#1-2

Mathematical Modeling &

Engineering Problem Solving
Yong Hoon Kim
YongHoon
UniversityofSeoul
p
f
g
g
DepartmentofMaterialsScience&Engineering
y.h.kim@uos.ac.kr

Notices

1.

APS (Pittsburgh) @ 3/16, 18

2
2.

Q i #1 @ 4/1 (Li
Quiz
(Linux )

3.

: + Quiz ( 50%)

Engineering Problem Solving Process

Problem
definition
Mathematical
model

computers,
t
statistics,
t ti ti
numerical methods,
graphics, etc.

Problem solving tools

scheduling, optimization,
communication, public
interaction, etc.

Results
R
lt ((analytic,
l ti
numeric, or graphic)
Societal interfaces

Implementation
3

Precomputer vs. Computer Era

Precomputer Era

Computer Era

Formulation

Formulation

Solution

Solution

Interpretation

Interpretation
4

Mathematical Model

A formulation or equation that expresses the essential features

off a physical
h i l system
t
or process iin mathematical
th
ti l tterms

A characteristic that usually

reflects the behavior or
y
state of the system

Dependent
variable = f

Reflective of the
systems properties or
p
composition

forcing
independent
parameters,
,
variable
functions

Usually dimensions, such

as time
ti
and
d space, along
l
which the systems
behavior is determined

External
E
t
l iinfluences
fl
acting upon the system

Example: Newtons 2nd law of motion

F = ma
or

a = F/m
A parameter

Dependent variable
The forcing function

1.
2.
3.

It describes a natural process or system in mathematical terms.

It represents an idealization and simplification of reality. (ignores,
e.g. relativity)
l ti it )
It yields reproducible results and, consequently, can be used for
predictive purposes
purposes.
6

Example: Falling Body

Q: Terminal velocity of a parachutist?

ddv
F
=
dt
m

drag coeff. (kg/s)

(reflects the properties of a
falling obj.)
obj )

F = F D + FU

gravitational
it ti
l const.
t
=9.8 m/s2

F D = mg
g

FU cv

dv
c
= g
v
d
dt
m

Differential equation

Initial value problem

with
i h the
h initial
i i i l condition
di i v (0) = 0,
Analytical solution

v (t ) =

gm
1 e (c / m )t
c

v: dep. var.
t: indep. var.
c, m: parameters
t
g: forcing functions
7

e.g. Analytical Solution

Q: A parachutist of mass 68.1 kg jumping out of a stationary hot
air balloon. The drag coefficient is 12.5 kg.
A:
v (t ) =

9 . 8 68 . 1
1 e (12 . 5 / 68 . 1) t
12 . 5

= 53 . 39 1 e 0 . 18355 t
t (s)
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14

v (m/s)
0.000
16 405
16.405
27.769
35.642
41.095
44.873
47.490
49.303
?
8

Numerical Methods
Many mathematical models that cannot be solved exactly
Reformulate mathematical problems so that it can be solved by
arithmetic operations.
dv
v
= lim
Example: Netwons 2nd law
dt
t
t 0

v ( t i +1 ) v ( t i )
dv
v

=
dt
t
t i +1 t i

dv
c
= g
v
dt
m

finite difference

v (ti +1 ) v (ti )
c
= g
v (ti )
ti +1 ti
m

v (ti +1 ) = v (ti ) + g
v ( t i ) (t i + 1 t i )
m

Eulers
u e s method
e od

New value = old value + slope x step size

9

e.g. Numerical Solution

Q: Our parachutist. A step size of 2 sec.
A:
c

v (ti +1 ) = v (ti ) + g
v ( t i ) (t i + 1 t i )
m

12 . 5

v ( 2 ) = 0 + 9 .8
( 0 ) (2 ) = 19 . 60 m/s
68 . 1

12 . 5

v ( 4 ) = 19 . 60 + 9 . 8
(19 . 60 ) (2 ) = 32 . 00 m/s
68 . 1

t (s)
0
2
4
6
8
10
12

v (m/s)
0.000
19.600
32.005
39.856
44.824
47.969
49.959

Q: How to
increase the
accuracy?

10

Bases for Numerical Models

Conservation laws
Change = increases - decreases
Steady state

Change
h
= 0 = increases
i
- decreases
d

Conservation
C
ti off mass
Conservation of momentum
C
Conservation
ti off energy
Conservation of charge

11

Why Numerical Methods & Programming?

1
1.

2.

3.
4.
5.

Numerical (cf
(cf. analytical) methods are extremely powerful
problem-solving tools. (Capable of handling large systems
of equations,
equations nonlinearities,
nonlinearities complex geometries
geometries, etc
etc.))
Necessity to use commercially available prepackaged, or
p
programs
p g
that involve numerical
canned,, computer
methods.
Necessity to go beyond canned programs.
An efficient vehicle for learning to use computers.
An efficient vehicle to reinforce yyour understanding
g of
mathematics enhanced understanding and insight into
the problems
12

References

Numerical Methods for Engineers (5th Ed.), S. C. Chapra & R.

P Canale
P.
C
l (McGraw-Hill,
(M G
Hill 2005)
2005), Ch
Ch. 1

Advanced Engineering Mathematics by Kreyszig, Ch. 1.1,

21.1

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