Thermodynamics

PBL 3: Rankine Cycle

GROUP 4
Farhandi Fadillah Fedrizal / 1506788894
Fath Muhammad Hendrazid / 1506788906
Muhammad Hasbi Alfarizi / 1506710310
Rafael Damar Arjanggi / 1506789026
Zahra Alika Salsabila / 1506712096

Chemical Engineering International Program

Universitas Indonesia
2016

A. Explain what happens to the working fluid as it moves along the cycle.
Working fluid A fluid inside a closed system that facilitates its function, such as heating,
cooling, or electricity generation.

Path 1 2
After leaving the boiler the fluid is now at vapor phase. The fluid has an increased
temperature and pressure. This working fluid will pass through the turbine and expands
which causes the turbine to turn which will generate power. The fluid is then discharged is at
low pressure.
Path 2 3
The low pressure fluid now flows out of the turbine and into the condenser. It will experience
heat loss to the cooling fluid, which changes the vapor phase into liquid phase. Now the fluid
has low temperature.
Path 3 4
This fluid will now flow to a high pressure pump that pumps the fluid all the way to the
boiler.
Path 4 1
The working fluid enters the boiler and is heated to saturation and evaporates into vapor
phase. Fluid will again have high temperature and pressure.
B. Using steam as your working fluid and the following data: saturated vapor enters the
turbine at 8.0 MPa, saturated liquid exits the condenser at 0.008 MPa, and, the net
power generated by the cycle is 100 MW, determine the following:
a. Thermal Efficiency
b. Back work ratio
c. Rate of water stream mass, in Kg/h
d. Rate of heat transfer, qin, into the working fluid as it flows through the boiler, in MW

e. Rate of heat transfer, qout, from the condensed steam as it flows through the condenser,
in MW
f.

The mass flow rate of condenser cooling water, in Kg/h, if the cooling water entering
the condenser 15C and out of 35C.

Assumption
-

Ideal Rankine Cycle

Steady state

Turbine and pump are adiabatic

No potential and kinetic energy

Saturated vapor and saturated

liquid

All processes reversible

Known Data

P1 = 8.0 MPa

P3 = 0.008 MPa

WCycle = 100 MW

There are more variables that we need to acquire before the calculation could start.

State 1

At state 1 we know that it has pressure of 8.0 MPa and it is a saturated vapor. That
information is enough for us to determine h1 and s1 from the steam table. Where

h1 = 2758.0 KJ/kg (Steam Table)

S1 = 5.7440 KJ/kg.K (Steam Table)

-

State 2

At this stage the working fluid is partially saturated vapor and saturate liquid,
therefore we need to determine the quality of the fluid first.

X 2=

S 2Sf 574400.5826
=
=0.6746
SgSf 8.22870.5826

Where S2 = S1, since the turbine is adiabatic, and the value of Sf and Sg could be
acquired from the steam table.

h2 = hf + X2 . hfg

Where hfg could also be acquired from the steam table.

H2 = h2 = 174 + (0.6746) 2403.1 = 1795.13 KJ/kg

State 3

At state 3 we already know that the pressure is 0.008 MPa, and the fluid is a saturated
liquid. Therefore from the steam table we could acquire

h3 = 174 KJ/kg (Steam Table)

State 4

In this state the variable needed to be found is h4, which could be acquire from pump
at the Rankine Cycle equation and the pump equation.
-

Wpump
=V (P 4P3 ) Pump Equation

V = Specific Volume (acquired from Steam Table)

Wpump
=(h 4h3 )
Pump at Rankine Cycle

Where

h4 =h3 +V (P 4P3 )

h4 =174+10084 103 ( 8.00.008 )

a. Thermal Efficiency

10 6 N / m2 1 KJ
=182.059 Kj / Kg
1 MPa 103 NM

=0.370=37

b. Back Work Ratio

c. Rate of water steam mass (kg/h)

d. qin, into the working fluid as it flows through the boiler. (MW)

e. qout, from the condensed steam as it flows through the condenser, in MW

f. The mass flow rate of condenser cooling water, in Kg/h, if the cooling water
entering the condenser 15C and out of 35C.

C. Repeat the cycle but is no longer ideal cycle. Use typical values for turbine and pump
efficiencies.
-

Assumption

Steady State

Kinetic and Potential energy is neglected

At boiler and condenser the pressure is constant

Pump and Turbine have efficiency, which we assume are 60%

Ideal Rankine Cycle : 1-2s-3-4s-1

Non-Ideal Rankine Cycle : 1-2-34-1

From the graph we could see that the difference in Ideal and Non-Ideal is in
process 1-2 and 3-4 to, those processes occur inside the turbine and pump,
respectively. This is due to in Real Rankine Cycle the turbine and pump has
efficiency, where in Ideal Rankine Cycle is neglected. Due to the efficiency the value
of h2 and h4 are affected.

State 1

We already know that at state fluid has pressure of 8.0 MPa, and is a saturated vapor,
therefore

h1 = 2758.0 KJ/kg (Steam Table)

State 2

The value of h2 can be acquired from the turbine efficiency equation.

turbine=

( h1 h2 )
W turbine /
=
(Wturbine /)s ( h1h2 s)

Where the value to be determined is h2, which will be the replacement for h2 that we
use in the Ideal Rankine Cycle.

( 2758.0h2 )

0.60=

h2=2180.278 Kj /Kg

( 2758.01795.13 )

State 3

At state 3 we already know that the pressure is 0.008 MPa, and the fluid is a saturated
liquid. Therefore from the steam table we could acquire

h3 = 174 KJ/kg (Steam Table)

State 4

The value of h4 can be acquired from the pump efficiency equation.

pump=

W pump/ V ( P 4P3 )
=
(Wpump/)s
( h 4h 3 )

Where the value to be determined is h4

0.60=

h4 =182.06 KJ / Kg

a. Thermal Efficiency
=

WturbineWpump ( h1 h2 )(h 4h3 )

=
Qin
h 1h4

( 27582180.278 )(182.06174)
=0.2207
2758182.06

=22.07

b. Back Work Ratio

8.06
( h 4174 )

bwr=

Wpump ( h 4h3 )
=
Wturbine ( h1h 2)

bwr=

(182.06174 )
=0.013
( 27582180.278 )

bwr=1.3

c. Rate of water steam mass (kg/h)

Wcycle
=
( h1h2 ) ( h4 h3 )

10 KW 3600 s
MW
hr
=
=6.31953 x 10 5 Kg/ hr
( 27582180.278 ) ( 182.06174 ) KJ /Kg
100 MW

d. qin, into the working fluid as it flows through the boiler. (MW)
q =( h1h 4 )

( 2758182.06 ) KJ /Kg x 6.31953 x 105 Kg/hr

q =
=452.18 MW
3600 s
3
. 10 KW / MW
hr
e. qout, from the condensed steam as it flows through the condenser, in MW
q out =( h 2h3 )

( 2180.278174 ) KJ
x 6.31953 x 10 5 Kg/hr
Kg
q out =
=352.18 MW
3600 s
3
. 10 KW /MW
hr
f. The mass flow rate of condenser cooling water, in Kg/h, if the cooling water
entering the
condenser 15C and out of 35C.
The mass and energy rate balance, of control volume around the condenser at steady
state
-

Resulting in the equation

Where
hcw,out = enthalpy of saturated liquid at 35C (acquired from steam table)
hcw,in = enthalpy of saturated liquid at 15C (acquired from steam table)
1 03 KW
s
352.18 MW
3600
MW
h
kg
cw=
=1514933684.84
(146.6862.99 ) kJ
h
kg
-

cw=1.515

x 109 Kg
hr

1. Describe the Rankine cycle employed by Osaka Gas/ Why is it called low temperature
Rankine cycle?
The Rankine cycle employed by OSAKA GAS is an organic Rankine cycle in
which propane is used as the working fluid of the system. In this Rankine cycle
system the LNG and seawater are used as heat exchangers. The LNG acts as a
condenser to the propane by being pressurized by the circulation pump and thus
transfers the energy from the propane gas into the LNG. The Propane goes through a
vaporizer where it is stabilized to the temperature and pressure levels of seawater.
Gaseous propane is used to drive a turbine during expansion to produce electricity.
This whole process is done in a cycle so after the propane is used to drive the turbine,
in is condensed by the LNG and vaporized by sea water to once again drive the
turbine.
2.

Estimate the conditions (temperature, pressure, and phase) of the two fluids used in the
low-temperature Rankine cycle.
-

a. LNG
Phase:
Liquid

Temperature: -162OC Pressure: 1 atm

Phase: Liquid Temperature: -162OC Pressure: 3.5-4.5 MPaG

Phase: Vapor Temperature: -150 till -50OC Pressure: 3.5 4.5 MPaG
Phase: Vapor Temperature: >0OC Pressure: 3.5 4.5 MPaG
b. Propane
Phase: Vapor Temperature: > - 42OC
Pressure: >1 atm
O
Phase: Vapor Temperature: >-42 C Pressure: 1 atm < x <Pressure @ 1
Phase: Liquid Temperature: < - 42OC
Pressure: Same as pressure @ 2
O
Phase: Liquid Temperature: < - 42 C
Pressure: > Pressure @ 2
3. Estimate the power in kW produced by the turbine/generator system with LNG flow
rate in 150 ton/hour. Write down all the assumptions used in your calculation.
v 12
0
- 0 = QCV Wt + m[h1-h2 + v 2 + g(z 1z 2 )
2

Assumption
No heat exchange,
No change in velocity
Negligible z.
2

v1
0
0 = QCV Wt + m[h1-h2 + v 2 + g(z 1z 2 )
2
-

Wt=m[h1-h2]
-

Assume that h1 occurs at the exit of the turbine and h2 occurs at the entrance at the
turbine.
Assume that the mass flow rate of propane is the same as that of LNG, as we do
not know the definitive mass flow rate.
According to the Osaka gas website it vaporizes at a pressure in accord with the
temperature of sea water which means P2 follows the pressure of sea water,
which according to [http://oceanservice.noaa.gov/facts/pressure.html]
- Is 14.5 Psi which is approximately 1 bar. From saturated steam table of
Propane from Morans 5th edition it is found that h2 is 420.3 KJ/Kg
Assume that the pressure of P1 is 200 times less than that of P2 which is 0.005 bar.
This follows:
[https://www.researchgate.net/publication/265952189_Thermody
namic_Analysis_of_a_Novel_Cryogenic_Rankine_Cycle_for_Wind_E
nergy_Storage]

 According to Moran 5th additions saturated steam table of propane, h1 is

approximately 355.6 KJ/Kg
-

Wt=m[h1-h2]
150 ton 1000 kg
hour
Wt=
x
x
x [ 355.67420.30 ] KJ /kg
hour
ton
3600 seconds

2688.75 KJ
Wt=
s

W t 2688.75 KW

According to the research above, the efficiency is roughly 70% so the KW out is =
2688.75 x 0.7 = 1882.13 KW

4. The following statement is given in the Osaka Gas website: The 150 t/h LNG
cryogenic power plant will reduce CO2 emission by approximately 15000 tons a year.
Could you verify it? (http://www.osakagas.co.jp/en/rd/technical/1198907_6995.html)
-

Osaka Gas aim in developing such a system is to utilize the LNG cold energy/heat
via the Low Temperature Rankine Cycle.
Recovery, in form of electric power, of cryogenic energy, which would otherwise be
wasted from LNG vaporization facilities, reduces power consumption at LNG import
terminals and by extension CO2 emissions from thermal power plants.
- Osaka Gas regarding its cryogenic power generator

The occurrence of CO2 emission is during the combustion of natural gas in the
thermal power plant.

Since natural gas is a methane compound, the following chemical reaction occurs:

- From the calculation above, we can infer the following:

a. Combustion of LNG produces 810 kJ/mol of energy, given that it is a 100%
conversion.
b. From the equilibrium, moles of CH4 reacting = moles of CO2 at excess.
- Hence, to reduce the emission of CO2, the intake of LNG must be reduced as well.
Thats why the cryogenic power generators role is to cover up the energy loss from
decreasing LNG combustion.
-

6,793,500
150.135
7,600,543, 7,600,543,500

150,135,00
9,383,437.5
150.135
0.37125
0.37125
412,871,25
412.87125
3,252.15

Therefore, the previous statement is false. However, this result is based on several
assumptions, which would differ to reality, such as the turbine pressure drop,
isentropic efficiency, and 100% conversion of the methane combustion.

References

1) M.J, Moran. H.N, Shapiro. Fundamentals of Engineering. 7th Ed. John & Wiley Sons,
Inc. 2011
2) Smith, J.M., and Van Ness H.C. Introduction to Chemical Engineering
Thermodynamics. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1987.
3) https://www.osakagas.co.jp/en/rd/technical/1198907_6995.html
4) Poster PO-52 | CO2 Reduction Using LNG Cold Energy by Masaru Ikeda (Assistant
Manager of Himeji LNG Terminal by Osaka Gas Co. Ltd.)
http://www.ivt.ntnu.no/ept/fag/tep4215/innhold/LNG
%20Conferences/2007/fscommand/PO_52_Ikeda_s.pdf
-