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HR.SEC.SCHOOL
SARADAMBAL NAGAR, PUDUCHERRY 05.
BIO-ZOOLOGY
PROJECT
2013-2014
ST.PATRICK MATRIC.HIGHER
SECONDARY SCHOOL
PUDUCHERRY-605 005
2013-2014
BIO-ZOOLOGY PROJECT WORK
Certified that this bonafide record of
project work is done
by.
The candidate with register number
.
PRINCIPAL
TEACHER INCHARGE
SUBMITTED FOR THE HR.SEC. PRACTICAL EXAM HELD ON
F.N./A.N
INTERNAL EXAMINER
EXAMINER
EXTERNAL
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
PROJECT I
VISIT TO A HOSPITAL
MEDICAL INSTRUMENTS
NAME
: JIPMER
DATE OF VISIT
PLACE
: PUDUCHERRY
MEDICAL INSTRUMENTS
INDEX
SL.NO.
PAGE
NAME OF THE
INSTRUMENTS
NO.
1
STETHOSCOPE
CT SCAN
MRI SCAN
SPHYGMOMANOMETER
GLUCOMETER
6
7
HAEMOCYTOMETER
ECG
ANGIOGRAM
ARTIFICIAL PACEMAKER
10
AUTOANALYSER
STETHOSCOPE
DISCOVERY:
The stethoscope was invented in France in 1816 by Ren Laennec
at the Necker-Enfants Malades Hospital in Paris. It consisted of a
wooden tube and was monaural.
WORKING PRINCIPLE:
Acoustic stethoscopes are familiar to most people, and operate on the transmission
of sound from the chest piece, via air-filled hollow tubes, to the listener's ears. The
chestpiece usually consists of two sides that can be placed against the patient for
sensing sound - a diaphragm (plastic disc) or bell (hollow cup). If the diaphragm is
placed on the patient, body sounds vibrate the diaphragm, creating acoustic
pressure waves which travel up the tubing to the listener's ears. If the bell is placed
on the patient, the vibrations of the skin directly produce acoustic pressure waves
traveling up to the listener's ears.
USES:
The stethoscope is an acoustic medical device for auscultation,
or listening to the internal sounds of an animal or human body. It
is often used to listen to lung and heart sounds. It is also used to
listen to intestines and blood flow in arteries and veins. In
combination with a sphygmomanometer, it is commonly used for
measurements of blood pressure. Less commonly, "mechanic's
7
STETHOSCOPE
COMPUTERISED TOMOGRAPHY
DISCOVERY:
CT scan or computerized tomography scan was first invented by Godfrey
Hounsfield in the early 1970's at the EMI Laboratories in England. It is also
referred to as CAT scan (Computerized Axial Tomography
WORKING PRINCIPLE:
CONVENTIONAL RADIOGRAPHY SUFFERS FROM THE COLLAPSING
3D STRUCTURES ON TO A 2D image. Although the resolution is lower in
Ct it has extremely good low contrast resolution enabling the detection of
very low changes in tissue type .ct gives accurate diagnostic information
about the distribution of structures inside the body.
USES:
COMPUTERISED TOMOGRAPHY
10
MRI SCAN
DISCOVERY:
11
WORKING PRINCIPLE:
MRI machines make use of the fact that body tissue contains lots of water
( H2O), and hence protons (1H nuclei), which will be aligned in a large
magnetic field.Each water molecule has two hydrogen nuclei or protons.
When a person is inside the powerful magnetic field of the scanner, the
average magnetic moment of many protons becomes aligned with the
direction of the field. A radio frequency current is briefly turned on, producing
a varying electromagnetic field. This electromagnetic field has just the right
frequency, known as the resonance frequency, to be absorbed and flip the
spin of the protons in the magnetic field. After the electromagnetic field is
turned off, the spins of the protons return to thermodynamic equilibrium and
the bulk magnetization becomes realigned with the static magnetic field.
During this relaxation, a radio frequency signal (electromagnetic radiation in
the RF range) is generated, which can be measured with receiver coils
USES:
In clinical practice, MRI is used to distinguish pathologic tissue (such as a brain
tumor) from normal tissue. One advantage of an MRI scan is that it is harmless to
the patient. It uses strong magnetic fields and non-ionizing electromagnetic fields in
the radio frequency range, unlike CT scans and traditional X-rays, which both use
ionizing radiation.
While CT provides good spatial resolution (the ability to distinguish two separate structures at a
small distance from each other), MRI provides comparable resolution with far better contrast
resolution (the ability to distinguish the differences between two similar but not identical
tissues). The basis of this ability is the complex library of pulse sequences that the modern
medical MRI scanner includes, each of which is optimized to provide image contrast based on
the chemical sensitivity of MRI.
12
MRI SCAN
13
SPHYGMOMANOMETER
DISCOVERY:
Samuel Siegfried Karl Ritter Von Bausch. Invented sphygmomanometer
later improvised upon by Sciopone Riva Rocci. (Italian physician). (1896)
WORKING PRINCIPLE:
The sphygmomanometer is designed to monitor blood pressure by measuring the
force of the blood in the heart where the pressure is greatest. This occurs during the
contraction of the ventricles, when blood is pumped from the heart to the rest of
the body (systolic pressure). The minimal force is also measured. This occurs
during the period when the heart is relaxed between beats and pressure is lowest
(diastolic pressure).
USES:
14
Sphygmomanometer
15
Glucometer
DISCOVERY:
WORKING PRINCIPLE:
The principle behind blood glucose meters is based on reactions
that are analyzed by electrochemical sensors. On each strip, there
are about 10 layers, including a stiff plastic base plate, and other
layers containing chemicals or acting as spacers. For instance,
there is a layer containing two electrodes (silver or other similar
metal). There also is a layer of the immobilized enzyme, glucose
oxidase, and another layer containing microcrystalline potassium
ferricyanide. Specifically, the reaction of interest is between
glucose and glucose oxidase. The glucose in the blood sample
reacts with the glucose oxidase to form gluconic acid, which then
reacts with ferricyanide to form ferrocyanide. The electrode
oxidizes the ferrocyanide, and this generates a current directly
proportional to the glucose concentration
USES:
16
17
GLUCOMETER
18
HAEMOCYTOMETER
DISCOVERY:
The hemocytometer was invented by Louis-Charles Malassez and
consists of a thick glass microscope slide with a rectangular
indentation that creates a chamber
Working principle:
To use the haemocytometer, first make sure that the special cover
slip provided with the counting chamber is properly positioned on
the surface of the counting chamber. When the two glass surfaces
are in proper contact Newton's rings can be observed. If so, the
cell suspension is applied to the edge of the cover slip to be
sucked into the void by capillary action which completely fills the
chamber with the sample. The number of cells in the chamber can
be determined by direct counting using a microscope, and visually
distinguishable cells can be differentially counted. The number of
cells in the chamber is used to calculate the concentration or
density of the cells in the mixture the sample comes from. It is the
number of cells in the chamber divided by the chamber's volume,
which is known from the start, taking account of any dilutions and
counting shortcuts:
USES:
Blood counts: for patients with abnormal blood cells, where automated counters don't
perform well.
Sperm counts
19
Cell processing for downstream analysis: accurate cell numbers are needed in many tests
(PCR, flow cytometry), while some others require high cell viability.
Measurement of cell size: in a micrograph, the real cell size can be inferred by scaling it to the
width of a hemocytometer square, which is known.
HAEMOCYTOMETER
20
ELECTROCARDIOGRAM
DISCOVERY:
21
USES:
ECG heterogeneity is a measurement of the amount of variance between one ECG
waveform and the next. This heterogeneity can be measured by placing multiple
ECG electrodes on the chest and then computing the variance in waveform
morphology across the signals obtained from these electrodes. Recent research
suggests ECG heterogeneity often precedes dangerous cardiac arrhythmias.
In the future, implantable devices may be programmed to
measure and track heterogeneity. These devices could potentially
help ward off arrhythmias by stimulating nerves such as the
vagus nerve, delivering drugs such as beta-blockers, and if
necessary, defibrillating the heart
22
ELETROCARDIOGRAM
23
ANGIOGRAM
DISCOVERY:
The technique was first developed in 1927 by the Portuguese physician and
neurologist Egas Moniz at the University of Lisbon to provide contrasted x-ray
cerebral angiography in order to diagnose several kinds of nervous diseases,
such as tumors, artery disease and arteriovenous malformations. He is
usually recognized as one of the pioneers in this field. Moniz performed the
first cerebral angiogram in Lisbon in 1927, and Reynaldo Cid dos Santos
performed the first aortogram in the same city in 1929. With the introduction
of the Seldinger technique in 1953, the procedure became markedly safer as
no sharp introductory devices needed to remain inside the vascular lumen
WORKING PRINCIPLE:
Depending on the type of angiogram, access to the blood vessels
is gained most commonly through the femoral artery, to look at
the left side of the heart and at the arterial system; or the jugular
or femoral vein, to look at the right side of the heart and at the
venous system. Using a system of guide wires and catheters, a
type of contrast agent (which shows up by absorbing the x-rays),
is added to the blood to make it visible on the x-ray images
USES:
The X-ray images taken may either be still images, displayed on an image intensifier or film, or
motion images. For all structures except the heart, the images are usually taken using a technique
called digital subtraction angiography or DSA. Images in this case are usually taken at 2 - 3
frames per second, which allows the interventional radiologist to evaluate the flow of the blood
through a vessel or vessels. This technique "subtracts" the bones and other organs so only the
vessels filled with contrast agent can be seen. The heart images are taken at 15-30 frames per
second, not using a subtraction technique. Because DSA requires the patient to remain
motionless, it cannot be used on the heart. Both these techniques enable the interventional
radiologist or cardiologist to see stenosis (blockages or narrowing) inside the vessel which may
be inhibiting the flow of blood and causing pain.
24
ANGIOGRAM
25
ARTIFICIAL PACEMAKER
DISCOVERY:
In 1899, J A McWilliams reported in the British Medical Journal of
his experiments in which application of an electrical impulse to
the human heart in a systole caused a ventricular contraction and
that a heart rhythm of 6070 beats per minute could be evoked
by impulses applied at spacing equal to 6070/minute
WORKING PRINCIPLE:
26
USES:
An artificial cardiac pacemaker is a small battery-operated computer, called a pulse generator,
which is connected to the heart by one or more pacing leads. These leads are made of a coiled
metal conductor, insulated with plastic and anchored to the inner wall of the heart with either soft
plastic hooks or a very short metal screw. The pulse generator sends an electrical signal down the
lead to a bare metal electrode, which is fixed against the heart, and the heart chamber is
prompted to contract.
The system relies on feedback, which means the artificial pacemaker 'listens' to the heart and
supplements the heart's natural rate. For example, the heart rate of a person with sick sinus
syndrome may not increase during physical exertion. The artificial pacemaker recognises this
and boosts the heart rate to an appropriate level. In order to do this, the pulse generator may have
sensors to detect physical activity or changes in breathing.
The two major types of artificial cardiac pacemakers include:
Dual chamber two leads are used. Information from the atria regulates the contractions
of the ventricles.
ARTIFICIAL PACEMAKER
27
28
AUTOANALYSER
DISCOVERY:
The AutoAnalyzer is an automated analyzer using a special flow
technique named continuous flow analysis (CFA), first made by
the Technicon Corporation. The instrument was invented 1957
by Leonard Skeggs,
WORKING PRINCIPLE:
The AutoAnalyzer profoundly changed the character of the
chemical testing laboratory by allowing significant increases in
the numbers of samples that could be processed. The novel
design based on separating a continuously flowing stream with air
bubbles all but eliminated slow, clumsy, and error prone manual
methods of analysis. This instrument single handedly changed the
concept of days per sample to a mindset that hundreds, or even
thousands, of tests are possible per day
USES
AutoAnalyzers are still used for a few clinical applications such as
neonatal screening or Anti-D, but the majority of instruments are
now used for industrial and environmental work. Standardized
methods published by the ASTM (ASTM International), the US
Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) as well as the
International Organization for Standardization (ISO) for
environmental analytes such as nitrite, nitrate, ammonia,
cyanide, and phenol. Autoanalyzers are also commonly used in
soil testing laboratories, fertilizer analysis, process control,
seawater analysis, air contaminants, and tobacco leaf analysis.
29
AUTOANALYSER
30
PROJECT II
VISIT TO A CATTLE FORM
Name of the cattle form:
Place
Date
31
Sl.no.
page no
1
2
3
4
5
Index
Contents
SINDHI
ONGOLE
KANGAYAM
HALLIKAR
JERSEY
32
Red sindhi
Name of the breed:- Red Sindhi
Place of origin: the home of this breed is karchi and hyderabad.
Habitat:- Found in Sindh Pradesh of Pakistan & Orissa, Bengal, Bihar, Jharkhand,
Chatisgarh, Rajasthan & Punjab states of India.
Characteristics of breed:Body Colour:- Dark Red
Body Size:- Medium size well proportionate compact body confirmation
Forehead:- Mild bulging forehead
Horns:- About 12-14" in size & grow upward & backwards
Udder:- Capacious & Pendulous
Production Performances :Av./day production:- 8-10Kg per day milk production
Av.Lact. yield:- 2500-2700Kg per lactation
Av.Milk Fat%:- 5% Fat
Av. SNF%:- 9% SNF
RED SINDHI
33
COW:
BULL:
34
ONGOLE
NAME OF THE BREED:
ONGOLE
PLACE OF ORIGIN:
DISTRIBUTION:
Ongole bulls have gone as far as America, the Netherlands, Malaysia, Brazil,
Argentina, Colombia, Mexico, Paraguay, Indonesia, West Indies, Australia, Fiji,
Mauritius, Indo-China and Philippines. The Brahmana bull in America is an off-breed
of the Ongole. Ongole Island is an island located in Malaysia where many Ongoles
can be found. The population of Ongole off-breed in Brazil is said to be around
several millions. The famous Santa Gertrudis breed developed in Texas, USA have
Ongole blood
CHARACTERS:
Ongole cattle are known for their toughness, rapid growth rate, and natural tolerance to tropical
heat and disease resistance. It was the first Indian breed of cattle to gain worldwide recognition.
Ongole bull
The Ongole is one of the heaviest breeds. They weigh approximately half a ton, are 1.5 meters in
height and have a body length of 1.6 meters and girth measuring 2 meters.
Ongole cow
The weight of an Ongole female is 432 to 455 kg. Milk yield is 600 kg to 2518 kg. The lactation
period is 279 days.Ongole milk has a butterfat content of over five percent. This results in large,
well-nourished calves with considerable growth by the time of weaning. Ongole cows stay close
to their calves to protect them from predatory animals
35
ONGOLE
36
KANGAYAM
NAME OF THE BREED:
KANGAYAM
Tiruppur District and Erode Taluk of Erode District which were earlier known as part of the
main breeding tract. In Pollachi, Palladam and Coimbatore taluks, kangayam cattle are so
less that these areas cannot now be considered as the breeding tract. The replacement of
the Kangayam by exotic crosses might be due to the effect of introduction of canal irrigation
which generally results in change of land use pattern, increased availability of fodder and
mechanization of agricultural operations.
Breed characteristics
The Kangayam is a medium-sized animal. Calves are generally red in colour at birth,
with black markings over the coronets and fetlocks and sometimes on the knees. Inside the
thighs and forelegs the colour is white. The red colour begins to change to grey at two to
three months of age. Total grey colour is generally attained around six months.
In young males, darkening of the hump, fore and hindquarters of the body occurs
between 18 and 24 months. Heifers are grey or white and grey in colour. The colour of the
bull is grey with dark grey to black markings on the head, neck, hump. shoulders and
quarters. After castration, the dark grey colour in different parts of the body of the bull
changes to grey colour, Cows are grey or white an grey with black markings in fetlocks.
Forehead is broad and level with a shallow groove at the centre. Face is short and
straight and ears are short and horizontal. Eyes are prominent, elliptical in shape with black
eye lashes. Muzzle and horns are black in colour. In adults, the horns are longer, cruving
outwards and backwards, then inwards and almost complete a circle or ellipse at the point
37
where they approach the tips. The horn circumference is more throughout the length in
bulls and bullocks than in cows.
KANGAYAM
38
HALLIKAR
Name of the breed: hallikar.
Place of origin:
Hassan and tumukar regions of karnataka
Distribution:
South Indian states predominantly in karnataka.
Characters:
The Hallikar is a Bos indicus breed selected primarily for draft purposes and are of
the Mysore type of zebu cattle. Considered one of the premier draft breeds in India
they are often raised by families who have specialized in production of Hallikar
draft animals for hundreds of years. It is not unusual for a cow to be brought 100
miles to mated with a bull from these breeders. They are found primarily in the
southern region of Karnataka state, in the area surrounding Mysore, in the bottom
of the Indian peninsula. In addition to normal draft uses the breed is also used for
cart racing. Once trained, a team of Hallikar oxen can pull a loaded cart over rough
roads at a rate of 40 miles per day.
The typical color is dark grey.
39
Hallikar
40
Jersey
Name
of the BREED:
JERSEY
PLACE OF ORIGIN:
IT IS ORIGINATED IN JERSEY ISLAND
DISTRIBUTION:
IT IS DISTRIBUTED IN WIDE RANGE OF CLIMATIC CONDITIONS AND
HEAT
CHARACTERS:
Jerseys are the highest butterfat producers of any dairy breed.
And yes, Jerseys are a dairy breed of cattle, known for producing
lots of milk. They are one of the smallest dairy breeds (the
smallest most popular dairy breed), with cows only topping out at
1000 lbs and bulls at only around 1500 lbs. They have deep
brown eyes with a black nose, black pigment around the eyes,
black hooves, and a dark tail switch. They range from a fawn
colouration to almost all black, and always have lighter
colouration around the eyes and muzzle. They are fine-boned and
angular in body, with cows having a large udder, a refined and
neat-looking head and neck, and often a docile, but sometimes
sassy, temperament.
41
JERSEY
42
PROJECT III
VISIT TO A POULTRY FARM
NAME OF THE POULTRY FARM:
PLACE
DATE
43
INDEX
SL.NO
CONTENTS
PAGE NO
1
2
3
4
5
AMERICAN BREEDS
ASIATIC BREEDS
ENGLISH BREEDS
MEDITERRANEAN
INDIGENOUS BREEDS
44
AMERICAN BREED
PLYMOUTH ROCK:
The Plymouth Rock, often called simply Rocks or Barred
Rocks (after their most popular color), is a chicken breed that
originated in the United States. The Plymouth Rock is a dualpurpose, cold-hardy bird and therefore makes a great breed for
the small farm or backyard flock owner. The Barred Rock is often
called the Plymouth Rock, but this title correctly belongs to the
entire breed, not just the barred variety
CHARACTERS:
Plymouth Rocks are large, long-lived chickens. Some varieties are good layers
while others are bred principally for meat. They possess a long, broad back; a
moderately deep, full breast; and yellow skin and legs. The hens have a deep, full
abdomen, which is a sign of a good layer. The face of a Plymouth Rock is red with
red ear lobes, a bright yellow beak, bay-colored eyes, and a single comb of
moderate size. Their feathers are fairly loosely held but not so long as to easily
tangle. The chicken's bottom feathers are soft and downy, like baby chicks feathers.
In terms of temperament, both roosters and hens are calm and will get along well
with people and other animals such as pets. The hens often will go broody if in the
right environment, and are good mothers.
45
AMERICAN BREEDS
PLYMOUTH ROCK HEN AND COCK:
46
ASIATIC BREEDS
BRAHMA
The Brahma is a large breed of chicken developed
in the United States from very large birds imported
from the Chinese port of Shanghai. The Brahma
was the principal meat breed in the US from the
1850s until about 1930
The Brahma is a massive, stately bird, with an
upright carriage and a large head. When standing,
they should almost appear to form a V, and should
stand fairly tallmales more than females. Feet
should be strong, with feathers extending all the
way down the middle toe, and plumage should be
held more tightly than in the Cochin
Weights average about 5.5 kg (12 lb) for cocks and
4.5 kg (9.9 lb) for hens
The Brahma is a good winter layer of large brown
eggs
47
Brahma
Hen:
Cock:
48
English breeds
AUSTRALORP
The Australorp is a chicken breed of Australian origin.
It is a large, soft-feathered bird, with white toenails, black legs
and beak, and a moderately large and upright single comb, with
five distinct points. The Australorp is hardy, docile, and a good
egg-layer, as well as a meat bird.
The original stock used in the development of the Australorp was
imported to Australia from England out of the Black Orpington
yards of William Cook and Joseph Partington in the period from
1890 to the early 1900s with Rhode Island Red. Local breeders
used this stock together with judicious out-crossings of Minorca,
White Leghorn and Langshan blood to improve the utility features
of the imported Orpingtons. There is even a report of some
Plymouth Rock blood also being used. The emphasis of the early
breeders was on utility features. At this time, the resulting birds
were known as Australian Black Orpingtons (Austral-orp).
49
The Australorp, like many breeds of chicken, comes in both bantam and standard
size and multiple colors.
The Australorp currently has three recognized colors according to the Australian
Poultry Standard; black, white and blue. Prior to 2012 only Blue and Black were
recognized but in the 2nd edition of the standard white was added. A fourth colour,
splash, exists but is not regonised and is not showable. The black Australorp is the
most common colour, and has glossy black feathers and a lustrous green sheen
(known as beetle green). The blue Australorp has a grey-blue plumage, the white
Australorp is a pure white bird and splash is a white bird with randomly spotted
black and grey feathers.
AUTRALORP
HEN:
COCK:
50
MEDITERRANEAN BREEDS
WHITE LEGHORN:
Livorno or Livornese, is a breed of chicken originating in Tuscany, in central Italy.
Birds were first exported to North America in 1828 from the port city of Livorno, on
the western coast of Tuscany. They were initially called "Italians", but by 1865 the
breed was known as "Leghorn", the traditional anglicisation of "Livorno". The breed
was first introduced to Britain from the United States in 1870.White Leghorns are
commonly used as layer chickens in many countries of the world. Other Leghorn
varieties are less common.
In Italy, where the Livorno breed standard is recent, ten colour varieties are recognised. There is
a separate Italian standard for the German Leghorn variety, the Italiana (German: Italiener)]The
Fdration franaise des volailles (the French poultry federation) divides the breed into four
types: the American white, the English white, the old type (golden-salmon) and the modern type,
for which seventeen colour variants are listed for full-size birds, and fourteen for bantams; it also
recognises an autosexing variety, the Cream Legbar. Both the American Poultry Association and
the American Bantam Association (ABA) recognize a number of Leghorn varieties including
white, red, black-tailed red, light brown, dark brown, black, buff, Columbian, buff Columbian,
barred, and silver. In Britain, the Leghorn Club recognises eighteen colours: golden duckwing,
51
silver duckwing, partridge, brown, buff, exchequer, Columbian, pyle, white, black, blue, mottled,
cuckoo, blue-red, lavender, red, crele and buff Columbian. Most Leghorns have single combs;
rose combs are permitted in some countries, but not in Italy. The legs are bright yellow, and the
ear-lobes white.
The Italian standard gives a weight range of 2.42.7 kg (5.36.0 lb) for cocks, 2.02.3 kg (4.4
5.1 lb) for hens.According to the British standard, fully grown Leghorn cocks weigh 3.4 kg
(7.5 lb), hens 2.5 kg; cockerels weigh 2.72.95 kg and pullets 22.25 kg; for bantams the
maximum weight is 1020 g for cocks and 910 g for hens.
The eggs are white and weigh a minimum of 55 g. Ring size is 18 mm for cocks, 16 mm for hens
White leghorn
HEN:
52
COCK:
INDIGENOUS BREEDS
ASEEL:
The Asil or Aseel is a breed of chicken originating from South Punjab/ Sindh area of Pakistan
and India. Similar fowl are found throughout Southeast Asia and have names like Shamo,
Taiwan, etc. Asils were first used for cock fighting and may be considered fighting cocks. Aseel
is noted for its pugnacity. The chicks often fight when they are just a few weeks old and mature
roosters will fight to the death. Hens can also be very aggressive towards each other.
Towards humans Asil are generally very tame and trusting. There are anecdotes where they have
come to their keepers for other things than food, for example to get the keeper to open the door
to the coop so they can get to roost.[1]
The hens are not good layers, but are excellent sitters. Laying depends on the Asil variety, the
small Asil are known to be very poor layers, sometimes laying just 6 eggs a year, whereas larger
Asil can lay around 40 eggs a year.
53
In the U.S., the breed is on the "Watch list" (2012), by the American Livestock Breeds
Conservancy. The Aseel breed is found in almost all states of India, but abundant in Andhra
Pradesh.
KARAKNATH:
Kadaknath is an Indian breed of chicken is local to the Madhya Pradesh area,
where it is known as "Kali masi" ("fowl having black flesh").The Kadaknath is
popular mainly for its adaptability, and the good-tasting black meat,which is
believed to infuse vigor.Its colour stems from the deposition of melanin pigment.
Due to the meat's alleged medicinal properties, it is in high demand. To save the
breed from extinction, the state government started a Kadaknath poultry breeding
program involving 500 BPL families, who were to receive financial support and
assistance
ASEEL
54
KARAKNATH
55
PROJECT IV
SL.NO.
PAGE NO
1
2
3
4
5
CONTENTS
Catla catla
Labeo rohita
Cirrhina mrigala
Catfish(keluthi)
Murrels
56
Catla catla
Catla catla
58
Labeo rohita
It is called rahu in Nepali. In Hindi it is called rehu
(rawas is the Indian Salmon, which is quite
different). It is called rohi in Oriya, rui in
Bengali,rehu in Maithili, rou in Assamese and
Sylheti, rohu itself in Malayalam, and is reared in
Kerala. It is popular in Thailand, Bangladesh,
northern India and Pakistan. It is a non-oily/white
fish.
It reaches a maximum length of 2 m (6.6 ft) and a
weight of about 110 kg (240 lb
During the early stages of its lifecycle, it eats mainly
zooplankton, but as it grows, it eats more and more
phytoplankton, and as a juvenile or adult is a
herbivorous column feeder, eating mainly
phytoplankton and submerged vegetation. It has
59
Labeo rohita
60
61
62
Mrigal
63
64
catfish from Southeast Asia and the second longest, the wels catfish of
Eurasia, to detritivores (species that eat dead material on the bottom), and
even to a tiny parasitic species commonly called the candiru, Vandellia
cirrhosa. There are armour-plated types and also naked types, neither having
scales. Despite their name, not all catfish have prominent barbels; members
of the Siluriformes order are defined by features of the skull and
swimbladder. Catfish are of considerable commercial importance; many of
the larger species are farmed or fished for food. Many of the smaller species,
particularly the genus Corydoras, are important in the aquarium hobby.
Catfish are nocturnal
Extant catfish species live inland or in coastal waters of every continent except
Antarctica. Catfish have inhabited all continents at one time or another.[4] Catfish
are most diverse in tropical South America, North America, Africa, and Asia.[5]
More than half of all catfish species live in the Americas. They are the only
ostariophysans that have entered freshwater habitats in Madagascar, Australia, and
New Guinea.
They are found in freshwater environments, though most inhabit shallow, running
water.[6] Representatives of at least eight families are hypogean (live underground)
with three families that are also troglobitic (inhabiting caves).[7][8] One such species
is Phreatobius cisternarum, known to live underground in phreatic habitats.[9]
Numerous species from the families Ariidae and Plotosidae, and a few species
from among the Aspredinidae and Bagridae, are found in salt water.[10][11]
In the United States, catfish species may be known by a variety of slang names,
such as "mud cat", "polliwogs", or "chuckleheads".[12] These nicknames are not
standardized, so one area may call a bullhead catfish by the nickname
"chucklehead", while in another state or region, that nickname refers to the blue
catfish.
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Catfish (keluthi)
66
Murrels (viral)
The snakehead murrel , Channa striata, is a species of
snakehead fish. It is also known as the common snakehead,
chevron snakehead, and striped snakehead. It is native to
South and Southeast Asia, and has been introduced to some
Pacific Islands and Madagascar. In Assam it is locally known as
xol.
A curry made with this fish and tapioca is a delicacy in Kerala. In Indonesia,
common snakeheads are a popular type of salted fishes in Indonesian cuisine. In
the Philippines, they are commonly served either fried, grilled, or with soup.
Dishes using this fish eaten with rice are very popular among Bengalis of
Bangladesh and West Bengal.
Common snakeheads are very popular in Thai cuisine, where they are prepared in a
variety of ways. Grilled fish is a common food item offered by street vendors or in
kaeng som. Pla ra, a fermented fish sauce popular in northeastern Thai cuisine, is
made by pickling common snakehead and keeping it for some time. Also, a
Chinese sausage is prepared with common snakehead flesh in Thailand
Medical use
The Bathini Goud Brothers in Hyderabad, India, promote the swallowing of live
murrel fish and herbs as an asthma treatment, although the high court ruled they
cannot call it "medicine". They give it free to children on Mrigasira Nakshatra. No
evidence indicates it is clinically effective, and children's rights campaigners have
called for it to be banned
Folklore among Chinese in South China and Southeast Asia has it that eating
haruan fish helps in postsurgical wound healing
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Murrels (viral)
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PROJECT V
RAINWATER
HARVESTING
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RAINWATER HARVESTING
DEFINITION:
Rainwater harvesting is the accumulation and deposition of
rainwater for reuse before it reaches the aquifer. Uses include
water for garden, water for livestock, water for irrigation, etc. In
many places the water collected is just redirected to a deep pit
with percolation. The harvested water can be used as drinking
water as well as for storage and other purpose like irrigation .
CONSTRUTION:
Rainwater harvesting systems can be installed with minimal skills. The system should be sized to
meet the water demand throughout the dry season since it must be big enough to support daily
water consumption. Specifically, the rainfall capturing area such as a building roof must be large
enough to maintain adequate flow. Likewise, the water storage tank should be large enough to
contain the captured water.
ADVANTAGES:
Rainwater harvesting provides an independent water supply during regional water restrictions
and in developed countries is often used to supplement the main supply. It provides water when
there is a drought, prevents flooding of low-lying areas, replenishes the ground water table, and
enables dug wells and bore wells to yield in a sustained manner. It also helps in the availability
of clean water by reducing the salinity and the presence of iron salts.
Makes use of a natural resource and reduces flooding, storm water runoff, erosion, and
contamination of surface water with pesticides, sediment, metals, and fertilizers.
Excellent source of water for landscape irrigation, with no chemicals such as fluoride and
chlorine, and no dissolved salts and minerals from the soil.
Home systems can be relatively simple to install and operate and it may reduce your water bill.
Promotes both water and energy conservation.
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RAINWATER HARVESTING
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THANK YOU
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