Mass and Energy Balance

Analysis of mass and energy balance is needed in order to make sure the flow of material in the
product can be controlled. The term of controlled means there is a tolerance on how much
material is assumed and not considered for calculation.
Ingredients and Compositions
Basic ingredients for formulating water based laminating adhesives can be grouped into 3 major
components which are polymers, solvents, and additives.

Polymers
Polymers used in our products consist of 2 types polymers, base and second polymers.
Base polymer is used for creating adhesive bond between substrate or lamination film.
Second polymer is used as hardener for the base polymer to be set prior to application. In
our product, the base polymer consists of isocyanate-polyurethane and as for the second

polymer consists of polyester polyol.

Solvents
Solvents are used as dispersing media for the polymer. Main component for the solvent is
water since the product is formulated to be water based. Organic co-solvents are also
needed in order to increase the dispersity of the polymers in the solvent. The co-solvents

used in our product are toluene and methyl-ethyl ketone (MEK).

Additives
Additives play a huge part in the formulation of adhesive. Additives are used so the
product has the best performance. Additives in water based laminating adhesive can be
classified as follows.
i.
Rheology Modifiers
Used adjust the flow behavior of the adhesive produced. The adhesive produced
must have the optimum viscosity, prior to manufacture process. The additives
ii.

used for rheology modifiers is Rheovis PU 1270 (produced by BASF).

Defoamer
Used to prevent foam formation and reduce foam or air trapped air by causing
bubbles to burst and release the air. The additive used for defoamer is Foamaster

iii.

MO 2108 (produced by BASF)

Dispersing Agent
Used to wet and stabilize pigments and other particles within adhesive
formulations. Dispersing agent also provides viscosity stability and prevent

sagging. The additive used for dispersing agent is Dispex Ultra FA 4480
iv.

(produced by BASF)
Wetting Agent and Surface Modifiers
This additive is used to adjust surface tension of the adhesive produced. Water is a
liquid that has a particularly high surface tension. Therefore, in water based
adhesive formulation we need a substrate that can adjust its surface tension into
optimum and desired value to prevent surface defect during application. The

v.

additive used is Hydropalat WE 3485 (produced by BASF).

Stabilizer
Stabilizer used in this product is thermal stabilizer. The additive used is
IRGANOX 245 DW (produced by BASF) which is a primary phenolic

vi.

antioxidant.
Others
Other additive used in the formulation of our product involves antimicrobial
substance. This is used to prevent or inhibit microbe formation in the product. The

additive used is IRGAGUARD B 1000 (produced by BASF).

The composition of each components can be seen from table below:
No.
1
2

Ingredients

Composition
(%-w)

Base Polymer
isocyanate-polyurethane

41.25

Second Polymer
Polyester polyol

11.75

Solvent
3

Water

42.85

MEK

0.50

Toluene

0.50

Additives
Rheology modifiers
(Rheovis PU 1270)

0.75

Defoamer
(Foamaster MO 2108)

0.55

Dispersing Agent
(Dispex Ultra FA 4480)

0.65

Wetting Agent and Surface

0.25

Modifiers
(Hydropalat WE 3485)
Stabilizer
(IRGANOX 245 DW)

0.55

Others
(IRGAGUARD B 1000)

0.25

TOTAL
Mass Balance
need more data such as capacity of production.
Energy Balance
need more data such as capacity of production and unit process.

100