TOPIC: REMOVAL OF DISOLVED SALLTS BY DIALYSIS METHOD

Name: Venkateswara reddy

M.TECH CHEMICAL

REG NO: 1612012010005

1 st yr

TABLE OF CONTENTS:

1. Abstract ...........................................................................................02
2. Introduction......................................................................................02
3. Electro dialysis stack construction........................................................03
4. Application of electro dialysis ....04
5. Process Conditions of an Electro dialysis Process..05
6 .Conclusion .......................................................................................05
7 References.........................................................................................06

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TOPIC: REMOVAL OF DISOLVED SALLTS BY DIALYSIS METHOD

1) Abstract
This report is about removal of dissolved salts by dialysis method and
understanding the needs.

2) Introduction
Dialysis method is one of the waste water treatment process for removal
of dissolved salts. Dialysis method is done by Electro dialysis method where
water is deionized to recover the salt.
In Electro dialysis salt is transported salt from one solution, the dilute, to
another solution (concentrate) by applying an electric current. This is done in
an electro dialysis cell providing all necessary elements for this process. The
concentrate and dilute are separated by the membranes, as shown in the figure
below.

An electric current is applied, moving the salt over the membranes.

Inside an electro dialysis unit, the solutions are separated by alternately
arranged anion exchange membranes, permeable only for anions and cation
exchange membranes, permeable only for cations. By this, the two kinds of
compartments are formed, distinguishing in the membrane type facing the
cathode's direction. Applying a current, cations within the diluate
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(blue

TOPIC: REMOVAL OF DISOLVED SALLTS BY DIALYSIS METHOD

compartment set) move toward the cathode passing the cation exchange
membrane facing this side and anions move towards the anode passing the
anion exchange membrane. A further transport of these ions, now being in a
chamber of the concentrate (red compartments), is stopped by the respective
next membrane:

The Earth is surrounded by a blanket of air (made up of various gases) called

the atmosphere. The atmosphere helps protect the Earth and allow life to exist.
Without it, we would be burned by the intense heat of the sun during the day
or frozen by the very low temperatures at night.
Any additional gas, particles or odours that are introduced into the air (either
by nature or human activity) to distort this natural balance and cause harm to
living things can be called air pollution.

3) Electro dialysis stack construction

An electro dialysis cell (left an ED 1000H with 5 m active membrane
area) consists of two electrode-end blocks (PP, grey) and the membranes
stacked between them. The end blocks contain the in- and outlet adapters
and the electrical connections. They are pressed together by a steel frame.
The membrane stack, consisting of alternately arranged membranes and
spacers is located between the plastic end plates. In this picture, the
membranes are dark and the spacers white, resulting in the lamellar
structure.
The general construction principle of an electro dialysis cell is shown in
the following sketch below:
The membranes are separated by spacers (5) consisting of a fabric in the
active area filled with the electrolyte combined with a sealing around it. The
spacer net prevents the membranes from touching each other. The stacked
spacers form with their holes tubes, which are arranged in a way to build two
different channel systems. By this way, the concentrate and diluate circuit is
built.
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TOPIC: REMOVAL OF DISOLVED SALLTS BY DIALYSIS METHOD

The various parts of the sketch are

1: Polypropylene end plate

8: Inlet anode cell

2: Electrode

9: Inlet concentrate cell

3: Electrode chamber

10: cation exchange membrane

4: spacer-sealing PVC

11: AAM

5: Spacer fabric

12: Inlet diluate cell

6: Screws

13: Inlet cathode chamber

7: Steel frame

The cells differ in the size of used membranes, the shape and thickness: An ED
64 has a square basis of 11 x 11 cm with an active membrane window of 8 x 8
cm (the rest covered by sealing (4) and inlet/outlet areas).
4) Application of electro dialysis
Electro dialysis makes it possible to transport ionic compounds from one
solution to another. Therefore, its application covers the transfer of salts and

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TOPIC: REMOVAL OF DISOLVED SALLTS BY DIALYSIS METHOD

acids from one solution to another. One common example is sea water
desalination.
Not only salt solutions can be desalted and concentrated, but also acids.
One important feature of electro dialysis is the capability to desalinate noncharged solutions, e.g. sugar solutions. As non-charged molecules are not
transported, salt can be selectively removed. One example is removal of NaI
from a reactant solution or the desalination of polyalcohol-water mixtures.
Finally, membrane properties determine the process results: Beside the
perm selectivity (current efficiency), mainly water transfer (EOP, electroosmotic
cotranfer) and ionic selectivities (preference of e.g. monovalent ions against
divalent ions) determine the results. Using those effects, also lime containing
water can be concentrated without relevant scaling problems.

5) Process Conditions of an Electro dialysis Process

A running ED process means that the ions within the cell are moved over
the membrane which determines what type of ion is blocked and what is
transferred, this key process has to be hold up by all the other tools around the
membrane: the stack, the feed flow, the current and the temperature.
One important effect is the polarization of the ions on the membrane
surface: Within the solution, all ions move in the extent of their concentration
and mobility. On the membrane's surface, both mobility and concentration
change dramatically. This means that there is a boundary layer of ions
depletion or concentration. An important point is ionic depletion, which has to
be prevented because it leads to a high ohms resistance and to water splitting
and it may burn the membranes.

6) Conclusion
Using Electro dialysis not only salt solutions can be desalted and
concentrated, but also acids. One important feature of electro dialysis is the

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TOPIC: REMOVAL OF DISOLVED SALLTS BY DIALYSIS METHOD

capability to desalinate non-charged solutions, e.g. sugar solutions. As noncharged molecules are not transported, salt can be selectively removed.

7) REFERENCE
1. Paulson, G. L., & Nadler, A. C. (1972). Air Pollution. In Ecology and
Economics: Controlling Pollution in the 70s, Goldman, M. I. (Ed.) (pp. 73101). Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, p. 85. Retrieved November 22,
2008 from Questia.com

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