The Use of Smart Materials in Raising The Efficiency of The Performance of Buildings

International Journal of Application or Innovation in Engineering & Management (IJAIEM)
Web Site: www.ijaiem.org Email: editor@ijaiem.org

Volume 5, Issue 10, October 2016
ISSN 2319 - 4847
The Use of Smart Materials in Raising the

Efficiency of the Performance of Buildings
E. G. GOMAA1, E. E. BADRAN2M. A. MAHMOUD3, A. M. SALEH4
1
The corresponding author, Architectural Engineer, Suez Canal University, Ismailia, Egypt
Dean of Faculty of EngineeringSuez Canal University, Professor of Architecture& Urban PlanningFaculty of

EngineeringSuez Canal University, Ismailia, Egypt
Assistant Professor of Architecture& Urban PlanningFaculty of EngineeringSuez Canal University, Ismailia, Egypt
Assistant Professor of Architecture & Urban Planning Faculty of Engineering Suez Canal University, Ismailia, Egypt
ABSTRACT
Recently, the architectural thought interested in high performance buildings to reduce the phenomenonof sick buildings,
consuming all resources, depletion energy, and global warming.Hence, theresearchimportance of alternatives about traditional
building materials that adverseeffecton the environmentand users, these alternatives raisesbuildings efficiencyin Egypt.
The papersfollowthe methodology of theoretical, analytical and deductive through five chapters, the first oneincludesevaluation
criteria formaterials and buildings in international organizations such as the (LEED, BREEAM. etc.), discuss
respondingfactors whichreducing energy consumption and embodied energy.The second chapter explained smart
materialsconcept in past, present and future, bystudying the life cycle of materials and its development. The third chapter
analyzed various types of these materials, such as (Thermo-Bimetal, Hemp Fiber, Mycelium, Bioluminescence), to clarify their
conformity withstandard criteria mentionedin the first chapter, and their impact on reducing both types of energy and the
amount of carbon dioxide. To carry out the objectives of this study, a questionnaire was designed to collect data in chapter four.
The questionnaire showed the opinion of specialists in this field, Data has been analyzed using "Statistical package for social
Science" (SPSS) software.Last chapter analyzed international and local case study, such as (The Gate, Enel Pavilion, The
Technical Faculty, Decorative Facade Removes Air Pollution), this chapter also comparesamong thesecases in terms of
materials and their impact in raising the efficiency of buildings.Results, finally this paperfocused on some materials, such as
(Titanium Dioxide TiO2, Smart Bamboo, Hemp Fiber, Mycelium, Aerogels), as a Second Skinin building facades reducing
(temperature, humidity in buildings, the dust and harmful emissions). The paper recommends that H.P.B design process in
Egypt required teamwork for any project includes several scientificdisciplines, also Egypt must constructspecial laboratory for
producing high-efficiency materials, also being careful when dealing with nanotechnology, because the small molecules may
seep to the skin of humans and kill.
Keywords:Smart Materials,High Performance Buildings, CO2, SPSS, Hemp Fiber, Mycelium, Bioluminescence
1. INTRODUCTION
The paper presents an idea on using smart materials in raising the efficiency of buildings if used properly can make a
revolution in Egypt.
Everything except nature is based on a material, by choosing the right material, Smart materials will allow designs to
interact better with the human senses, and this type of materials is closer to nature and less forced than many of the
materials we are experiencing today. By merging both smart materials and architecture, it will be the answer for
technological needs, using smart materials in architecture moreover dramatically reduce the energy and CO2, enables
the human to design of direct and discrete environments that providing better conditions in space for human occupants.
1.1 Problem Statement
Using materials in buildings Responsible for Increase the required energy in each of the (energy consumption in the
building) (embodied energy in materials). The previous researchers in the field of smart materials focused on applying
it to reduce energy in buildings. A few researches mentioned life cycle energy in materials and how can we control of
the effective factors in Building materials to reduce energy and CO2 and reach for a long life and high performance
building.
In fact, Egyptian, there was an absence of applied research, despite previous research efforts on aspects of the advanced
research and innovative technologies, including smart materials methodology for the evaluation and analysis of
performance appraisal.
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1.2 Objectives of the study

The main objectives of this study are:
Raising the efficiency of buildings and materials in Egypt.
To identify a list of material by specific criteria.
Reduce sick building syndrome and its impact on the population in the future
To identify and evaluate factors, those cause reductions in the consumption of energy and embodied energy in
materials. As well as a reduction of harmful vapors and gasses, which are produced from various building projects
in Egypt
To measure the awareness degrees in Egyptian companies for engineers with using -Smart Materials.
Reduce sick building syndrome and its impact on the population in the future.
1.3 Research Scope and Limitations
This research focuses on using smart materials in high performance building and energy consumption in - both
building and materials- Also, this research does not introduce the costs of buying smart materials either the initial or
the running costs.
2. HIGH PERFORMANCE BUILDING AND ENERGY

This chapter focuses on defining High performance buildings, materials used in it and what characteristics make a
Building high Performance, involves consideration of Environmental and health issues in addition to more traditional
criteria such as cost, durability, Performance and aesthetics, paper Compare Measurement Systems of (HPB) To
access the most important criteria in materials building and the highest efficiency in buildings then find the
relationship between them, The paper will also focus on the energy used both in building and materials and how can
we reduce it.
2.1Definition of Building Performance
Sustainability Committee definite Building performance as a sustainable building with better environmental, economic,
and socio-cultural features and performance, It should be aesthetically attractive, safe, healthy, and comfortable,
building systems (HVAC, lighting, cost, etc.) as well as operations and maintenance (O&M) and should operate with a
high level of life cycle environments, resource, and economically efficient, (HPB) is also referred to as an energy
saving or green building.ACEEE [1]
Figure 1High Performance Buildings (HPB) (Researcher).

2.2 Measurement System of Performance Building
Many countries have developed their own standards of energy efficiency for buildings; Next table shows some examples
of building Environmental assessment (BEA) tools currently in use:[2]
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Table 1: Measure System of (HPB) (Researcher).
i. Materials in System of Performance Building

Table 2: Materials in System of (HPB) (Researcher).
2.3 Energy
Buildings are the main contributors to the degradation of the natural environment, buildings account for 2040 percent
of industrialized countries total energy utilization. Juan, Y.K. [3]
2.3.1 Embodied Energy of Building Material
The embodied energy of a material represents the energy expended in its production, such as the energy for extraction
of the raw material, and energy used in transportation and manufacturing.
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Figure 2 Energy in Buildings(Researcher).

The previous table shows the life cycle of a building energy
3. MATERIALS RESOURCES
Natural resources are usually defined as renewable or non-renewable, the first are resources that can be renewed or
harvested regularly, such as timber for construction or linseed for linseed oil, They are only renewable as long as the
right conditions for production are maintained, depletion of the ozone layer is an example of how condition for many
renewable resources can be drastically changed
Non renewable resources are those that can only be harvested once these are often referred to as 'stocks' (iron ore is an
example); or else resources that are formed extremely slowly,such as crude oil.Bjorn. [4]
3.1 Life Cycle Materials
The building industry is,after food production, the largest consumer of raw materials in the world today .This is most
important for the scarce non-renewable resources, but also for the others; partly because it is the throughput of
materials in the economy that is linked to major energy and environmental loads.Bjorn. [5]
Figure 3 Life Cycle Materials (Researcher).
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3.2 General Materials Trends

The following eight trends indicate what is currently driving new material science research inthe world today.
Barbara Bell [6]
Figure 4 MaterialsTrends (Researcher).

3.3 Materials can be broken down into five major categories
Metals, plastics, rubbers/elastomers, natural engineering materials and natural materials. Barbara Bell [7]
Figure 5 Materials Flow Chart (Researcher).
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3.4 Definition of Smart

The terms smart, functional, multifunctional and intelligent are often used interchangeably. This is reasonable, if
confusing, for the first three terms, but the last almost certainly suggests a degree of consciousness that does not exist in
any non-biological system.Carlton[8]
Table 3: Smart are Classified in Three Groups (RESEARCHER)
Non- Smart
Dont have any special characteristic
Semi-Smart
Able to change their form in response to environment effect, for once or

short time
Smart
These changes will be repeatable and reversible, known as "flexible" and

"adaptive", and this is due to their particular feature in adjusting to
environmental conditions
3.5 Smart Materials Classification

Smart materials and systems are divided into two classes. D. Michelle [9]
Figure6 Smart Materials Classification (Researcher)
Type 1
Type 2
Materials undergo changes in one or more

of their properties (chemical, electrical,
magnetic, mechanical, or thermal) in direct
response to a change in external stimuli in
the surrounding environment.
Smart material transforms energy from

one form to another. The energy input to
a material changes the energy state of the
material composition, but does not alter
the material, it stays the same, but the
energy undergoes a change.
Figure7 Explain types of Smart Materials Schwartz [10]
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Figure8 Smart Materials Flow Chart (Researcher)
3.6Example of Smart Materials
Table 4: Analysis Smart Hydro-Ceramic Pong Santayanon [11]
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Table 5: Analysis A thermo-BimetalPong Santayanon [10]
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4. QUESTIONER
4.1. Method of Data Collection
This study used a questionnaire to accomplish the aim of this research. The questionnaire should be designed to help
the researcher to analyze data quickly and accurately. Close-ended questions and Likert scale can strongly achieve
thatgoal. In Likert questions, the respondent will be asked to express his agreement or disagreement, according to a
scale as shown in the following table no. (6).
Table 6Degrees of Agreement(Researcher)
Least important
Less important
Moderately important
Very important
Most important
1
2
3
4
5
The questionnaire consists of three main parts. Section (A) included information about the respondent company like
experience, classification, the number of employees and number of projects implemented by the company in the last
five years.
Section (B) included criteria for evaluating the HPB.
Section (C) included factors that affecton materials in HPB and measure the Awareness degree foe Egyptian engineers.
4.2 Pilot Test
The purpose of the pilot test was to make sure that the respondent understands the questionnaire and to find out the
shortcomings and ambiguities. The questionnaire was translated into Arabic to help the respondent to understand it.
Ten specialists were asked to fulfill the questionnaire and to add any other factors that may high rise the efficiency
building or materials from their point of view. The questionnaire was reliable as the respondent answers don't include
indecisiveness responses.
4.3 Research Sample
The research sample has represented the opinion of the companies working in the building (Integrated) field. Great
care was taken in choosing the sample to ensure that it represents the actual population. According to the Egyptian
Federation of Construction and Building Contractors, the numbers of construction companies working in the building
(Integrated) field are as shown in the following table (7).
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Table 7Number of construction companies in each class in building (Integrated) field, the Egyptian contractors
federation of construction and building (2015)
The following equation was used in many other types of research.
SS
(Z ) 2 ( P) (1 P)
(C) 2
(1)
Where:
SS = Sample size
Z = Z Value (e.g. 1.96 to 95% confidence level)
P = percentage picking a choice, expressed as decimal (0.5 used for sample size needed)
C = confidence interval, expressed as decimal (e.g., 0.05 = 5)
SS
(1.96) 2 (0.5) (1 0.5)

384.16
(0.05) 2
Correction for finite population
NewSS
SS
SS 1
1
pop
(2)
Where:
Pop = population (Contractors).
NewSS
384.16
379.97
384.16 1
1
34776
To ensure good representation of each stratum, the following number of each category of certain class had been
selected:
Companies Classifica tion NewSS
First Class 379.97
pop of Class
pop
(3)
286
3Contractors
34776
Second class= 2 contractors

Third class= 4 contractors
Fourth class= 12 contractors
Fifth class= 18 contractors
Sixth class= 19 contractors
Seventh class= 322 contractors
The following Table shows the result of sample size:
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Table 8Sample Size(Researcher)
For accurate results companies from fifth, sixth, and seventh class were excluded because these companies have less
experience and efficiency. This study focused on companies classified as first, second, third and fourth.
In previous studies, the researchers faced a problem when many companies refused to fulfill the questionnaire. Some
companies don't trust that these data will be used for research purpose only. They fear that these data could be used to
impose taxes or something else. This result due to the lack of confidence for many years with the governmental
authorities. In this study, the same problem had been forced; out of 195 questioners, only 70 responded.
4.4 Data Analysis
After collecting data, the answers to the questionnaire were coded to enable them to be computer processed. The
questionnaire is analyzed using statistical package for social science (SPSS). This program provides important data
such as mean, median, mode and other statistical methods which are suitable in achieving the objectives of the study.
4.5 Results
4.5.1. Respondent Position
The respondent's position for the surveyed companies is shown in Fig. (9). Thedesigner, engineer has the highest
percent (50%). While the site engineer has the Second one (25.7%).
40
le
ti 30
T 20
isx
A 10
0
Academic Designer Site Eng. Advisory
Eng.
Eng.
Figure 9 Respondent Position(Researcher)

4.4.2 Respondent Experience
Fig. (10) Showed the respondent experience of the surveyed companies. About (22%) is the percent of respondents have
experienced more than 20 years, the percent of respondents have experience from 5-10 years is (29.4%).
2. 4.4.2 Respondent Experience
Fig. (10) Showed the respondent experience of the surveyed companies. About (22%) is the percent of respondents have
experienced more than 20 years, the percent of respondents have experience from 5-10 years is (29.4%).
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25
20
yc 15
e
u
q
e
fr 10
5
0
1-5 years
5-10 years 10-15 years 15-20 years more than

20 years
Figure 10Respondent Experience(Researcher)

4.4.3. High Performance Building Evaluation Criteria
The following table (9) showed evaluation criteria of HPB, Increase life cycle and Energy Efficiency is one of the
most important criteria that make building high performance, by using high performance materials.
Table 9Evaluation Criteria of HPB(Researcher)
No.
Factor
Mean
Energy Efficiency
2.76
Indoor Environmental Quality
2.57
Increase life cycle Building
2.80
Regularity of Periodic Maintenance
2.56
Adapt to the Surrounding Environment
2.48
Self-contained building, or a producer of energy
2.45
Introducing components of nature in design and interest in 1.94

building site
4.4.4.Training of Companys Engineers

The surveyed companies strategy to train engineers on how to evaluate criteria of high performance building was as
the following; only (22.9%) take training engineers into consideration, while (70%) have no strategy for such purpose.
The high number of the companies which didn't respond to this question indicated that these companies had no
training for engineers to evaluate the criteria as shown in Fig. (11).
7%
23%
No
70%
Yes
Missing Data
Figure 11Training of Companys Engineers(Researcher)
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4.4.5. Effect of smart materials in buildings to raise the efficiency of the building
Table 10Various Elements of The Building(Researcher)
No.
Factor
Mean
Structure Skeleton
2.63
Facades
2.75
Isolation Works
2.68
Sanitary Works
2.22
Electrical Works
2.18
Specialized Works (elevator-escalator-central air conditioning etc..)
2.32
Solar Energy and Wind Energy
2.43
5. CASE STUDY
Paper analysis some buildings with various degrees of high technology, which are extremely ecological in their
behavior through the intelligent use of functional adaptive materials, products and constructions that are able to react to
changes in their direct or indirect surroundings.
Table 11 Millions of Shade Balls, Katie Rogers [12]
Table 12 Bubble Deck AF Gruppen [13]
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Table 13 The Technical Faculty (Faculty of Engineering) is part of the University. Crano [14]
6. CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS

6.1 Characteristics Make a Building High Performance
Use less energy (light, water, electric, materials, and maintenance).
Have high quality indoor environments (ventilation, emission co2, thermal comfort, humidity, light, acoustic
and visual).
Generate less waste or reduce.
Long life cycle (more durable materials, structure design, high resistance, reduce energy, less maintenance).
Less maintenance (materials, Plumbing, Air Conditioner, reduces energy).
Less cost (recycles or reuses material, locally material, passive design).
Environmentally Responsive [external wall (materials), roof (materials) isolation (materials, ventilation
(materials), limited gas (materials)).
Security (sensor (materials), technology (materials)].
Occupants satisfaction.
Producing energy (material, passive design).
Self-sufficient (Drainage and supply (water treatment), producing energy (materials) -healthy self ventilation.
Hard landscape.
Table 14 HPB and Material In building (Researcher)
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6.2 Characteristics Make a Materials High Performance: (Researcher)

Embodied energy of materials (reduce life cycle impact )(recycle, reuse, reduce, recover ,restore).
Demolition without any Harmful effects.
Environmentally(renewable, locally ,no gases, bio based materials).
minimal use of finishing .
Direct energy saving cost .
Long life cycle material (durability, Strength, regularly maintenance and quality)
Reduce virgin materials
Building product disclosure and optimization - environmental product declarations.
Land scape materials
6.3 Smart Materials Equation (RESEARCHER)
Smart materials just materials have the ability to interact to address the environmental problems or possible that the
traditional materials be used intelligently. (Researcher)
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Table 15 Smart Materials Types (Researcher)
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Table 16 Smart Materials Analysis
The previous table shows the material Analyze and evaluate

Materials in red table: More efficient materials have been evaluated
Figure 12 Smart Materials Chart(Researcher)
SMART MATERIALS
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
Electro
(Photo
Shape Memory Liquid crystal
Electro active
Microbial Fuel
luminescent
thermo-bimetal
(Hydro ceramic)
Mycelium
Swiss-9 Easy
Ferro fluid
Bio plastics
Smart Bamboo
Green Concrete
Smart Bricks
Smart glass(ETFE)
moths-eyePhotovoltaic
film
hemp fiber
luminescent
Polymers
(dye) systems
Polymers Cells
Series 1
14
15
11
12
16
14
17
14
12
23
19
17
16
17
15
17
15
23
25
15
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The previous table shows the material and measuring the degree of efficiency
Photovoltaic = 25 degree of efficiency
Microbial Fuel Cells =23 degree of efficiency
moths-eye film= 23 degree of efficiency
Table 17Cases Study Analyses(Researcher)
The previous table analysis some buildings with various degrees of high technology, which are extremely ecological in
their behavior through the intelligent use of functionally adaptive materials, products and constructions that are able to
react to changes in their direct or indirect surroundings.
6.4 Recommendations
The paper recommends that H.P.B design process in Egypt required a teamwork for any project includes several
Scientific disciplines, also Egypt must construct special laboratory for producing high-efficiency materials, also
being careful when dealing with nanotechnology, because the small molecules may seep to the skin of humans and
kill.
Increasing the focus on applying technical researchers and solutions for reducing energy consumption and embodied
energy.
Increasing the awareness of the scientific solutions to the students and designers to be up to date with the
architectural techniques.
Establishment of an embodied energy and energy consumption management system for buildings where there area
large number of occupants is recommended. So that, there will be personnel responsible for managing the lighting
systems.
Establishment of motivational institutions such as the reducing taxes for any building lower carbon emissions.
Study the cost of building high performance for long terms.
Establishing a specialized laboratory for smart materials.
Using day lighting techniques in buildings is recommended due to the high use of energy for artificial lighting in
these types of buildings that accounts as much as 40 to 50 % of the energy consumption.
Make sufficient awareness for the importance of the use of non-renewable resources of energy from the early stages
in the educational society together with the actual practice, in order to grow the early minds towards this trend to
coop with the world directions.
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References
[1]. The American Council for an Energy-Efficient Economy (ACEEE), a nonprofit, 501(c)(3) organization, acts as a
catalyst to advance energy efficiency policies, programs, technologies, investments, and behaviors. We believe that
the United States can harness the full potential of energy efficiency to achieve greater economic prosperity, energy
security, and environmental protection for all its people. Available atNew York City Department of Design and
Construction, high-performance building Guide line, New York, Design Trust for Public Space, 1999, p.15.
[2]. Available at http://www.building.co.uk/essential-guides-breeam-leed-green-star-and-estidama/5002213.article.
[3]. Juan, Y. K., Gao, P., & Wang, J. (2010). A hybrid decision support system for sustainable office building
renovation and energy performance improvement. Energy and Buildings, 42(3), 290-297.
[4]. Berge, Bjorn., the Ecology of building materials, second edition, by choirs butters and fillip Henley, Woburn,
Architectural Press, 2009, p3.
[5]. Berge, Bjorn., the Ecology of building materials, second edition, by choirs butters and fillip Henley, Woburn,
Architectural Press, 2009, p8.
[6]. Barbara Bell, Fpinnovation, Material Intelligence: An Overview of New Materials for Manufacturers, January,
2011, p. 3.
[7]. Barbara Bell, Fpinnovation, Material Intelligence: An Overview of New Materials for Manufacturers, January,
2011, p. 10.
[8]. Carlton House Terrace,U. K. Congress, Institute of Materials, Minerals and Mining (IOM3), Smart materials for
the 21St Century, Report no. FMP/03/04/IOM3, London SW1Y 5DB, London 2003, p12.
[9]. D. Michelle Addington, Daniel L. Schodek, Architectural Press, 2005, Smart Materials and New Technologies,
p79.
[10]. Schwartz, Mel M, (2002), The Function of Smart Material's behavior in architecture- Encyclopedia, A WileyInterscience publication, New York, P5.
[11]. Pong Santayanon,IAAC, Institute for Advanced Architecture of Catalonia, 2013-14, Akanksha Rathee, Elena
Mitrofanova, Areti Markopoulou.
[12]. Katie Rogers ,A available at http://www.nytimes.com/2015/08/13/us/in-california-millions-of-shade-balls-combata-nagging-drought.html?_r=0.
[13]. A available at http://www.afgruppen.com/Building-Services/Methods/Bubble-Deck-/.
[14]. Crano, John C. Guglielmetti, Robert J., (2002), Organic Photochromic and Thermochromic Compounds,
KluwerAcademic Publishers, New York.Available at http://www.archello.com/en/project/technical-facultysdu/242931.
AUTHORS
Eng. Eman Gamal Gomaa received the B.S. Degree in Architectural Engineering from Faculty
of Engineering Suez Canal University, Egypt in 2007. During 2007-2009 worked as a Teaching
Assistant in El-Shrouck Academy, and also worked as a designer engineerin Uotobia office,
Ismailia.From 2009-until now I am working as an architect, engineer in Engineering
Management at Suez Canal University, Ismailia, Egypt
Worked as a designer, engineerin EL-Turkey Group, Jeddah, KSA.
Prof. Essam El-Din Badran Abuel-Enein is Professor of Architecture and Urban Design, Faculty
of Engineering, Suez Canal University. I received the ph. D. Degree in Urban Planning under
joint supervision between Ain Shams University, Egypt and University of Houston, Texas, U.S.A
in 1991. Now, I am the Dean of Faculty of Engineering, Suez Canal University. I am
Architectural and Planning Consultant for several authorities such as Suez Canal University,
Ismailia Governorate, Ministry of Housing, Ministry of Culture and Ministry of Tourism. Involved
in conducting research work in the areas of strategic and urban planning, Digital Urbanism,
Architectural renovation and Urban Tourism Development.
Dr. Mervat Abdel Aziz Nasr is an Associate Professor of Architecture and Urban Design, Faculty
of Engineering, Suez Canal University. I received the MS degree in Architectural Engineering
from Cairo University in 1992 and PhD in Architectural Engineering from Cairo University Cosupervision with University of California, Berkeley in 2000. I am member of supervision of several
post graduate researches in the field of Architecture and urban design. I am Member of CLIMASP
project, Development of an Interdisciplinary Program on Climate Change and Sustainability
Policy, TEMPUS, European Union 2014 - 2017.
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Dr. Ahmed Mohamed Saleh Is An Egyptian Architect And Assistant Professor In Architectural
Department, Faculty Of Engineering In Suez Canal University, Have A Broad Experience In Urban
Planning,Urban Design, Landscape And Architectural Design, Graduated In 1995 From The Department Of
Architecture, Faculty Of Engineering, Cairo University. He Obtained His MSc. In 2001 from The
Department Of Architecture in Cairo University and PhD in 2010 from Suez Canal University.Ahmed Saleh
Has A Wide Experience In Teaching A Lot Of Architectural Courses Through Working As Part-Time
Lecturer In Several Departments Of Architecture In Governmental And Private Egyptian Universities. He Is
Also An Academic Visitor In The University Of Sheffield Landscape Department.Most Of Current Research
Work Focuses On Virtual Environment, Digital Visualization Techniques, Landscape Architecture, Urban
Design And Social Sciences.
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International Journal of Application or Innovation in Engineering & Management (IJAIEM)

Web Site: www.ijaiem.org Email: editor@ijaiem.org

ISSN 2319 - 4847