
=
=0.6875
2
2

x 3=0.6875
f ( 0.5625 ) = 0.066571094

f ( a3 ) f ( x 3 )=f ( 0.625 ) f ( 0.6875 ) <0

a 4=a3=0.625
b 4=x 3=0.6875

xn

x n+1 x n

0
1
2
3
4
5

0.5
0.75
0.625
0.6875
0.65625
0.640625

0.25
0.125
0.0625
0.03125
0.015625 0.01

MTODO DE NEWTON - RHAPSON