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2.1
GCKL 2011
LINEAR MOTIONs
Physical Quantity
Distance, s
Distance is the
Quantity:
Displacement, s
SI unit : ..
SI unit:
Speed is the
Speed,v
Speed =
Quantity:
SI unit:
Velocity is the
Velocity, v
Velocity =
Direction of velocity is
Quantity :
Average speed
Average velocity
SI unit:
v=
Displacement
TotalTime
2-1
Uniform speed
Uniform velocity
Acceleration, a
v u
t
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Change in velocity
Time taken
Final velocity,v - Initial velocity,u
=
Time taken,t
Acceleration=
Unit: ms-2
Acceleration is positive
Deceleration
acceleration is negative.
Zero acceleration
Constant acceleration
1. Constant =
2. increasing velocity =
3. decreasing velocity =
4. zero velocity =
5. negative velocity = object moves at opposite direction
6. zero acceleration =
7. negative acceleration = deceleration
2-2
Displacement
The distance between
two locations
measured along the
shortest path
connecting them in
specific direction
GCKL 2011
Velocity
The rate of change of
displacement
Vector quantity
Scalar quantity
It has magnitude but no
direction
SI unit
SI unit :
2-3
Example 1
Every day Rahim walks from his house to the junction
which is 1.5km from his house.
Then he turns back and stops at warung Pak Din which is
0.5 km from his house.
GCKL 2011
Example 2
Every morning Amirul walks to Ahmads house
which is situated 80 m to the east of Amiruls house.
They then walk towards their school which is 60 m
to the south of Ahmads house.
(a) What is the distance travelled by Amirul and his
displacement from his house?
Example 3
Salim running in a race covers 60 m in 12 s.
(a) What is his speed in ms-1
Example 4
An aeroplane flies towards the north with a
velocity 300 km hr -1 in one hour. Then, the plane
moves to the east with the velocity 400 km hr -1 in
one hour.
2-4
GCKL 2011
Example 5
The speedometer reading for a car travelling due north
shows 80 km hr -1. Another car travelling at 80 km hr -1
towards south. Is the speed of both cars same? Is the
velocity of both cars same?
A ticker timer
Use:
1 tick = time interval
The time taken to make 50 ticks on the ticker tape is 1 second. Hence, the time interval between 2
consecutive dots is
1 tick =
2-5
GCKL 2011
FORMULA
Time, t = 10 dicks x 0.02 s
= 0.2 s
displacement, s = x cm
velocity =
ACCELERATION
Initial velocity, u =
final velocity, v =
acceleration, a =
TYPE OF MOTION
2-6
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Example 6
The diagram above shows a ticker tape chart for a
moving trolley. The frequency of the ticker-timer
used is 50 Hz. Each section has 10 dots-spacing.
(a) What is the time between two dots?
vu
t
v u at
1
s ut at 2
2
2
2
v u 2as
u=
v=
t=
s=
a=
2-7
2.2
GCKL 2011
MOTION GRAPHS
VELOCITY-TIME GRAPH
GRAPH
s versus t
v versus t
Zero
velocity
Negative
constant
velocity
Positive
Constant
velocity
2-8
a versus t
GRAPH
s versus t
GCKL 2011
v versus t
a versus t
Constant
acceleration
Constant
deceleration
Example 1:
Example 2:
velocity/ m s-1
20
10
0
10
20
30
40
time/
s
(c) Find
(i) total distance
(c) Calculate
(iii) The total displacement
(d) Calculate
(i) The average speed
(ii) The average velocity of the
moving particle
2-9
2.3
GCKL 2011
INERTIA
Inertia
Every object
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EXPLANATION
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When the cardboard is pulled away quickly, the coin drops straight into
DNFLJKVNDFLKJNB
the glass.
VJKL;DFN BLK;XC
NB[F
NDPnDSFJ[POJDE]OJBD]AOP[FKBOP[DF
LMB NOPGFMB
LKFGNKLB
FGNMNKL MCVL
Chilli sauce in the bottle can be BNMCXLB
easily poured out if the bottle is moved
down fast with a suddenNFGNKEPLANATION
stop. The sauce inside the bottle moves
together with the bottle.
When the bottle stops suddenly,
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Body moves forward when the car stops suddenly The passengers were in a
state of motion when the car was moving.
When the car stopped suddenly,
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A boy runs away from a cow in a zig zag motion. The cow has a large inertia
2-10
GCKL 2011
1. Safety in a car:
(a)Safety belt secure the driver to their seats.
When the car stops suddenly, the seat belt provides
the external force that prevents the driver from
being thrown forward.
(b)Headrest to prevent injuries to the neck during rearend collisions. The inertia of the head tends to
keep in its state of rest when
the body is moved suddenly.
(c)An air bag is fitted inside the steering wheel.
It provides a cushion to prevent the driver from
hitting the steering wheel or dashboard during a
collision.
2-11
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Two empty buckets which are hung with rope from the
ceiling.
One bucket is filled with sand while the other bucket is
empty.
Then, both pails are pushed.
It is found that
2-12
2.4
GCKL 2011
MOMENTUM
Definition
Momentum =
SI unit:
Principle of
Conservation of
Momentum
Elastic Collision
Inelastic collision
Momentum
Kinetic energy
Total energy
Momentum
Kinetic energy.
Total energy
m1 u1 + m2 u2 = ( m1 + m2 ) v
m1u1 + m2u2 = m1 v1 + m2 v2
Explosion
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Total Momentum
before collision is
zero
2-13
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2-14
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Example
Example
Before collision
MA = 4 kg
MB = 2 kg
UA = 10 ms -1 r i g h t
UB = 8 ms -1 l e f t
2-15
After collision
VB 4 ms-1 right
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Example
Example
A truck of mass 1200 kg moving at
30 ms-1 collides with a car of mass
1000 kg which is travelling in the opposite
direction at 20 ms-1. After the collision, the two
vehicles move together. What is the velocity of
both vehicles immediately after collision?
2-16
2.5
GCKL 2011
FORCE
Balanced Force
When the forces acting on an object are
balanced,
Example:
Thrust, F = drag, G
2-17
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Relationship
between
Situation
a&
m
Hypothesis
Variables:
Manipulated :
Responding :
Constant :
Apparatus and
Material
Force
Acceleration
Mass
Ticker tape and elastic cords, ticker timer, trolleys, power supply and friction
compensated runway and meter ruler.
2-18
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Procedure :
- Controlling
manipulated
variables.
-Controlling
responding
variables.
Acceleration
Repeating
experiment.
Tabulation of
data
v u
a
t
Force, F/No of
elastic cord
1
2
3
4
5
Acceleration a
1
2
3
4
5
Analysing
Result
2-19
v u
t
Mass,
m/g
1/m,
g-1
Acceleration/
ms-2
2-20
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2.6
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Impulse
The change of
Unit :
Impulsive Force
m=
u =
v =
t=
change of momentum mv mu
time
t
Unit =
Impulsive force
is
Effect of time
Explanation
Thick mattress with soft surfaces are used in events such as high jump
so that
A baseball player must catch the ball in the direction of the motion of
the ball. Moving his hand backwards when catching the ball prolongs
the time for the momentum to change so as to reduce the impulsive
force.
2-21
GCKL 2011
Explanation
A karate expert can break a thick wooden slab with his bare hand
that moves at a very fast speed. The short impact time results in
Pestle and mortar are made of stone. When a pestle is used to pound
chillies the hard surfaces of both the pestle and mortar cause the pestle
to be stopped in a very short time. A large impulsive force is resulted
and thus causes these spices to be crushed easily.
Example 1
A 60 kg resident jumps from the first floor of a burning house.
His velocity just before landing on the ground is 6 ms-1.
(a) Calculate the impulse when his legs hit the ground.
(b) What is the impulsive force on the residents legs if he
bends upon landing and takes 0.5s to stop?
(c) What is the impulsive force on the residents legs if
he does not bend and stops in 0.05 s?
(d) What is the advantage of bending his legs upon landing?
Example 2
Rooney kicks a ball with a force of 1500 N. The time of
contact of his boot with the ball is 0.01 s. What is the impulse
delivered to the ball? If the mass of the ball is 0.5 kg, what is
the velocity of the ball?
2-22
2.7
GCKL 2011
SAFETY VEHICLE
Component
Function
Headrest
Air bag
Windscreen
Crumple zone
Front
bumper
ABS
Absorb the shock from the accident. Made from steel, aluminium, plastic or
rubber.
Enables drivers to quickly stop the car without causing the brakes to lock.
Seat belt
2-23
2.8
GCKL 2011
GRAVITY
Gravitational
Force
Free fall
In vacuum,
They fall with
Objects dropped
Acceleration due to
gravity, g
Gravitational field
The gravitational field is the region around the earth in which an object
experiences a force towards the centre of the earth. This force is the
gravitational attraction between the object and the earth.
The gravitational field strength is defined as the gravitational force which acts
on a mass of 1 kilogram.
g=
F
m
-1
Its unit is N kg .
2-24
GCKL 2011
-1
Gravitational field strength, g = 10 N kg
-2
Acceleration due to gravity, g = 10 m s
The approximate value of g can therefore be written either as
-1
or as 10 N kg .
Weight
Comparison
between weight
&
mass
10 m s
-2
Weight
The weight of an object is the force of
gravity acting on the object.
Constant everywhere
A scalar quantity
A base quantity
A vector quantity
A derived quantity
SI unit: kg
SI unit : Newton, N
The difference
between a
fall in air and
a free fall in a vacuum
of a coin and a
feather.
Both the coin and the
feather are released
simultaneously from
the same height.
At vacuum state: There is no air
resistance.
The coin and the feather will fall
freely.
Only gravitational force
acted on the objects. Both will fall
at the same time.
2-25
GCKL 2011
Example 1
A coconut takes 2.0 s to fall to the ground. What
is
(a) its speed when it strikes the ground
(b) ) the height of the coconut tree
2-26
2.9
GCKL 2011
FORCES IN EQUILIBRIUM
Forces in
Equilibrium
rd
Newtons 3 Law
Examples( Label the forces acted on the objects)
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Resultant
Force
Addition of Forces
Resultant force, F =
Resultant force, F =
2-27
GCKL 2011
STEP 3
Draw the diagonal of the parallelogram. The
diagonal represent the resultant force, F in
magnitude and direction.
STEP 2
Complete the parallelogram
scale: 1 cm =
Resolution of Forces
Fx = F cos
Fy = F sin
2-28
(d)
(e)
2-29
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GCKL 2011
Lift
Stationary Lift
Resultant Force =
Resultant Force =
Resultant Force =
Pulley
2-30
2.10
GCKL 2011
Work
Work done is
W = Fs
W=
,F=
s=
W = Fs
s
W= F s
Example 1
A boy pushing his bicycle with a
force of 25 N through a distance
of 3 m.
Example 2
A girl is lifting up a 3 kg
flower pot steadily to a height
of 0.4 m.
2-31
Example 3
A man is pulling a crate of fish
along theW
floor
a force
of
= (Fwith
cos )
s
40 N through a distance of 6 m.
Concept
Power
Energy
D
efwork is
The rate at which
in
done,or
iti
on
t
p = power, W = work / energy
t = time
Potential Energy
Gravitational potential energy is
the energy of an object due to
its higher position in the
gravitational field.
Kinetic Energy
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m=
h=
g=
E=
m=
v=
E=
Principle of Conservation of
Energy
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Example 4
A worker is pulling a wooden block of weight, W, with a force
of P along a frictionless plank at height of h. The distance
travelled by the block is x. Calculate the work done by the
worker to pull the block.
Example 5
A student of mass m is climbing
up a flight of stairs which has
the height of h. He takes t
seconds..
What is the power of the student?
Example 6
A stone is thrown upward with
initial velocity of
-1
20 ms . What is the maximum
height which can be reached by
the stone?
Example 7
2-33
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Example 8
A trolley is released from rest at
point X along a frictionless track.
What is the velocity of the trolley at
point Y?
Example 9
A ball moves upwards along a
frictionless track of height 1.5 m
-1
with a velocity of 6 ms . What is
its velocity at point B?
Example 10
A boy of mass 20 kg sits at the top of a concrete slide of height 2.5 m. When he slides down the
slope, he does work to overcome friction of 140 J. What is his velocity at the end of the slope?
2-34
2.11
ELASTICITY
Elasticity
Stretching a solid
2-35
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Hookes Law
F= k x
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where
F=
x=
k=
2-36
Change in factor
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Shorter spring
Longer spring
Smaller diameter
Larger diameter
Diameter spring
Smaller diameter
Larger diameter
Type of material
In parallel
Example 1
The original length of each
spring is 10 cm.
With a load of 10 g, the extension
of each spring is 2 cm.
What is the length of the spring
system for (a),
(b) and (c)?
2-57
x
n
Example 2
GCKL 2011
coin
leaf
Mass
of the taken
coin to fall in a vacuum
Time
Position of the coin and the leaf
Coin and leaf of different mass reach the bottom of the container at the same time.
Coin and leaf fall down due to gravitational force. The magnitude of gravitational pull is constant.
It does not depend on the mass
Example 3
2-58
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Water Rocket
Aspect
Structure
Aerodynamic
Upthrust force
Explanation
Diagram 4.1 shows a cradle with a baby in it is oscillating vertically. Diagram 4.2
shows another identical cradle with a heavier baby in it is oscillating vertically. It
is observed that the cradle with a heavier mass baby oscillates at a higher
frequency.
Design an experiment to test the hypothesis using spring, slotted weight and other
suitable apparatus.
4 (a)
(b)
c (i)
Hypothesis : As the
Variables :
2-59
c(ii)
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Manipulated variable :
Responding variable :
c(iii)
Constant variable :
Apparatus : Metre rule, retort stand with clamp ,steel spring, slotted weight and
pin.
c(iv)
c (v)
Extension of spring :
Measure the
Repeat the
2-60
c ( vi)
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Tabulate Results
Initial length , l0 =
cm
40
80
120
160
200
0.4
0.8
1.2
1.6
2.0
(vii)
Total
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12