PASS

2.6 Electronic Structure of atoms

Where are protons and neutrons located in an atom and what
charge do they carry?
Located in the nucleus of the atom, protons are positive and neutrons and
neutral.
Where are electrons located in an atom and what charge do they
carry?
In the electron cloud.
Electrons are negatively charged.
Magnesium has an atomic number Z= 12. How many protons,
neutrons and electrons are there in magnesium atoms if the mass
number A = 26?
Electrons = 12
Protons = 12
Neutrons = 14
Atomic number is protons
Mass number is protons and neutrons
When an atom has the same atomic number but different mass
numbers what is this called? Which subatomic particle causes this
difference in mass number?
Isotope. Neutrons cause this.
Identify the following element. A = 59, with 21 neutrons.
38, strontium. Take 21 from 59 (gives atomic number, number of protons).
Complete the following table.
Shell
1
2
number
Subshell
S
S, P
designatio
n
Number of
1, 3 ie) the S subshell
orbitals
has one orbital and
the p subshell has 3
orbitals.
Total
2
8 i.e) 2 in the s orbital
electron
and 2 in each of the p
capacity
orbitals.
How many electrons can each orbital hold?
2 electrons in each orbital.

3
S, P, D

18

How many electrons are present in an atom in which the first and
second shells are filled as well as the 3s subshells? What is the
name of this element?
12 Magnesium
1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2
Explain the 3 rules you should use when determining the electron
configuration of an element:
1. Pauli Principle: The Pauli Principle states that a single orbital,
regardless of size or shape, may contain no more than 2 electrons,
and those electrons must have opposite spin.
2. Hunds Rule: Hunds Rule states that when filling a set of equal
energy orbitals each orbital gets one electron before any orbital gets
2.
3. Aufbau Rule: electrons fill orbitals starting at the lowest available
energy state before filling a higher state.
Write the electron configuration for the element oxygen:
1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2
How many valence electrons does Neon have? What is special
about neon?
Neon is a noble gas and thus has a full valence shell of 8 valence
electrons.

Chemistry conversion factors:

1. Determine the number of mm in 1600m
2. Determine the number of m in 1600mm
3. How many seconds are there in 4.3 years?
4. Convert 2875cm3 to litres
5. The density of lead (Pb) is 11.34g/cm3. Find the density of
Pb in kg/dm3.
6. The speed limit in Canada is 100km/h. How many miles per
second is this?
7. Convert 0.020kg of tin (Sn) to mg of Sn and write in
scientific notation.

8. A patient requires an injection of 0.015mg of a pain killer

available as 13mg/mL solution. How many mL of solution
should be injected?
9. A normal value for blood cholesterol is 200mg/dL of blood. If
a normal adult has a total blood volume of 5L, how much
total cholesterol is present?

Chapter 7 revision:
1. Convert 650000kg into mg and express into scientific
notation
2. Convert 15g of C2H6 to moles
3. Convert 1.5 mole NH3 to grams
4. How many moles of Fe2O3 will be produced from 27g of Fe
(assume O2 is in excess) given 4Fe + 3O2 2Fe2O3
5. How many grams of ZnCl2 will be produvced from 0.35mol of
Zn (Mr = 65.38) assuming HCl is in excess? Zn + 2HCl
ZnCl2 + H2
6. How many grams of NaCl will be produced from 18g of Na
and 23g of Cl2 given 2Na + Cl2 2NaCl?
7. What is the actual yield of NaCl if the percentage yield is 75?

Pass 3/5/16

Molecular mass: sum of atomic masses on a compoumd

Avogadros number: 6.022 x 1023
A mole: mass (g) = molecular mass
Amount (mole), n: mass of sample / molecular mass
Mass of sample, m: amount (n) x molecular mass

1. What mass of H2O is produced by 25g of SiO2? 4HF (g) + SiO2

SiF4 + 2H2O

2. How many grams are needed of H2 to react with 80g of N2?

N2 + 3H2 NH3

Le Chateliers Principle
1) Decreased pressure favors the side with more mole of gas:
true
2) Increases product concentration favors the reverse reaction:
true
3) Le Chatelier states when stress is applied to a system,
equilibrium does not shift to relieve this stress: false
4) Once equilibrium is reached the concentration of products
and reactants remains constant and the rate forward and
reverse reactions are equal: true
5) If the concentration of reactants increases, then the
equilibrium is pushed to the left: false (it goes to the right)
6) Equilibrium constant = concentration of reactants /
concentration of products: false (products over reactants)
7) Increase in temperature favors the endergonic reactants:
true (absorbs temperature)
8) A catalyst helps a reaction reach equilibrium more quickly
by increased equilibrium constant: false speeds up by
reducing activation energy.

Intermolecular forces
Hydrogen bonding:
Unshared electron pair and an electronegative molecule
Higher boiling point
40kJ/mol (relatively strong)
Causes H2O to be a liquid rather than a gas
Ammonia
London dispersion forces:
Weak forces (2-10kJ/mol)
Present in all molecules regardless of structure
CH4 no polarity or electronegativity
Increased Mr = more electrons
Constant movement
Larger molecule
Dipole-Dipole:
Forces between positive and negative molecules
Acetone (slightly negative and slightly positive)

Weak force (4kJ/mol)

Week 11: Acids and Bases

1) Acids donate hydrogen ions when placed in water while
bases accept hydrogen ions
2) pH less than 7 indicates the solution is acidic, a pH of 7
indicates a neutral solution and a pH above 7 indicates the
solution is basic.
3) Water can/cannot act as both an acid and a base
4) HSO4- (aq) + PO43- (aq) SO4-2 (aq) + HPO2- (aq). What is the
acid and its conjugate base? HSO4- is the acid and SO4-2 being
the conjugate base (acid minus one hydrogen)
5) Kw = [H3O+] x [OH-] = 10-14 at 25*C degrees
6) If [H3O+] > [OH-], the solution is acidic
7) If [OH-]>[H3O+], the solution is basic
8) If [OH-]=[H3O+], the solution is neutral
9) pH = -log ([H3O+])
10)
pOH= -log ([OH-])
11)
14= pH + pOH
12)
[H3O+] = 10-pH
13)
Ka = measure of strength of an acid
14)
Henderson Hasselbach equation = pH= pKa + log [A-]/
[HA]

SHEET B
1) The reaction H2(g) + Br2 (l) 2HBr(g) has delta H = -72.8kJ/mol per K
and delta S 114J/mol per K.
a) Does entropy increase or decrease?
b) What temperatures is the reaction spontaneous?
2) Provide 2 examples of a chemical change
3) Is concrete a heterogeneous or homogenous mixture?
4) Which intermolecular force is described as short lived and occurs in all
molecules regardless of structure?
5) How many electrons can each orbital within the subshell hold?
6) How many electrons are present in an atom in which the first and
second shells are filled as well as the 3s subshell? What is the name of
this element?
7) What is the electron configuration of a magnesium ion?

8) Name the following polyatomic ion: SO4-2?

9) Balance the following chemical equation: ___ NaBr + ___Cl2 ___NaCl +
Br2
10) Provide the Lewis structure for H2O including lone pairs

11) What is the molecular geometry of a molecules with 3 bonds but no

lone pairs?

12) If a molecule gains electrons in a reaction, it has been?

13) What are the oxidation numbers of each atom in FeSO4?
14) Given Zn + 2HCl ZnCl2 + H2 how many grams of ZnCl2 will be
produced from 22g Zn and 14g HCl? What is the percentage yield if the
actual yield is 30g?

15) What is the pH and [OH] of apple cider given [H3O+] = 2.5 x 10-8