DynamicsSTR by DRMK PDF

430463 Dynamics of Structures
Lecture 1 - Introduction
.
School of Civil Engineering
Suranaree University of Technology
Topics Covered
Introduction
Single Degree of Freedom
Formulate equation of motion
Free Vibration
Forced Vibration
Multi Degree of Freedom

Formulate equation of motion
Free Vibration
Modal Analysis
Earthquake Analysis
Response Spectrum Analysis
Time History Analysis
IBC Code
Text Books
Dynamics of Structures,
Clough & Penzien
Structural Dynamics: Theory

and Computation, Mario Paz
Static Structural Analysis

Static Load : Dead Load, Live Load > Floor Load ?
[F=0]
[M=0]
[F=Kx]
Internal force
Stress
Deformation
Deflection
Strain
Dynamic Loadings
Time varying loads:
Wind
- Wind
- Earthquake
- Traffic Load
- Pedestrian
EQK
- Machine
Types of Dynamic Loadings

Periodic
Rotating
machinery
in building
Propeller force
at stern of
ship
Nonperiodic
Bomb blast
loading on
building
Earthquake
on
water tank
Loading history
Typical example
Wind Load
Forces:
- Windward Wall
- Leeward Wall
- Side Wall
Design codes equate to static load
Not well suited for long,
slender structures
Flow Pattern
Side View Wind Against Face
Top View Wind Against Face
Top View Wind Against Edge
Tacoma Narrow Bridge
Seismic Load
Release of energy from earth
crust - tectonic force
Most severe load placed on civil
structures
Earthquake
Earthquake motion is very complex
Near field
Far field
- High Amplitude
- Attenuated
- Dominated by
Pulse Loads
- Signal filtered
- Not as Pulse
like
Intstrumentation
Strong Motion: Accelerograph
A transducer: SDOF highly damped (60-70%)
Known k, m (fn ~ 25 Hz)
Sampling Rate: 1/100, 1/50 sec
accelerograph
(10,000 sampling points)
accelerometer
Engineering community
measures ground
accelerations
Load for civil structures
Buildings Under Earthquake
Church Under Earthquake
Base Isolation
Fixed Base
Building Under Earthquake
Dynamic Analysis
From Newtons Second Law
Wind
F = ma
where m = mass
a = acceleration
EQK
Time-varying deflection
Displacement
Response
Linear Time Invariant

For this course, assume linear time invariant system
Linear
Independent of response
F
Nonlinear
system
Spring
Hooks
Law
Time Invariant
Constant system parameters: m, k, c
Structure Models
Model is a mathematical representation of a structure
Distributed
Parameter
(Continuous)
Discrete
Parameter
(Lumped mass)
- Realistic
- Idealization
- Difficult to
analyze
- Easy to
analyze
p(x,t)
EI(x)
m(x)
stiffness
mass
loading
x
- Approximate
p(t)
k = f(EI)
2 2u
2u
+
= p(x,t)
EI
m(x)
2
2
2
x x
t
+ ku = p(t)
mu
ODE
PDE
Sine series representation of simple beam deflection
u(x)
x
=
b1sin(x/L)
+
b2sin(2x/L)
+
b3sin(3x/L)
+
D
Generalized coordinate
nx
u(x) = bn sin
= Zn n (x)
Shape function
L
Distributed
Lumped Mass System
p(t)
Generalized coordinate
u(x,t) = (x) Z(t)
u(x,t)
x1
m1
x2
x3
m2
m3
Lumped Masses = m1, m2, m3

Degree of Freedom (DOF) = x1, x2, x3
Number of independent coordinates
necessary to completely describe the
displacement of the system
Finite Element : FEM
Dynamics of Structures
SDOF
Ordinary Differential Equation
Inertia, Spring and Damping Forces

m
Equation of Motion
Dynamic Equilibrium
..
SURANAREE
INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING
UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY
SCHOOL OF CIVIL ENGINEERING
Single Degree of Freedom (SDOF)

F
F(t)
u(t)
k
Ex. Water
Tower
Mass lumped to
single location, m
Stiffness lumped to
one parameter, k
k =
3EI
L3
Ordinary Differential Equation:
+ k u = p(t)
mu
Inertia Force
Mass develops an inertia force
proportional to its acceleration in
fI
an opposing direction
fI = m a = mu(t)
d2 u(t)
u(t)
= a =
d t2
Spring Force
u
F
m m
h
EI = flexural
rigidity
Fh
EI
m m
M
EI
1 Fh
2
h h
2 EI
3
Fh3
=
3EI
F =
u
F
3EI
3
= k
Hooks Law
fs
strain
energy
u
fs = k u
Damping Force
impact
What
time history
look like?
Why
Damping?
Dissipation of Energy
exact nature of damping is impossible to determine
- Thermal effects
- Friction
Idealized Equivalent Viscous Damping

c
c = Viscous damping coefficient

f D = c u
experimentally determined
dashpot
EQUATION OF MOTION
A mathematical expression defining dynamic displacement of a
structural system. Solution of expression provides a complete
description of system responses as a function of time.
3 Ways to Derive Equation of Motion:

Dynamic Equilibrium (d A Lamberts Principle)
Virtual Work Principle
Hamiltons Principle
Lagranges EQ.
Dynamic Equilibrium
u(t)
External force: p(t)

p(t)
Structural system
c
Response: u(t)
u(t)
Force equilibrium: [Fx = 0]
fS
p(t)
m
fD
fI + fD + fS = p (t)
fI
+ c u + k u = p(t)
mu
Ex #1 : A spring-supported body moving vertically

FRAME #1
L0
m
u(t)
STATIC
ust
FRAME #2
p(t)
W = mg
where L0 = Unstretched length

ust = Static displacement = W / k
ur = Relative displacement
ur(t)
p(t)
Equilibrium
level
m
ust
ur
u = ust + ur
[Fy = 0]
fD
fS
fI + fD + fS = p (t) + W
m
fI
+ c u + k u = p(t) + W
mu
u(t)
W
p(t)
u = u r
From u = ust + ur
= u
r
u
r + c u r + k (ur + ust ) = p (t) + k ust

mu
- Body oscillates around the static equilibrium

- No effect of Wt. on motion
Ex #2 : 1-Story Building
p(t)
EIb
Deforemed Shape
EIc
Usually floor is rigid

p(t)
large EIb
Shear building
u
Spring Force: F = k u
k = F required to push until u = 1
h
EIc
k =
col.
12EIc
h3
24EIc
h3
Ex #2 : 1-Story Building
p(t)
p(t)
fI, fD , fS
Force equilibrium: [Fx = 0]

fI + fD + fS = p (t)
+ c u + k u = p(t)
mu
Ex #3 : Rotation Motion
F = m a
Linear motion
Rotation
MG = IG
IG = mass moment of
inertia about G
= = angular acceleration
(rad/s2)
L
m
m
G
[MO = I]
k
W L sin = IO
Parallel-axis theorem: IO = IG + mL2

(IG + mL2 ) + k + W L sin = 0
G
L sin
W
Principle of Virtual Work

Dynamic equilibrium is difficult to apply to large
& complex structural systems.
From Analytical Mechanics, we borrow the principle
of virtual work to derive EQ. of Motion.
Principle States:
W=0
For a deformable system in equilibrium under a set

of forces, the sum of total external virtual work &
internal virtual work = 0 where virtual work is work
done by virtual displacement.
Virtual Work Analysis

Virtual work = Work done by
forces under
virtual displacement
u(t)
p(t)
W = Qi ui
c
u = Virtual displacement
u
fD
fI
W * = Wreal
forces
fS
Principle of virtual work:
p(t)
+ Winertia = 0
forces
fI u fD u fD u + p( t ) u = 0
c u k u + p( t ) ] u = 0
[ m u
+ c u + k u = p( t )
mu
Rigid rod rotate about fixed pin

u = L cos , v = L sin
v
m
v + v = L sin ( + )
= L (sin cos + cos sin )
Since is very small

u
cos 1,
sin
v + v = L sin + L cos
v = L cos
Similarly, we can derive that
u = L sin
Ex #4 : Virtual Work Done

p(x,t) = p0
x
f(t)
L
p0 f(t)
W =
p(x,t) v(x,t) dx
0
v(x,t) = x
L
p0
x
W = p0 f(t) (x ) dx =
f(t) x 2 dx
L
L
0
0
p0 f(t) L2
=
Ans
Ex #5 : Use virtual work to derive equation of motion

p(x,t) = p0
x
f(t)
L
v
v
p0 f(t)
A
B
C
c
(small)
x
L
v(x,t) = x tan (t)
For small , v(x,t) = x (t), v(x,t) = x

WS = fS a = k a (a )
WD = fD L = c L (L )
FBD
fI
fP
MI
fD
WI1 = fI (L / 2)
=
Ax
Ay
fS
WI 2
a
L/2
2L/3
mL
(L / 2)
2
mL2

= MI =
12
Wp = fp
p L
2L
2L
= 0 f(t)
3
2
3
L
mL2
p0L2
2
2
[ W = 0 ]
+ cL + ka
f(t) = 0
3
3
p0L2
mL2
2
2
+ cL + ka =
f(t)
3
3
Ans
Mass Moment of Inertia

Uniform Rod
Triangle
I0 = mL2 /12
m = mL
mass
m =
length
Uniform Plate
a
I0 = m(a2 + b 2 ) /12
b
m = ab
=
mass
area
Free Vibration
m
2b/3
b/3
I0 = m(a 2 + b 2 ) /18
ab
m=
2
a/3 2a/3
Ellipse
a
b
I0 = m(a2 + b 2 ) /16
ab
4
mass
=
area
m=
2-Types of Free Vibration Systems
Undamped Free Vibration

+ k u = 0
mu
k
m
m
d2u
d t2
+ ku = 0
Assume: u = A cos t
(or B sin t)
(2)
(1)
(2)
( m 2 + k) A cos t = 0
0
k / m = Natural frequency (rad/s)
Period: T = 2 / (s)
Freq:
(1)
F = 1/T = / 2 (rev./s) or (Hz.)
Ex #4 : Natural frequency of cantilever beam

2.5 cm
E = 2.1 x 106 kg/cm2

20 kg
0.5 cm
L = 30 cm
I=
P
=
PL3
EI
k=
L
=
k /m =
1
2.5 0.53 = 0.02 cm4
12
P 3EI
= 3
L
3 2.1 10 6 0.02
303
4.66 100 / 20 = 4.83 rad/s
4.83
=
= 0.76 Hz.
2
2
f =
= 4.66 kg/cm
for k in N/m
m = W/g, g = 9.81 m/s2
General Solution
+ k u = 0
mu
k
m
u = A cos t + B sin t
(2)
u = -Asin t + Bcos t
(3)
Initial condition: @ t = 0
(2)
(3)
A = u0
u(0) = u0 , u(0) = v0
Substitute into (3)
B = v0 /
u = u0 cos t +
(1)
v0
sin t
Amplitude of Motion
from u = u0 cos t +
v0
sin t
we can write u = C sin( t + )

where C =
u02 + (v 0 / )2
and tan =
u0
v0 /
u0
v0 /
Free vibration of a system without damping
Damped Vibration
no external force
+ cu + ku = 0
mu
free vibration
Trial solution u = A sin t will

not satisfy.
Use exponential form: u(t) = C est

m C s2 est + c C s est + k C est = 0
(m s2 + c s + k) C est = 0
c
s =
2m
m s2 + c s + k = 0
Critical Damped System

c
s =
2m
k
c

2m
m
c
s= c
2m
Substitute s into ms2 + cs + k = 0 and = k / m

cc = 2 m
u(t) = (C1 + C2t ) e-t
Over Damped System
c > cc
u(t)
Magnitude decays
exponentially
without oscillation.
v0
u0
k
c

2m m
c < cc
Underdamped System
Define damping ratio: =
c
s =
2m
s1
ss
k
c

2m m
c
c
=
< 1.0
2m
cc
s1
( )2 2
negative
s2
2
Damped freq. D = 1
= i D where i = 1
from: eix = cos x + i sin x

e-ix = cos x i sin x
st
s t
Substitute s into u(t) = C1 e 1 + C2 e 2
Rearrange equation: u(t) = et (A sin D t + B cos D t)
Initial condition: u0, v0
v + u0
u(t) = et u0 cos D t + 0
sin
t
D
Alternatively the expression can be written as:

u(t) = C e t cos(D t )
where
v + u0
C = u02 + 0
tan =
v 0 + u0
D u0
u(t)
u0
C et
u1
u2
t
TD =
2
2
=
D 1 2
Natural Frequency
n =
k
m
Engineers can look at
structure & intuitively

guess structural period
By simple calculation of static

UBC Design Code
displacement
F
static
n =
static
= k
k
m
Tn = Ct
( hn )3 / 4
Calibration
constant
Structure
height
i.e. 0.03 for R/C Frames
Equivalent Viscous Damping

From TD =
n
D
Tn
= n =
TD
D
2
2
=
D 1 2
1 2
Most civil structures

0 < < 0.2
0.2
Envelope tells us
damping C e t
How Do We Measure ?
Logarithmic Decrement
u(t)
u0
C et
u1
Practical method for determining

a damping ratio:
u2
u1
C e t cos( D t )
t u =
2
C e (t + TD ) cos(D (t + TD ) )
2
un
= e D = exp(2 )
un+1
D
TD
= ln
=
un
= 2
=
un +1
D
u
1
1
ln n
=
2 un+1
2
2
1
When
un
un+1
2 = ln
2
1 2
= 2
0.2
Nearly all Civil Structures < 0.2
Free Vibration by MATLAB

Initial condition: u0, v0
v + u0
u(t) = et u0 cos D t + 0
sin
t
D
Damping ratio: < 1.0

= k /m
D = 1 2
SDOF_FreeVib.m
clear
dmp = 0.1; w = 1;
wd = w*sqrt(1-dmp^2);
u0 = 1; v0 = 0.5;
t = 0:0.01:40;
u1 = exp(-dmp*w*t);
u2 = u0*cos(wd*t);
u3 = (v0+dmp*w*u0)/wd*sin(wd*t);
u = u1.*(u2+u3);
plot(t,u)
SDOF #2
Harmonic Loading
k
p(t)
m
c
Undamped System
Damped System
Vibration Measurements
..

SURANAREE
Harmonic Loads
k
m
p0 sin t
Washing
machine
sinusoidal
Undamped system:
&& + k u = p0 sin t
mu
ODE
Solution to ODE: u(t) = uc(t) + up(t)
Free Vibration
Solution !
Complementary
Solution
&& + cu& + ku = 0
mu
Particular
Solution
&& + cu& + ku = p(t)
mu
Complementary solution: uc(t) = A sin t + B cos t
Particular solution:
Lets assume up (t) = C sin t
&& + k u = p0 sin t
Substitute up into m u
m 2 C sin t + k C sin t = p0 sin t
p
2
C 1 2 = 0
k
2 =
k
m
1
2
load freq.
natural freq.
C =
p0
k
= Frequency ratio
From up (t) = C sin t
up (t) =
p0
1
sin t
k 1 2
up(t)
p0
k (1 2 )
t
Amplitude
of up(t)
p0
k
IN
PHASE
=1
RESONANCE
T=
p0
k (1 2 )
OUT OF
PHASE
General Solution
u(t) = uc (t) + up (t)
u(t) = A sin t + B cos t +

At t = 0
u(0) = 0 + B + 0
p0 1
sin t
2
k 1
B = u(0)
&
u(t)
= A cos t u(0) sin t +
&
u(0)
= A +
p0
k (1 2 )
p0
cos t
2
k (1 )
&
&
p0
p0
u(0)
u(0)
A =
k (1 2 )
k (1 2 )
&
=0
For initial condition: u(0) = 0, u(0)
A =
p0
, B = 0
k (1 2 )
The response becomes

u(t) =
p0 1
( sin t sin t )
k 1 2
steadystate
response
transient
response
free vibration
vanish
eventually
Definition:
p0
= ust
k
1
1 2
Static displacement
Magnification factor (MF)
u(t)
u(t)
=
= R
ust
p0 / k
Response ratio
Case 1:
<<
Then R(t) =
<< 1
1
(sin t sin t) sin t sin t
2
1
u(t)
Low-rise BLD
Under WIND
0
sin t
sin t
Case 2:
>>
1
1
>> 1
R( t ) 0
High-rise BLD
Under EQK
Frequency Features of Earthquakes and Windstorms
Case 3:
= 1
TRY
Particular solution
Not valid
up ( t ) =
p0
t cos t
2k
p
u(t) Slope = 0
2k
RESONANCE
Case 4:
u(t)
p0
k ( )
Beating
as
RESONANCE
Damped System
k
m
&& + c u& + k u = p0 sin t

mu
p0 sin t
&& + 2 u& + 2 u =
u
p0
sin t
m
uc ( t ) = e t ( A sin D t + B cos D t )
t
=
c
,
2m
D = 1 2
[ G1 2 G2 (2) + G1 2 ] sin t =
p0
sin t
m
[ G2 2 G1 (2) + G2 2 ] cos t = 0
G1 (1 2 ) G2 ( 2) = p0 / k
G2 (1 2 ) + G1 ( 2) = 0
p0
1 2
G1 =
k (1 2 )2 + (2)2
G2 =
p0
2
k (1 2 )2 + (2)2
u(t) = e t (A sin D t + B cos D t)

+
Transient response
p0
1
2
(1
) sin t 2 cos t
2 2
2
k (1 ) + (2)
u(t) = C sin (t )
where C =
p0 / k
(1 2 )2 + (2)2
Steady-state
response
and tan =
2
1 2
Dynamic magnification factor:

D =
C
=
p0 / k
1
(1 2 )2 + (2)2
=0
= 0.02
= 0.05
Harmonic Loading by MATLAB

SDOF_Harmonic_Damped.m
clear
beta = 1.2; dmprt = 0.03;
w = 1.0; wbar = beta*w;
t = 0:0.01:100;
C = 1/((1-beta^2)^2+(2*dmprt*beta)^2);
up = C*((1-beta^2)*sin(wbar*t)2*dmprt*beta*cos(wbar*t));
plot(t,up)
SDOF_DyMag.m
Vary: = 0 3
= 0.1 1.0
clear
beta = 0 : 0.01 : 3;
dmp = [0.15 ; 0.4 ; 0.5 ; 1.0];
o1 = ones(size(dmp));
o2 = ones(size(dmp*beta));
D = 1./sqrt((o2o1*beta.^2).^2+(2*dmp*beta).^2);
plot(beta,D)
Vibration Measurement
Vibration generator
p0 sin t
me/2
p(t) = me e 2 sin t
up(max)
1 How to find natural
frequency ?
Sweep test
n
2 How to calculate damping ?
A) Resonance amplification method
up (t) = ust D sin (t )
D =
1
(1 2 ) + (2)2
2
= tan1
2
1
measure
up
ust D = upmax
D =
upmax
ust
D =
upmax k
p0
From D =
1
(1 2 ) + (2)2
D
dD
=
0
d
Dmax =
Dmax
1
2 1 2
1
for small
2
=
For low damping system, large disp. will
1
2 Dmax
break up building (or push system into nonlinear regime).

Resonance Amplification is not an ideal method
B) Half-Power (Band width) method
D
From D =
= 0.01
1
(1 2 ) + (2)2
= 0.03
Consider @
1
Dmax
2
Dmax
1
Dmax
2
1
D =
Dmax
2
1
(1 ) + (2)
2 2
1 1
2 2
1
1 1 2
1
(1 2 )2 + (2)2
1 1
2 2
(1 2 )2 + (2)2 = 82
2 = 1 2 2 2 1 + 2
If << 1, then 2 = 1 2
1 =
1 + 2 1 +
= 1 1
2 =
1 2 1
= 1 2
2 = 1 1 + 1 2
= 1 2
=
Dmax
1
Dmax
2
1
1
1
(1 2 )
2
1
( 2 )
2 1
1 1 2

1 2
2
Harmonic Base Motion

Instead of applied load, shake base
ug
ug
u(t)
k
m
ug = u0 sin t
&& + c (u& u& g ) + k (u ug ) = 0

mu
fD + fS = c (u& u& g )
+ k (u ug )
&& + c u& + k u = c u& g + k ug

mu
= c u0 cos t + k u0 sin t
k 2 + (c)2 sin (t + )
= u0
m &&
u + c u& + k u = p0 sin (t + )
where p0 = u0
k 2 + (c)2
up (t) = ust D sin ( t + + )

=
p0
1
sin ( t + + )
2
2
2
k
(1 ) + (2)
u0
k
= u0
k 2 + (c)2
2
(1 ) + (2)
1 + (2)2
(1 ) + (2)
2 2
= u0 Tr sin (t + + )
sin (t + + )
sin (t + + )
Transmissibility : Tr =
Tr
1 + (2)2
(1 2 ) + (2)2
= D 1 + (2)2
Damping decreases
transmitted force
only when =
<
n
= 0.05
= 0.03
= 0.01
Very important curve for design of

ISOLATION SYSTEM
Accelerometer
m
ur
m m
uT = ur + ug
uT = Total displacement
ur = Relative displacement
ug
ug = Ground displacement
Equation of motion:
= u0 sin t
m &&
uT + c u& r + k ur = 0
&&r + u
&&g ) + c u& r + k ur = 0
m (u
&&r + c u& r + k ur = m u
&&g = m 2 u0 sin t
mu
Relative Displacement:
m 2 u0
1
ur (t) =
sin (t + )
2 2
2
k
(1 ) + (2)
sin (t + )
= u0 D
=
D
(1 2 )2 + (2)2
= 0.05
Dynamic Magnification
Factor for ground motion
0.1
0.5
serves as foundation of
accelerometer
u
1.0
mp
proof mass
ug
Equivalent Viscous Damping

All internal damping mechanisms
i.e. internal friction
Grouped as
viscous damping
fluid resistance
Loss of energy from damped system observed from
amplitude decay
i.e. up = C sin (t )
Under harmonic loads, systems force-displacement curve
encloses an area known as HYSTERESIS LOOP.
Fspring
strain energy
Fdamp
proportional to energy loss
(damping)
SDOF #3
General Loading
k
p(t)
m
Unit Impulse Response

Response to Constant Force
Rectangular Load
Dynamic Load Factor
..

SURANAREE
General Dynamic Loading

f(t)
k
p(t)
Area = f()
m
c
Any loading can be considered as a superposition of impulse.
f(t) = f ( ) (t )
where (t) = Dirac delta function
(t a)
(t a) = 0 ; t a
(t a) dt
= 1
a a+
Unit Impulse Response f(t) = (t)

+ k u = (t)
Undamped system: m u
(t)
Use Laplaces Transform:
F(s) = L[ (t) ] =
st
(t)dt
= e s t(0) (t)dt = 1
dr u(t)
L r = sr U(s)
dt
Take Laplace on Eq. of

motion
(ms2 + k) U(s) = F(s) = 1
U(s) =
Define : G(s) =
ms2 + k
Impulse Response function :

g(t) =
1 1 1
L 2
m
s + 2
g(t) =
1
sin t , t 0
m
= 0,
For damped system,
et
g(t) =
sin D t
m D
1
1
2
m s + 2
g(t) = L1[ G(s) ]

See Laplaces
Table
t < 0
g(t)
0
Laplaces Transform Table

Time Domain
Laplace Domain
Time Domain
Laplace Domain
Convolution Integration (Duhamel)

For general loading, response to each impulse f()
is
u
0
u(t, ) = f( ) g(t )
t
response @ t from impulse @
Summation on impulse response:

u(t) = f( ) g(t )
As d
t
u(t) =
f() g(t ) d
0
or u(t) =
f(t ) g( ) d
0
Response to Constant Force

+ k u = F0
mu
F0
u(0) = 0
u (0) = 0
t
t
1 t
From u( t ) = f ( t ) g( ) d =
F0 sin d
m
0
0
=
=
F0
t
[
cos
]
0
2
u/ust
F0
(1 cos t )
k u
st
1
t
Rectangular Load
u(0) = 0
u (0) = 0
f(t)
Phase II :
t t1
f(t) = 0
p0
Free vibration
Initial cond.
t1
Phase I
t
Phase II
Phase I : 0 t t1 : f(t) = p0
u(t) =
p0
(1 cos t)
k
u(t)
=
p0
sin t
k
(I)
1)
u(t1 ), u(t
Free vibration response:

u( t ) = u(0) cos t +
u (0)
sin t
Set start point @ t = t1

u( t ) = u( t1) cos t +
where t = t t1
u ( t1)
sin t
u(t)
Response in Phase II becomes:
u( t1)
u ( t1)
u( t ) = u( t1) cos ( t t1)

u ( t )
+ 1 sin ( t t1)
t1
.
Compute u(t1) and u(t1) at the end of Phase I :
u( t1) =
p0
(1 cos t1),
k
u ( t1) =
p0
sin t1
k
Substitute into u(t) at t > t1 :

u( t ) =
p0
p
(1 cos t1) cos ( t t1) + 0 sin t1 sin ( t t1)
k
k
u( t ) =
p0
[cos ( t t1) cos t ]
k
Dynamic Load Factor DLF =
( II )
u(t)
u(t)
=
ust
p0 / k
From ( I ), DLF = 1 cos t , t t1

From ( II ), DLF = cos (t t1 ) cos t , t > t1
Substitute = 2/T :
DLF = 1 cos 2
DLF = 2 sin
To find DLFmax ,
t
, t t1
T
t1
t t
sin 2 1 , t > t1
T
T 2T
d DLF
= 0
d (t / T)
From ( I ) t t1 ,
d DLF
t
= 2 sin 2
= 0
d (t / T)
T
2
t
= 0.5
T
t
=
T
DLFmax = 1 cos 2 (0.5) = 2

From ( II ) t > t1 ,
DLFmax = 2 sin
t1
T
DLFmax
2
SHOCK OR RESPONSE
2 sin
t1
T
SPECTRA
t1/T
0.5
Triangular Load
t
f ( t ) = p0 1 , t td
td
f(t)
p0
Initial condition: u(0) = 0 , u (0) = 0

u(t) =
p0
p sin t
(1 cos t) + 0
t
k
k td
At the end of phase I ( t = td ) :

u(t d ) =
p0 sin t d
cos
t
d
k t d
d) =
u(t
p0 cos t d
1
+
sin
d
k t d
t d
t
Td
Phase II ( t > td ) :
u(t) =
p0
p
[ sin t sin (t td )] 0 cos t
k t d
k
sin t
t
t d
td
t td , DLF = 1 cos t +
t > td , DLF =
1
[sin t sin (t t d )] cos t
t d
Dmax
Substitute = 2/T
d DLF
= 0
d (t d / T)
= 2 when
td/T
Dmax
td / T
0
Example : A one-story building
Determine max response under rectangular load 1,200 kg and

duration td = 0.1 sec.
E = 2.1 x 106 ksc
W = 2.0 ton
I = 6,000 cm2
k =
4.5 m
12EI
= 1,659 kg / cm
3
L
= 165,900 kg/m
T = 2
W
2,000
= 2
kg
165,900 9.8
= 0.22 sec
td
0.1
=
= 0.455 < 0.5
T 0.22
Dmax = 2sin(0.455) = 1.98

ust =
p0 1,200
=
= 0.723 cm
k 1,659
umax = 1.98 0.723 = 1.43 cm
Response by Transition Matrix
State Equations
k
p(t)

Eigensolution Approach
Application using MATLAB

Response to Support Excitation
..
SURANAREE
State Equation
x (t ) = A x(t ) + Bu(t )
x(t) = State vector (Response)
u(t) = Control vector (Input force)
A, B = Coefficient matrices (System)
Input u(t)
System
A, B
State x(t)
Conversion from Equation of Motion to State Equation
SDOF
m q(t ) + c q (t ) + k q (t ) = u (t )
q (t ) = q (t )
q(t ) =
c
k
1
q (t ) q (t ) + u (t )
m
m
m
Matrix Equation
1 q (t ) 0
q (t ) 0
q(t ) = k / m c / m q (t ) + 1/ m u (t )
State Equation
x (t ) = A x(t ) + B u (t )
where
q (t ) Displacement
x (t ) =
q
(
t
)
Velocity
1
0
A=
,
k / m c / m
0
B=
1/
m

x (t ) = A x(t ) + B u (t )
(1)
Consider free vibration u(t) = 0
x (t ) = A x(t )
(2)
Substitute x (t ) = e At x (0) = (t ) x (0)
(3)
Transition matrix:
(t ) = e
At
t2 2 t3 3
= I + tA + A + A +
2!
3!
(t ) = A ( t )
Substitute (3) into (2)
x(t ) = (t ) y (t )
From (1) assume
(t ) y (t ) + (t ) y (t ) = A (t ) y (t ) + B u (t )
(5) into (1)

From (4)
A (t ) y (t ) + (t ) y (t ) = A (t ) y (t ) + B u (t )
(t ) y (t ) = B u (t )
t
1
Since (t ) = ( t )
y (t ) =
( ) B u ( ) d
0
From (5)
x(t ) = (t ) ( ) B u ( ) d
0
t
(t ) B u ( ) d
0
(4)
(5)
Complete Solution :
t
x( t ) = ( t ) x(0) +
( t ) B u( ) d
0
t
At
= e x( 0 ) +
A( t)
B u( ) d
Free Vib.
Forced Vib.
Undamped Free Vibration :

q( t ) + n2 q( t ) = 0 ,
m q( t ) + k q( t ) = 0
n2 = k / m
1
0
0
A =
=
2
k / m 0
n
1
0
x ( t ) = A x( t )
State Equation :
Transition matrix
x( t ) = ( t ) x(0)
Initial condition:
q( t ) Disp.
x( 0 ) =
q ( t ) Velo.
Transition matrix:
t2 2
t3 3
( t ) = e = I + t A +
A +
A +
2
3!
1
1 0
0
(n t )2 1 0
=
+ t 2
0
2! 0 1
0 1
n
At
n3 t 3
3!
0
2
n
1
+
1
1
1
3
5
t
)
+
(
t
)
n
n
n
n
3!
5!
1
1
( n t )2 + (n t )4
2!
4!
1
1
n n t (n t )3 + ( n t )5
3!
5!
1
1
( n t )2 + (n t )4
2!
4!
Transition Matrix for Undamped System :
cos n t
( t ) =
n sin n t
sin n t
n
cos n t
Transition Matrix by MATLAB

SDOF_UndampFreeVib.m
clear
wn = 1.0;
u0 = 1; vo = 0.5;
x0 = [ u0 ; vo ];
t = 0 : 0.01 : 20;
n = length(t);
xt = zeros(n,2);
for i = 1:n
1.5
Fi = [cos(wn*t(i)) (1/wn)*sin(wn*t(i));
-wn*sin(wn*t(i)) cos(wn*t(i))];1
xt(i,:) = (Fi*x0);
0.5
end
0
plot(t,xt(:,1))
-0.5
-1
-1.5
10
15
20
Damped Free Vibration

m q( t ) + c q ( t ) + k q( t ) = 0
x ( t ) = A x( t )
1
0
0
A =
= 2
n
k / m c / m
2n
1
x( t ) = ( t ) x(0)
t
n
e t
(cos d t + sin d t )
sin d t
e
d
d
( t ) =
2
n t
n
e
sin
t
e
(cos
sin
t
)
d
d
d
d
d
Transition Matrix by MATLAB

SDOF_DampFreeVib.m
clear
wn = 1.0; damprt = 0.1;
u0 = 1; vo = 0.5;
x0 = [ u0 ; vo ];
t = 0 : 0.01 : 20;
n = length(t);
xt = zeros(n,2);
for i = 1:n
F11 =
F12 =
F21 =
F22 =
Fi = [F11 F12;F21 F22];
xt(i,:) = (Fi*x0);
end
plot(t,xt(:,1))
1.5
1
0.5
0
-0.5
-1
-1.5
10
15
20
Eigen Solution
1
0
A =
k / m c / m
m q( t ) + c q ( t ) + k q( t ) = 0
0
=
n2
x ( t ) = A x( t )
Eigenvalue problem :
(A I) u = 0
Au = u
a11
a 21
det( A I ) =
a1n
a 22
a 2n
a12
an1
an 2
2n
ann
Where = Eigenvalues , u = Left eigenvector

AT v = v
Adjoint eigen problem

v = Right eigenvector
Form polynomial degree 2n

Solve for i ( i = 1, 2, 6 2n)
Each i has ui ( i = 1, 2, 6 2n)
Orthogonality of ui and vi
viTui = 1 : normalized eigenvector
v Tjui
= 0 ; ij
ii = 1
ij = 0
v Tjui = ij , v Tj A ui = i ij
Matrices of eigenvectors:
U = [u1 u2 un ] ,
V = [ v1 v 2 v n ]
= 0
Matrices of eigenvalues:
( A I) u = 0
= diag [1 2 n ] ,
MATLAB
Similarity Transform:
>> m=1;dmprt=0.05;k=1;
V TU = I , V T AU =
>> c=2*dmprt*sqrt(k*m);
V T = U1 , U = ( V T )1
>> A=[0 1; -k/m c/m]

>> [U,AA]=eig(A)
U1AU = : Similarity
transform
>> V=inv(U)
>> V*A*U
>> U*AA*V
A = U VT
>> V*U
Transition Matrix
t2 2
t3 3
( t ) = e = I + t A +
A +
A +
2!
3!
t2
t3
T
T
2 T
= UV + tU V +
U V +
U 3VT +
2!
3!
t2 2
t3 3
= U(I + t +
+
+ ) V T
2!
3!
At
= U e t V T
Since is diagonal , e t = diag [ e it ]
t2 2
= diag [ 1 + t i + i + ]
2!
Response:
x( t ) = U e V x ( 0 ) +
t
U e
0
( t )
V T B u( ) d
Transition Matrix by MATLAB #2

trmtrx.m
function x = trmtrx(dt,AA,budt,xp,u,v)
n = length(AA);
for i = 1:n
ei(i,:) = exp(AA(i,i)*dt);
end
fi = u*diag(ei)*v';
uinteg = fi*budt;
x = real((fi*xp'+uinteg)');
SDOF_Free2.m
clear
dt = 0.02;
m = 1.0;dmprt=0.05;k=1;
c=2*dmprt*sqrt(k*m);
A = [0 1 ; -k/m -c/m];
b = [0 ; 1/m];budt0=zeros(size(b));
[u,AA]=eig(A);v=inv(u)';
x0=[1 0.5];
xt(1,:)=x0;t(1)=0;
for i=2:2000
t(i)=t(i-1)+dt;
xt(i,:)=trmtrx(dt,AA,budt0,xt(i-1,:),u,v);
end
plot(t,xt(:,1))
Response to Support Excitation (EQK)

ug(t)
u(t)
ut
u
m
c
ug
g
u
Total
Disp.
ut
Relative Disp:
Ground movement:
ug
Equation of Motion:
+ c u + k u = m u
g
mu
+ 2n u + n2 u = ug ( t )
u
State Equation :
0
u ( t )
= 2
( t )
u
n
( t ) = A x( t ) + b ug ( t )
x
2n
1
u( t )
0
g ( t )
+ u
u ( t )
1
SDOF_EQK.m
clear
load elcn_eqk.dat
eqk1=elcn_eqk;
t=eqk1(:,1); aeqk=eqk1(:,2);
neqk=length(t);dt=0.02;
m = 1.0;dmprt=0.05;k=1;
c=2*dmprt*sqrt(k*m);
A = [0 1 ; -k/m -c/m];
b = [0 ; 1/m];
budt0=zeros(size(b));
beqk = [0 ; -1];
x0=[0 0];
xt(1,:)=x0;t(1)=0;
for i=2:nst
beqkdt = beqk*aeqk(i-1)*dt;
xt(i,:)= trmtrx(dt,AA,beqkdt,
xt(i-1,:),u,v);
end
figure(1);plot(t,xt(:,1))
figure(2);plot(t,aeqk)
Rayleighs Method
Basis of the Method
Approximate General System
Selection of the Vibration Shape
Improved Rayleigh Method
..

SURANAREE
Basis of the Method

For undamped free vibration = k m
u(t ) = u0 sin t
u(t)
u& (t ) = u0 cos t
k
m
1
1
Potential energy: V = ku 2 = ku02 sin2 t
2
2
Kinetic energy:
T =
1
1
mu& 2 = mu02 2 cos2 t
2
2
at t = / 2
u& ( / 2 ) = 0
u0
u&
Vmax =
T =0
1 2
k u0
2
at t = /
u0
u( / ) = 0
Tmax =
V =0
1
m u02 2
2
Rayleigh Concept
For undamped vibration, no energy loss
u(t)
k
m
Max. strain energy = Max. kinetic energy

1 2 1
k u0 = m u02 2
2
2
[Vmax = Tmax ]
k
m
Example 6-1 : Simple beam with mass

EI
b
P
Vmax =
1
2
k umax
2
Tmax =
1
1
2
2
m u& max
= m umax
2
2
2
[ Vmax = Tmax ]
1
1
2
2
k umax
= m umax
2
2
2
= P a 2 b 2 / 3 E IL
P
3 E IL
k =
= 2 2
a b
=
=
k /m
3 E IL
a2 b2 m
Flexible Beam
2
L
d2u
1
V = EI 2 dx
2 0 dx
u( x, t ) = ( x ) Z( t )
EI(x)
m(x)
Vmax
1
= Z02 EI( x ) [( x )]2 dx
2
0
L
1
T = m( x ) u& 2 dx
20
m(x) = Distributed mass
Tmax
EI(x) = Distributed flexibility

Free vibration:
1
= Z02 2 m( x ) [( x )]2 dx
2
0
[ Vmax = Tmax ]
L
u( x, t ) = ( x ) Z0 sin t
0 EI( x ) [( x )] dx
L
2
m
(
x
)
[
(
x
)]
dx
0
2 =
u& ( x, t ) = ( x ) Z0 cos t
k*
m*
Example 6-2 : Flexible beam

u( x, t ) = ( x ) Z( t )
Vmax
x
L
1 2 4 EI
Z0 3
2
L
L
Uniform mass = m
Tmax
1
2
= Z02 EI 2 dx
2
L
0
1
x x
= Z02 2 m 1 dx
2
L L
0
Uniform stiffness = EI
Select mode shape:
( x ) =
x x
1
L L
( x ) = 2 / L2
0@x=0
0@x=L
1 2 2 mL
Z0
2
30
EI
4 E I / L3
= 120
=
m L / 30
m L4
2
Select new mode shape:

( x ) = sin ( x / L )
0@x=0
0@x=L
EI
4 EI / 2 L3
= 97.4
=
mL/2
m L4
Lower is
Better!
Lowest Frequency
True Natural Frequency
But How to Find ?
Gen. Eq. Motion : Multistory BLD

f4(t)
f3(t)
f2(t)
f1(t)
m4
m3
m2
m1
x
u4
Inertia forces : fI
Z(t)
&&( t )
&&i = mi i Z
fI = mi u
u3
u( x, t ) =
i Z
&&i ui
WI = mi u
( x ) Z( t )
&&( t ) Z
= mi i2 Z
u2
u1
Spring forces : fS Shear BLD : Beam & Floor arerigid axially & flexure
1
L
k =
col.
12 EI
L3
Story stiffness = Sum of lateral

column stiffness
Story shear, Vi = ki i
u3
Vi = k i ( ui ui1 )
u2
story
drift
story
stiffness
u1
Virtual work of story shear:
Gen. Eq. Motion:
Wv = Vi i
&&( t ) + C* Z& ( t ) + K * Z( t ) = F* ( t )
M* Z
= Vi (ui ui1 )
where
C* = c i i2
= k i ( i i1 )2 Z( t ) Z
k i i2
M* = mi i2
K * = k i i2
] Z(t ) Z
F* = fi ( t ) i
where i = i i1
Shape Function of Building

Low-Rise:
( x ) = sin
H/D < 1.5

Mid-Rise:
1
( x ) = x / H
1.5 < H/D < 3
x
2H
High-Rise:
H/D > 3
( x ) = 1 cos
x
2H
Example 6-3 : 4-Story Concrete Frame

Column size : 30 cm x 60 cm for bottom 2 stories
DL = 600 kg/m2
LL = 400 kg/cm2
: 30 cm x 40 cm for top 2 stories
8m
4 @ 4 m = 16 m
4th
3rd
2nd
8m
1st
8m
5 @ 4 m = 20 m
8m
(1) Effective weight :

Plan area = 16 x 20 = 320 m2
w1, w2, w3 = 600 + 0.25(400)
w1, w2, w3 = 320 x 0.7 = 224 ton
= 700 kg/m2
w4 = 600 kg/m2
w4 = 320 x 0.6 = 192 ton
L = 4m
E = 2x
I3,4 =
I1,2 =
k 3,4
105
kg/cm2
1
4
30 403 = 160,000 cm
12
k1,2
1
30 603 = 540,000 cm4
12
(3) Gen. Mass & Stiffness
Floor
Mode Function: ( x ) = x / H
4
3
= K * /M *
(m=W/g,
12 EI
L3
k =
(2) Story Lateral Stiffness :
g=980cm/s2)
2
1
59.06 980
= 12.2 rad / s
388
12 2 105 160,000
= 18
4003
= 108,000 kg / cm
12 2 105 540,000
= 18
4003
= 364,500 kg / cm
ki
mi
Ton/cm
Ton
108
108
364.5
364.5
192
1.00
224
0.75
224
0.5
224
0.25
i
0.25
0.25
0.25
0.25
T = 2 / = 0.51 sec
mii
192
126
56
14
kii
0.25
0.25
0.25
0.25
388 59.06
M*
K*
Improved Rayleighs Method

Consider simple beam carrying several mass
m1 m2 m3
mn
W1 = m1g, W2 = m2g, , Wn = mng

x
u1
u2
Vmax =
un
u3
1
1
1
W1u1 + W2u2 + K + Wnun
2
2
2
For harmonic motion: ui(t) = ui sin t

1
1
1
Tmax = m1(u1)2 + m2 (u2 )2 + K + mn ( un )2
2
2
2
[ Tmax = Vmax ]
=
is the deflected shape
g mi i
mi i2
produced by inertia forces
Example 6-4 : Repeat Ex.6-3 using improved Rayleigh

192 t
224 t
108
224 t
108
1st
Assume
u4 = 1
u3 = 1
u2 = 1
m1=224 t 364.5
u1 = 1
k1=364.5 t/cm
864 2
u1 =
364.5
&&i = mi 2 ui
Inertia load = mi u
1922
V = 1922
2242
V = 4162
2242
V = 6402
2242
V = 8642
u12
u4
u1
u2-3
u1-2
u3 4
192 2
=
108
u3-4 u1=2.37 : u2=4.13 : u3=7.98 : u4=9.76
u3
u2
640 2
=
364.5
u23
416 2
=
108
u1
adjust ratio:
u1=0.24 : u2=0.42 : u3=0.82 : u4=1.00
53.6 980
= 11.5 rad / sec
396
T = 0.55 sec Improve again?
Formulation of Eq. Motion
Dynamics Equilibrium Condition
k1
Lagranges Equations
k2
m1
m2
Lumped-Parameter Model
Continuous Model
..

SURANAREE
Dynamics Equilibrium Condition

x1(t)
k1
Simple 2DOF system:
x2(t)
k2
m1
m2
x1(t)
Free body diagram:
Fk1
FI1
x2(t)
Fk2
m1
Fk2
FI2
for mass m1, - FI1 - Fk1 + Fk2 = 0

Dynamic equilibrium:
for mass m2, - FI2 - Fk2 = 0
m2
Substitute inertia and spring force:
m1
x1 + k1 x1 k2 ( x2 x1 ) = 0
m2
x2 + k2 ( x2 x1 ) = 0
Arrange into the matrix form:
m1
0
0
x1 k1 + k 2
+
m2
x2 k 2
k 2 x1 0
=
k1 x2 0
M
x+Kx = 0
or
Assume:
x1 (t ) = 1 sin ( t ) ,
x2 (t ) = 2 sin ( t )
x1 (t ) = 2 1 sin ( t ) ,
x2 (t ) = 2 2 sin ( t )
Substitute into matrix equation:
k1 + k2
k2
k2
m
2 1
0
k1
Eigenvalue problem:
0 1
0
sin
t
=
(
)
0
m2 2

( A I ) x = 0
k1 + k2 2 m1
k2
k2
k1 m2
2
=0
Consider the case where k1 = k2 = k, m1 = m2 = m
( 2k m )( k m ) k
2
=0
m 2 4 3mk 2 + k 2 = 0
3 5 k
=
2 m
2
3 5
=
2
k
m
Natural frequencies
1 = 0.618 k / m

2 = 1.618 k / m
Substitute into matrix equation for mode shape:
2k 2 m
k 1 0
= 0
2
k
k
m
1 = 0.618 k / m 12 = 0.382
1.618k
k
k 1 0
=
0.618k 2 0
k
m
1.618 1 2 = 0
1 / 2 = 0.618
1 + 0.618 2 = 0
1 / 2 = 0.618
1.0
1 = 1 =
2 1.618
If 1 is set = 1.0, then 2 = 1.618
1.0
2 = 1.618 k / m 2 =
0.618
Natural mode shapes
Two Story Shear Building

m2
x2(t)
fI 2 = m2 x2
1
12EI
k= 3
L
fs 2 = k 2 ( x2 x1 )
k2
m1
fI 1 = m1x1
x1(t)
k1
Fixed-Fixed
[ F = 0 ]
m1x1 k2 ( x2 x1 ) + k1x1 = 0
Arrange into the matrix form:
0
x1 k1 + k 2
+
m2
x2 k 2
fs 2 = k 2 ( x2 x1 )
m1
fs1 = k1x1
m2 x2 + k2 ( x2 x1 ) = 0
m1
m2
k 2 x1 0
=
k1 x2 0
Natural Frequency and Mode Shape

First Mode
Second Mode
1.618
0.618
1.0
1.0
1 = 0.618 k / m
2 = 1.618 k / m
1.0
2 =
0.618
1.0
1 =
1.618
Coordinate Coupling
L1
x -L1
L2
C.G. m
k1
x +L1
k2
mx
k1(x - L1)
mx + k1( x L1 ) + k 2 ( x + L2 ) = 0
I k1( x L1 )L1 + k 2 ( x + L2 )L2 = 0
k2 (x - L2)
Multi-Degree-Of-Freedom System
x1(t)
k1
x3(t)
x2(t)
k3
k2
m1
x1(t)
Fk1
x2(t)
Fk2
m1
FI1
m3
m2
Fk2
x3(t)
Fk3
Fk3
m2
FI2
m3
FI3
m1x1 + k1x1 k 2 ( x 2 x1 ) = 0
m2 x2 + k 2 ( x 2 x1 ) k3 ( x3 x2 ) = 0
m3 x3 + k3 ( x3 x2 ) = 0
Matrix Equation
m1 0
0 m
2
0
0
For n - DOF:
0 x1 k1 + k2
0 x2 + k 2

m3 x3 0
k2
k 2 + k3
k3
0 x1 0
k 3 x 2 = 0

k3 x3 0
+ Kx = 0
Mx
m1
m2
M=
k1 + k 2
k
2
K=
k2
k 2 + k3
k3
k3
kn
u1 + ug
u + u
g
2

ut =
u
+
u
j
g
un + ug
Ground Motion
mn
mj
m2
m1
mnug
Total Coordinate:
m j ug
m2ug
m1ug
t
FI = Mu
Inertia Force:
t + Ku = 0
Mu
ug
m1
u1 + ug
u + u
m2
g
2
+ Ku = 0
mn un + ug
m1
m
+ Ku = 2 ug
Mu

mn
Analysis for Response of MDOF

For undamped free vibration system
+ Ku = 0
Mu
Assume u(t ) = e i t
(K 2M) = 0
det(K 2M) = 0
Solving polynomial for natural frequencies 1, 2, . . . , n

Substitute each to compute natural mode shapes 1, 2, . . . , n
To use function eig in MATLAB, multiply M-1 to the left of both sides
+ M1 Ku = 0
u
det(M1K 2I) = 0
>>[
,
] = eig(inv(M)*K)
Orthogonality of Vibration Modes

(K 2j M) j = 0
For the j th vibration mode:
2j M j = K j
Rearrange equation
Transpose & postmultiplied by k
2j ( M j ) k = (K j ) k
T
2j Tj MT k = Tj KT k
Since stiffness and mass matrices are symmetric: MT = M, KT = K
2j Tj Mk = Tj K k
Similarly, equation of k th mode is premultiplied by Tj
k2 Tj Mk = Tj K k
Subtracted equation of j th mode by k th mode:
2
j
k2 Tj Mk = 0
Therefore, as long as j k
Rule #1:
Tj Mk = 0 ;
for j k
Rule #2:
Tj K k = 0 ;
for j k
Example:
0 >> [U,A] = eig(inv(M)*K)
10 0 0
20 10
M = 0 20 0 , K = 10 30 20 >> U*M*U
0 0 30
0
20 10
>> U*K*U
Generalized Properties of Vibration Modes

Substitute j th mode vibration into equation of motion
(K 2j M) j = 0
Premultiplied by the tranpose of the j th mode shape
K j M j = 0
T
j
2
j
k m = 0
T
j
*
j
2
j
*
j
j =
k *j
m *j
Define eigenvector matrix such that each column is mode shape

= [1 2 n ]
Diagonal matrices containing generalized mass and stiffness
m1*
0
*
T
M = M =

m2*

m n*
0
k1*
0
*
T
K = K =
k 2*

k n*
0
MDOF State Equation

+ C u + K u = f ( t)
Mu
u = u
= M 1 C u M 1 K u + M 1 f ( t)
u
u(t )
Define state vector: x(t ) =
u
(
t
)
I u( t)
u ( t)
0
0
+ 1 f ( t)
1
1
( t)
u
M K M C u ( t)
M
x = A x + B f ( t)
I
0
0
A = 1
B = 1
1 ,
M
K
M
C
M
Can be solved by Transition Matrix
( A I) U = 0
Eigensolution
VT A U = = diag(i )
VT U = 0,
Solution by transition matrix:

t
x(t ) = U e V x(0) + U e ( t ) VT Bp( ) d

t
where
e t = diag(e i t )
U = Matrix of right eigenvectors
V = Matrix of left eigenvectors
Example: Free response of undamped 2DOF system
m 0
2k
,
M=
K
=
k
0 m
k
m
k
det(A I) =
M 1 =
k
k
1
1 1 0
k
1
2 2
,
M
K
, n2 =
=
n
m 0 1
m
1 1
0
I 0
0
A = 1
1 =
2
M
K
M
C
2
n
2 n2
n2
n2
n2
1
0
0
1
0
0
0
n2
n2
1 0
0 1
0 0
0 0
= 4 + 3 n2 2 + n4 = 0
3 5 2
1
0.618i
n
2
n
2 =
0.618i n
0
(A 1 I) 1 =
2 n2
n2
11

12
13
14
0.618i n 1.618i n
0
0.618i n
1
0
n2
n2
0.618i n
0.618
=
1.618i n
i n
e t = diag(e i t )
0.618
1.618i n
i n
1.618i n
11 0
0
12 =
13 0
0
0.618i n 14 0
0
1
0
1
1.618
0.618
0.618i n
1.618i n
i n
in
1.618
0.618i n
i n
1
x ( t ) = e t 1
MDOF Response by MATLAB

MDOF_Free.m
clear
dt=0.002;ndof=4;
mi=[4000 3000 3000 2000];
ki=[7e7 7e7 7e7 7e7];
M=diag(mi);ki(ndof+1)=0;
K=zeros(ndof,ndof);
for i=1:ndof,
K(i,i)=ki(i)+ki(i+1);
if i>1,
K(i,i-1)=-ki(i);
K(i-1,i)=-ki(i);
end
end
C=0.002*K;
ZM=zeros(size(M));
EM=eye(size(M));
A=[ZM EM;-inv(M)*K -inv(M)*C];
B=[ZM;inv(M)];
nst=500;t=0:dt:(nst-1)*dt;
budt0=zeros(2*ndof,1);
xt(1,:)=zeros(1,2*ndof);
xt(1,1)=1;
for i=2:nst
xt(i,:)=trmtrx(dt,AA,budt0,
xt(i-1,:),u,v);
end
plot(t,xt(:,1))
1
0.5
-0.5
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
P-
Effect on Shear BLD
Building resists both vertical load (gravity) and lateral load
(wind & EQK)
W3
u3
P
W2
P = Vertical force
u2
W1
h3
M3
h2
M2
h1
M1
u1
= Lateral displacement
F3
F3
F2
F2
F1
F1
P- Effect K
Substitute Mi by equivalent couple
Mi = Fi hi
Second Order Moment
(2)
(2) (1)
Mi = Pi (ui ui1 )
where
Pi =
(1)
Fi =
Wj
(3)
where u0 = 0
j=1
F3
q3
F3
F2
F2
F1
F1
q2
Force qi at floor i :
qi = Fi Fi+1
q1 = F1 F2
q1
(4)
q2 = F2 F3
q3 = F3
q = KG u
(3) (4)
P P
P
q1 = 1 + 2 u1 2 u2
h2
h1 h2
P P
P
P2
u1 + 2 + 3 u2 3 u3
h2
h3
h2 h3
P
P
q3 = 3 u2 + 3 u3
h3
h3
q2 =
Pi
(ui ui1 )
hi
P1 P2
h + h
2
1
P
KG = 2
h2
P2
h2
P2 P3
+
h2 h3
P3
h3
P3

h3
P3
h3
Adding forces q to Eq. Motion

+ K u = f + K G u
Mu
+ (K K G ) u = f
Mu
Stiffness K is decreased by
the Geometric Stiffness KG
Adding KG to MDOF Response

MDOF_KG_Free.m
g=9.8;hi=[4.5 4 4 4];
for i=1:ndof,
Pi(i)=0;
for j=i:ndof,
Pi(i)=Pi(i)+mi(j)*g;
end
end
KG=zeros(ndof,ndof);
for i=1:ndof,
KG(i,i)=Pi(i)/hi(i);
if i<ndof,
KG(i,i)=KG(i,i)+Pi(i+1)/hi(i+1);
end
if i>1,
KG(i,i-1)=-Pi(i)/hi(i);
KG(i-1,i)=-Pi(i)/hi(i);
end
end
K=K-KG;
Example : 4 Story Building with P- effect

m = 10
4m
I = 3,000
m = 10
4m
I = 3,000
m = 10
12 2.5 103 3,000

12 EI
ki =
=
L3
4503
Say
= 98.8 kg/cm = 9.88 ton/m
10 ton/m
4m
I = 3,000
m = 10
4m
I = 3,000 cm4
E =
2.5x105
kg/cm2
1 ton = 1,000 Kgf.sec2/m

mi = [10 10 10 10] / 9.8
0
0
0
10 / 9.8
0
10 / 9.8
0
0
M =
0
10 / 9.8
0
0
0
0
0
10 / 9.8
0
0
20 10
10 20 10
0
K =
10 20 10
0
0
0
10 10
m = 10
Include P- Effect :
4m
4m
I = 3,000
m = 10
I = 3,000
m = 10
4m
I = 3,000
m = 10
4m
I = 3,000 cm4
Pi = [40 30 20 10]
Pi/hi = [10 7.5 5 2.5]
KG
0
0
17.5 7.5
7.5 12.5
5
0
=
0
5
7
.
5
2
.
5
0
0
2.5 2.5
Homework: Compare response @ BLD TOP

- Free Vibration
- EQK Response
Modal Analysis
u32
u31
u21
u11
u22
u12
Normal Coordinates
Generalized Modal Characteristics
Proportional Damping
Uncoupled Equation of Motion
..

SURANAREE
What is modal analysis?
A technique used to determine a structures vibration

characteristics:
Natural frequencies
Mode shapes
Mode participation factors (how much a given
mode participates in a given direction)
Most fundamental of all the dynamic analysis types.
Benefits of modal analysis
Allows the design to avoid resonant vibrations or to vibrate at a

specified frequency (speakers, for example).
Gives engineers an idea of how the design will respond to

different types of dynamic loads.
Helps in calculating solution controls (time steps, etc.) for other

dynamic analyses.
Recommendation: Because a structures vibration characteristics
determine how it responds to any type of dynamic load, always perform
a modal analysis first before trying any other dynamic analysis.
Normal Coordinates
Representing displacements as sum of modal components
m3
m2
m1
u3
u2
u31
u21
u1
u11
u = Y
u1 = 1Y1
u32
u22
u12
u2 = 2Y2
n
u33
u23
u13
u3 = 3Y3
u = 1Y1 + 2Y2 + + nYn = iYi = Y

i =1
Uncoupled Equation of Motion: Undamped

+ Ku = p(t )
Mu
u=Y
+ KY = p(t )
MY
Premultiplying by T
+ T KY = T p(t )
T MY
+ K * Y = P* (t )
Diagonal matrix equation: M* Y
Generalized Mass:
M* = T M
Generalized Siffness:
K * = T K
Generalized Force:
P* = T P
Uncoupled equation of mode j th
M *j Yj + K *j Y j = Pj* (t )
1
Yj + 2j Y j = * Pj* (t ) = Fj* (t )
M
Example 9-1: 3-story building with harmonic load P1 cos t

m3 = 30 t
u3
k3 = 20 t/m
m2 = 20 t
u2
k2 = 10 t/m
m1 = 10 t
u1
P1 cos t
k1 = 10 t/m
10 0 0
20 10 0
M = 0 20 0 , K = 10 30 20
0 0 30
0
20 20
0.0875
2 = 1.4479 , =
2.6313
0.3244 0.8093 0.8320

0.6204 0.4468 0.5253
0.7141 0.3813 0.1782
0
0
24.0470
M* = T M =
0
14.9050
0
0
0
13.3947
0
0
2.1040
K * = T K = 0
21.5802
0
0
0
35.2458
0
0.7141

P* = T 0 P1 cos t = 0.3813 P1 cos t

1
0.1782

Uncouple equations:
Mode 1:
Y1 + 0.0875Y1 = 0.7141P1 cos t
Mode 2:
Y2 + 1.4479 Y1 = 0.3813 P1 cos t
Mode 3:
Y3 + 2.6313Y3 = 0.1782 P1 cos t
Uncoupled Equation of Motion: Damped

u=Y
+ Cu + Ku = p(t )
Mu
+ CY
+ KY = p(t )
MY
Premultiplying by T
+ T CY + T KY = T p(t )
T MY
+ T CY + K * Y = P* (t )
M* Y
Modal equation is uncoupled when T C is diagonal
For Rayleigh or proportional damping of the form,

C = aM + bK
Uncoupled equation:
Generalized Damping:
T C = a T M + b T K
+ C* Y + K * Y = P* (t )
M* Y
C* = T C
Uncoupled equation of mode j th:

*
C
1
j
M Yj + C Yj + K Y j = P (t ) Y j + * Yj + 2j Y j = * Pj* (t ) = Fj* (t )
Mj
Mj
*
j
*
j
*
j
*
j
Modal damping ratio of mode j th:
j =
C *j
2 j M *j
Yj + 2 j j Yj + 2j Y j = Fj* (t )
Generate damping matrix from modal damping ratio:
2 1 1 M1*
0
*
T
C = C =
0
2 2 2 M 2*
0
0 2 n n M n*
C = (T )1 C* 1
Example 9-2: From Example 9-1, determine the damping matrix by
assuming that modal damping ratio = 5% in each mode.
1 0.05

2 = 0.05
0.05
3
10 0 0
20 10 0
M = 0 20 0 , K = 10 30 20
0 0 30
0
20 20
0.0875
0.2958
2 = 1.4479 , = 1.2033 , =
2.6313
1.6221
M1* 24.0470
*
M2 = 14.9050
M * 13.3947
0.3244 0.8093 0.8320

0.6204 0.4468 0.5253
0.7141 0.3813 0.1782
0
0
0.7113
C* = 0
1.7935
0
0
0
2.1728
1.3801 0.4252 0.1231

C = ( ) C = 0.4252 2.1707 1.1787
0.1231 1.1787 1.9673

T 1
MATLAB Commands:
>> M = [10 0 0;0 20 0;0 0 30]
>> K = [20 -10 0;-10 30 -20;0 -20 20]
>> [U,A] = eig(inv(M)*K)
>> w = sqrt(A)
>> Mstar = U'*M*U
>> Cstar = 2*0.05*w*Mstar
>> C = inv(U')*Cstar*inv(U)
Alternative Method
To avoid inversion of mode shape matrix
From generalized mass:
M* = T M
Premultiplying by (M* )-1:
I = (M* )1 M* = (M* )1 T M = 1
1 = (M* )1 T M
C = (T )1 C* 1 = M(M* )1 C* (M* )1 T M
Since C* and M* are diagonal
2 1 1 / M1*
0
* 1 *
* 1
(M ) C (M ) =
C = M T M
0
2 2 2 / M2*
0
0 2 n n / Mn*
Example 9-3: From Example 9-2, determine the damping matrix by

assuming that modal damping ratio = 5% in each mode.
1 0.05

2 = 0.05
0.05
3
0.2958
= 1.2033 , =
1.6221
10 0 0
20 10 0
M = 0 20 0 , K = 10 30 20
0 0 30
0
20 20
0.3244 0.8093 0.8320
0.6204 0.4468 0.5253 ,
0.7141 0.3813 0.1782
M1* 24.0470
*
M 2 = 14.9050
M * 13.3947
0
0
0.0012
= diag(2 j j / M *j ) = 0
0.0081
0
0
0
0.0121
1.3807 0.4236 0.1283

C = M T M = 0.4236 2.1671 1.1886
0.1283 1.1886 1.9564
Example: Modal Analysis of A Simple 6 Storied Structure
Column: Rect 0.3 x 0.3 m

Beam:
Rect 0.4 x 0.3 m
Slab:
Thickness 0.1 m
Lumped mass model
Natural Frequencies
EIGEN VALUES
MODAL ANALSYS
EIGEN VECTORS
([ K ] [ M ]) {u} = {0}
2
Mode Shapes
Mode Shapes
Mode 2 :
-1
Frequency = 1.465 Hz.
-0.906
-0.765
Period = 0.683 sec.

Mode shape =
-0.585
-0.379
-0.165
0
-0.165
-0.379
-0.585
-0.765
-0.906
-1
Mode 5 :
Period = 0.222 sec.
Mode shape =
0
-0.573
-0.997
-0.904
-0.333
0.426
1
Mode 8 :
Period = 0.126 sec.
Mode shape =
0
-0.878
-0.799
0.345
1
0.269
-0.879
Mode 11 :
Period = 0.090 sec.
Mode shape =
0
1
-0.082
-0.977
0.381
0.839
-0.706
Mass Participation Factors

2
i ik
,
M k = ni =1
2
W
(
)
i ik
n
M participating = M k
k =1
i =1
Mode
Mk (ton)
11
4.584
0.664
0.197
0.089
Participating Mass = 4.584+0.664+0.197+0.089 = 5.534 ton

Total Mass = 5 0.9504 + 0.8208 = 5.573 ton
Mass Participation = 5.534 / 5.573 100 = 99.299%
Modes
11
Mk
Pk
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
-0.165
-0.573
-0.878
0.9504
-0.157
-0.545
-0.834
0.950
-0.379
-0.997
-0.799
-0.082
0.9504
-0.360
-0.948
-0.759
-0.078
-0.585
-0.904
0.345
-0.977
0.9504
-0.556
-0.859
0.328
-0.929
-0.765
-0.333
0.381
0.9504
-0.727
-0.316
0.950
0.362
-0.906
0.426
0.269
0.839
0.9504
-0.861
0.405
0.256
0.797
-1
-0.879
-0.706
0.8208
-0.821
0.821
-0.721
-0.579
5.573
-3.482
-1.442
-0.781
0.524
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.026
0.312
0.733
0.950
0.137
0.945
0.607
0.006
0.325
0.777
0.113
0.907
0.556
0.105
0.950
0.138
0.780
0.172
0.069
0.669
0.821
0.821
0.634
0.409
2.645
3.132
3.106
3.080
4.584
-1.317
0.664
-0.460
0.197
-0.252
0.089
0.170
5.534
99.299
W^2
Mode Participation Factors

n
W
i
Pk =
ik
i =1
Wi ( ik )
i =1
Mode
Pk (ton)
11
-1.317
-0.460
-0.252
0.170
Combination of Mode Participation Factors

Displacement
Mode 11
Mode 8
Mode 5
Mode 2
+
+
+
0.170
-0.252
-0.460
-1.317
Example: Modal Analysis of Building with Shear Wall
EQK Analysis & Design
EQK Response Spectrum
SDOF EQK Response
Equivalent Static Force
Response Spectrum Concept
Elastic Design Spectrum
..
SURANAREE
EQK Ground Acceleration

EQK excitation is measured in term of
ground acceleration by accelerometer
El Centro 1940 E-W component
[ ELCN_EQK.DAT ]
g
u
MATLAB:
0.4
0.3
0.2
>>
>>
>>
>>
load elcn_eqk.dat
t = elcn_eqk(:,1);
ag = elcn_eqk(:,2)/980;
plot(t,ag)
0.1
0
-0.1
-0.2
-0.3
10
20
30
40
50
SDOF EQK Response
ug
u(t)
k
+ 2n u + n2 u = u
g ( t)
u
m
c
SDOF_EQK2.m
for i=2:nst
beqkdt=beqk*aeqk(i-1)*dt;
xt(i,:)=trmtrx(dt,AA,
beqkdt,xt(i-1,:),u,v);
end
figure(1);plot(t,xt(:,1))
axis([0 t(nst) -10 10])
figure(2);plot(t,aeqk)
load elcn_eqk.dat
eqk1=elcn_eqk;
t=eqk1(:,1);
aeqk=eqk1(:,2);
nst=length(t);dt=0.02;
Tn=0.5;dmprt=0.2;
wn=2*pi/Tn;
A=[0 1;-wn^2 -2*dmprt*wn];
beqk=[0 ; -1];
x0=[0;0];
xt(1,:)=x0;t(1)=0;
4
2
0
-2
-4
10
20
30
40
Equivalent Static Force (fs)

fs = k u( t )
where
= m n2 u( t)
A = n2 u( t )
= pseudo-acceleration
response
= m A( t )
fs(t)
Base shear: Vb(t) = fs(t)
= m A(t)
Vb(t)
Mb(t)
Overturning Moment:
Mb(t) = h fs(t)
>> A = wn^2*xt(:,1);
>> plot(t,A)
= h Vb(t)
Response Spectrum Concept

u(t)
To characterizing EQK effects on STR

Plotting peak value of response as a
Function of Tn and
SDOF
- u : deformation
ug
- v : velocity
- a : acceleration
Deformation Response Spectrum

0.4
For El Centro EQK
0.2
g
u
-0.2
-0.4
RUN: SDOF_EQK2.m
Vary Tn = 0
10
20
30
40
3, Fix = 2%
4
Tn = 0.5
2
0
= 2%
-2
-4
10
20
30
Record peak value

>> max(abs(xt(:,1)))
max u( t, Tn , )
t
40
50
Deformation Response Spectrum

DeformationResponse.m
load elcn_eqk.dat
eqk1=elcn_eqk;
t=eqk1(:,1);
aeqk=eqk1(:,2);
dmprt=0.02;
for idx=1:30
Tn(idx)=idx/10;
wn=2*pi/Tn(idx);
A = [0 1 ; -wn^2 -2*dmprt*wn];
beqk = [0 ; -1];
u,AA]=eig(A);v=inv(u)';
x0=[0;0];xt(1,:)=x0;t(1)=0;
for i=2:nst
xt(i,:)=trmtrx(dt,AA,beqkdt,
xt(i-1,:),u,v);
end
Dmax(idx)=max(abs(xt(:,1)));
end
plot(Tn,Dmax)
Dmax
Tn
Pseudo-velocity Response Spectrum

V = n D =
2
D
Tn
Strain energy stored in SDOF system during EQK:

Eso =
1
m V2
2
Pseudo-acceleration Response Spectrum

2
2
A = n2 D = D
Tn
Base shear = Equivalent static force
Vbo = fso = m A
D-V-A Response Spectrum

DVA_ResponseSpectrum.m
Dmax(idx)=max(abs(xt(:,1)));
load elcn_eqk.dat
Vmax(idx)=wn*Dmax(idx);
eqk1=elcn_eqk;t=eqk1(:,1);
Amax(idx)=wn^2*Dmax(idx);
aeqk=eqk1(:,2);
end
subplot(3,1,1),plot(Tn,Dmax)
dmprt=0.02;
subplot(3,1,2),plot(Tn,Vmax)
for idx=1:30
subplot(3,1,3),plot(Tn,Amax)
Tn(idx)=idx/10;
wn=2*pi/Tn(idx);
A = [0 1;-wn^2 -2*dmprt*wn];
D
beqk = [0 ; -1];
x0=[0;0];xt(1,:)=x0;t(1)=0;
V
for i=2:nst
xt(i,:)=trmtrx(dt,AA,beqkdt,
xt(i-1,:),u,v); A
end
Peak base shear can be written in the form:

Vbo =
A
W
g
A/g = base shear coefficient

= lateral force coefficient
NormA_Spectrum.m
+DVA_ResponseSpectrum.m
dmprt=[0 0.02 0.05 0.1 0.2];
for idd=1:length(dmprt)
Amax(idd,idx)=wn^2*max(abs(xt(:,1)))/980;
end
plot(Tn,Amax)
Example: Concrete BLD under El Centro EQK

Ec = 2.4x105 kg/cm2, Damping ratio = 5%
DL = 4.5 ton
12 2.4 105 30 4 / 12
12EI
=
k =
3
4003
h
4m
= 3,038 kgf/m
Tn =
6m
2
m
= 2
k
n
4.5 103
= 2
3,038 980
0.3 m
0.3 m
(m = W/g, g = 980 cm/s2)

Column
Tn = 0.24 sec.
From Tn = 0.24 sec and = 0.05
>> [Tn' Dmax' Amax']
Use DVA_ResponseSpectrum.m ans =

0.1000
0.2000
0.3000
0.1469
0.6592
1.5936
580.0587
650.6254
699.0127
V
D = 1.03 cm, A = 670 cm/s2
A
Peak deformation = 1.24 cm

0.24
3.08 ton
Equivalent static force:

fso =
A
670
W =
4.5 = 3.08 ton
g
980
1.24 cm
EQK Analysis of Building
Response Spectrum Analysis
..

SURANAREE
Seismic Analysis Methods

F3
- Equivalent Static Analysis
F2
Represent the effect of earthquake ground

motion by a series of equivalent lateral force
F1
Used in many building codes UBC-1985,

UBC-1997, IBC 2006, ASCE 7-05
Response
Vbase
- Response Spectrum Analysis

Taken into account the multi-modes response
Use response spectrum from a ground motion
- Time History Analysis

Linear Dynamic Analysis to calculate
time varying responses
- Pushover Analysis
Non-linear Static Analysis includes non-linear
property of materials
- Non-linear Dynamic Analysis
Shaking
Period
Time
Non-linear properties of structure are

considered as part of a time domain analysis.

!"# %& '
&&(#
)!
'& (

!"# %&)
)!

, (%-

(
-&%

. /01
(Dynamic Method)
Time-History Analysis
Multi-Degree of Freedom (MDOF) SYSTEMS
m
u3(t)
k/2
k/2
The deformation response {u} is to be

calculated from the equation of motion:
m
u2(t)
k/2
k/2
m
u1(t)
k/2
k/2
MDOF system is subjected to a ground

motion ug(t).
[M]{u&&} + [C]{u& } + [K ]{u} = [M]{1} u&&g (t )

where [ M ] = Mass matrix
[ C ] = Damping matrix
[ K ] = Stiffness matrix
ug(t)
Part A: Time History Analysis (RHA)

mn
&& + C u& + K u = M 1 u
&&g ( t)
Mu
mi
1 = [ 1 1 L 1]T
m1
m

&& + C u& + K u = 2 u
&&g ( t)
Mu
M

mn
m2
m1
0.4
0.3
&&g ( t)
u
0.2
0.1
0
-0 . 1
-0 . 2
-0 . 3
10
20
30
Modal Expansion
u( t) = i Yi = Y
&& + C Y& + K Y = M 1 u
&&g ( t)
MY
Premultiply by T
&& + C * Y& + K * Y = T M 1 u
&&g ( t)
M* Y
Modal Equations:
&& + 2 Y& + 2 Y = u
&&g (t )
Y
j
j
j
j
j
j
j
Replace u by D
&& + 2 D& + 2 D = u
&&
D
j
j
j
j
j
j
j g (t)
40
50
Example 1: 3-Story BLD under EQK

m 0 0
M = 0 m 0
0
0
m
m
m
EI
EI
k =
EI
12 EI
h3
2 1 0
12 EI
K =
1 2 1
3
h
0 1 1
&&g ( t)
u
Compute natural freq. & mode shape by MATLAB

>> [U,AA] = eig(inv(M)*K)
Modal Frequencies:
= [0.4450 1.2470 1.8019]
Mode Shapes:
12 EI
m h3
0.3280 0.7370 0.5910

= 0.5910 0.3280
0.7370
0.7370 0.5910 0.3280

First Mode:
&& + C * Y& + K * Y = T M 1 u
&&g ( t)
M* Y
m 0 0 1
L1 = 1 M 1 = [ 0.3280 0.5910 0.7370] 0 m 0 1
0 0 m 1
= 1.656 m
M1 = 1 M = m
1 =
L1
= 1.656
m1
1st Mode Equation of Motion:

2
&& + 2 Y
&
&&
Y
1
1 1 1 + 1 Y1 = 1.656 ug ( t )
State Equation:
&& + C u& + K u = M 1 u
&&g (t ) = f(t)
From M u
u( t)
x
(
t
)
=
State vector:
u& ( t)
u& (t ) = u& ( t)
&&(t ) = M 1Ku( t) M 1Cu& ( t) + M 1f ( t)
u
I u( t)
0
0
u& (t)
=
+
1
-1
-1
&&(t)
u
M f ( t)
- M K - M C u& ( t)
x& ( t) = A x( t) + B f ( t)
I
0
0
A = -1
,
B
=
1
-1
M
- M K - M C
m
Example 2: From Ex.1
EI
EI
k = 30 ton/cm
EI
= 5% in each mode
m = 40 ton/g
&&g ( t)
u
m = 40/980 = 0.0408 ton-sec2/cm
Buildings System Matrices

BLD_EQK.m
M=0.0408*diag([1 1 1]);
ki=30*[1 1 1];
dmprt = diag([0.05 0.05 0.05]);
Cstar = 2*w*dmprt*Mstar;
C = M*UU*Cstar*UU'*M;
% C = inv(UU')*Cstar*inv(UU)
%============ Form State Matrices A and B
ZM = zeros(size(M)); EM = eye(size(M));
A = [ZM EM;-inv(M)*K -inv(M)*C];
B = [ZM ; inv(M)];
F = -diag(M);
xt(1,:)=zeros(1,2*ndof);
for i=2:nst
beqkdt = B*F*aeqk(i-1)*dt;
xt(i,:)=trmtrx(dt,AA,beqkdt,xt(i-1,:),u,v);
end
10
-10
10
20
30
40
50
60
10
20
30
40
50
60
10
20
30
40
50
60
20
10
0
-10
20
-20
SPro V8i : Time-History Analysis

El Centro Earthquake, 1940

Animation
Part B: Response Spectrum Analysis (RSA)

Peak response of MDOF from the response spectrum without
using RHA
EQK Eq. of Motion:
mn
&& + C u& + K u = M 1 u
&&g ( t)
Mu
mi
1 = [ 1 1 L 1]T
m2
m1
m

&& + C u& + K u = 2 u
&&g ( t)
Mu
M

mn
m1
u = j Yj = Y
Modal Equations:
&&g ( t)
u
&& + C Y& + K Y = M 1 u
&&g ( t )
M Y
Premultiply by T
&& + T C Y& + TK Y = TM 1 u
&&g ( t )
TM Y
&& + C * Y& + K * Y = f * u
&&g ( t )
M* Y
Mode j Equation of Motion:

&& + c * Y& + k * Y = f * u
&&g ( t)
m*j Y
j
j
j
j
j
j
&& + 2 Y& + 2 Y = u
&&
Y
j
j
j
j
j
j
j g (t)
where
j = f j* / m*j
What is the response in mode j ?

A
Yj(t)
Peak
Aj = peak response of mode j
Design
A = 2 D
Peak disp. of mode j : D j = A j / 2j

Tj
Yj = j D j =
Tn
f
*
j
*
j
Aj
2j
2
&& + 2 D
&
&&
But D
j
j j j + j D j = ug ( t )
Modal Combination:
Peak Response: Rj of each mode not occur in the same time
Rj
Absolute rule:
Square-root-of-sum-of-square
SRSS:
( R 2j )
Different sign
Complete Quadratic Combination
CQC:
Pij =
n n
R = R i Pij R j
i=1 j=1
8 i j ( i + r j ) r 3 / 2
(1 r 2 ) 2 + 4 i j r (1 + r 2 ) + 4 (i2 + 2j ) r 2
Modal Displacements
1/ 2
r =
j
i
Modal displacement: u j = j
Story drift j :
fIn
f j*
m
*
j
Aj
uj+1
2
j
uj
j = u j+1 u j
Inertia forces :
fI3
fI = M A = M 2 D = K D
fI2
Base shear :
fI1
fI i
Overturning Moment :
hi fI i
Example 2: 2-Story BLD under EQK

m
2 0
M = m
0 1
k
2m
3 1
K = k
1
1
( K n2 M ) = 0
2k
&&g ( t)
u
K n2 M = 0
3k n2 (2m)
k
k
= 0
2
k n (m)
(2 m 2 ) 4 + ( 5 k m) 2 + 2 k 2 = 0
12 = k / 2m and 22 = 2k / m
Substitute into ( K 2 M ) = 0
For 12 = k / 2m ,
3k 12 (2m)
k
2k k
1
2
k k / 2 1 = 0
k
k
(
m
)
1
2 1 11
1 1/ 2 = 0
12
1/ 2
1 =
1
1/2
1
2 =
1
For 22 = 2k / m
Modal mass M*:
-1
m1* 0
M* = M =
*
0 m2
T
2 0 1/ 2
m1* = 1T M 1 = m [1/ 2 1]
1 = 3m / 2
0
1
Normalized 1 to make m1* = 1

1N =
1
3m / 2
1/ 2
1 =
1
6m
1

2
2N =
1
3m
1

1
For 2nd mode:

m = 3m
*
1
From MDOF Eq. of Motion: M u

&&( t) + K u( t) = M 1 u
&&g
2 0 1
2 m
M1 = m
=

0 1 1
m
1/ 2 1
= [1 2 ] =
1
1
1/ 2 1 2 m
2m
TM 1 =
= f*
=
1 1 m
m
f1* / m1*
2m /(3m / 2)
4 / 3
= *
=
=
*
m / 3m
f
/
m
1/ 3
2
2
j=1
j=1
Modal expansion of EQK force: M 1 = s j = j M j

4 2 0 1/ 2
4 1
s1 = m
= m
3 0 1 1
3 1
1 2 0 1
1 2
m
s2 = m
=
3 0 1 1
3 1
m
4m/3
2m
2 m
M1 =
m
-m/3
4m/3
Mode 1
s1
2m/3
Mode 2
s2
Seminar Note:
UBC 1985

UBC 1985
New Project Space Building10
Meter
Kilogram Next >
Open
Structure Wizard
Finish

Frame Models | Bay Frame
File | Merge Model

STAAD.Pro
with STAAD.Pro Model
General | Property Define Rectangle

:
YD = 0.5 m
ZD = 0.3 m
Concrete
8 10 :
YD = 0.3 m
ZD = 0.3 m
Concrete
57:
YD = 0.4 m
ZD = 0.4 m
Concrete
14:
YD = 0.3 m
ZD = 0.3 m
Concrete
STAAD.Pro Seminar 30 September 2010
3D

Rendered View
General | Support
Fixed

Load & Definition

General | Load & Definition
Definitions | Seismic Definitions Add
Seismic Parameters UBC 1985

Self Weight
Add
Add
Add Close
Floor Weights
Load & Definition
General | Load & Definition L1 : SEISMIC LOAD
L1 Add Seismic Loads

Load & Definition

Add Close
Analysis/Print Print Option Add
Analyze | Run Analysis

***********************************************************
*
*
* X DIRECTION : Ta = 0.702 Tb = 0.975 Tuser = 0.000 *
* C =
0.1001, LOAD FACTOR = 1.000
*
* UBC TYPE = 85
*
* UBC FACTOR V = 0.0134 x
1232372.88 =
16525.94 KG
*
*
*
***********************************************************
Modeling General | Load & Definition UBC LOAD
X 1
View From + Z
Postprocessing Node
Node
Displacement
Max X = 7.062 mm
| Displacement

Summary

Labels Scales
Displacement = 10 mm/m
View From + Y
Cut Section
Select To View | View Highlighted Only
OK View From + Z

Mz
Beam | Forces
Mz Fy
IBC 2006
IBC 2006

. 1502 .. 2552

7.2 m
7.2 m
8 @ 3.6 = 28.8 m
3.6 m
3.6 m
3.6 m
3.6 m
7.2 m
7.2 m
New Project Space
Building4
Meter
Metric Ton Next >
Open Structure Wizard Finish

Frame Models | Bay Frame
File | Merge Model

STAAD.Pro
General | Property Define Rectangle

:
YD = 0.4 m
ZD = 0.6 m
Concrete
YD = 0.6 m
ZD = 0.3 m
Concrete
YD = 0.75 m ZD = 0.3 m
Concrete
Select | Beam Parallel To

3D Rendered View
General | Support Fixed
Load & Definition

Definitions | Seismic Definitions Add
Seismic Parameters IBC 2006

Longitude

Zip Code, Latitude
S1

Ss = 0.760g S1 = 0.155g
Ss
0.02H
TL = 0.0214.4 = 0.288
TL
I
I = 1.5

RZ
X Z

R = 5, O = 3, Cd = 4.5

RX
SSL D SSL = 4
? Fa = 1.4 Fv = 2.18
Fa Fv
10

Selfweight = 1
Add
Load & Definition

Add Close
Load Case Details Add L1 : EQX
L1 Add Seismic Loads

X 1
11
L2 : EQZ Seismic Loads

Z 1

Seismic Definition
Add Floor Weights Hollow

Core Slab 400 ../..
12
Load & Definition

Add Close
Load Cases Details Add L3

LOAD L4 : LIVE LOAD
DEAD
LOAD
Selfweight
: DEAD
Y -1 Floor Load
13
Floor Load
LIVE LOAD
Load
Combination
Case
Details
Load
Add
L5 : 1.2D+1.0L+0.3EQX+1.0EQZ
L6 : 1.2D+1.0L+1.0EQX+0.3EQZ
L7 : 0.9D+0.3EQX+1.0EQZ
L8 : 0.9D+1.0EQX+0.3EQZ
14

Load & Definition

Analysis/Print Print Option Add

:
**************************************************************
* EQUIV. SEISMIC LOADS AS PER IBC 2006
*
* PARAMETERS CONSIDERED FOR SUBSEQUENT LOAD GENERATION
*
* SS = 0.706 S1 = 0.155 FA = 1.240 FV = 2.180
*
* SDS = 0.584 SD1 = 0.225
*
**************************************************************
15
X :
**********************************************************
* IBC 2006 SEISMIC LOAD ALONG X :
*
*
CT = 0.020 Cu = 1.475
*
* TIME PERIODS :
*
*
Ta = 0.360 T = 0.591 Tuser = 0.000
*
* TIME PERIOD USED (T) = 0.532
*
* Cs LIMITS : LOWER = 0.010 UPPER = 0.069
*
* LOAD FACTOR
= 1.000
*
* DESIGN BASE SHEAR
= 1.000 X 0.069 X 1317.45
*
*
= 90.77 MTON
*
**********************************************************
Z :
************************************************************
* IBC 2006 SEISMIC LOAD ALONG Z :
*
*
CT = 0.020 Cu = 1.475
*
* TIME PERIODS :
*
*
Ta = 0.360 T = 0.502 Tuser = 0.000
*
*
*
* LOAD FACTOR
= 1.000
*
* DESIGN BASE SHEAR
= 1.000 X 0.077 X
1317.45
*
*
=
101.60 MTON
*
************************************************************
16
Modal Analysis

L
Open Project BuildingL
17
CUT OFF MODE SHAPE

CUT

STAAD 6
OFF MODE SHAPE 6

Commands | Miscellaneous | Cut Off Mode Shape
General
General | Load & Definition Modal
L1 Add Frequency
Specification

Rigid Floor
Master/Slave Joint
|
Spec
18
Modal Calculation
Rayleigh Method
Modal Extraction Method
MODAL FREQUENCY
(Output file)
MODE
CALCULATED FREQUENCIES FOR LOAD CASE
FREQUENCY(CYCLES/SEC)
ACCURACY
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
1.635
2.907
4.796
5.655
8.071
9.079
11.066
11.452
13.852
15.152
PERIOD(SEC)
0.61166
0.34394
0.20849
0.17683
0.12390
0.11014
0.09036
0.08732
0.07219
0.06600
5.387E-16
1.022E-15
7.511E-16
7.203E-16
1.026E-14
6.970E-13
2.947E-12
1.579E-11
4.749E-12
4.365E-08
MODE SHAPE
Postprocessing Dynamics
19
Mode Shape 1
Mode Shape 2
Mode Shape 3
Extra Frames FPS

Animation

20
4

L
21
Spectrum Analysis
Response Spectrum

Analysis

Open Project ResponseSpec
SPECTRUM Edit
22
IBC
S1, SS Site Class Fa Fv
23
Generate

Graph Paper Type = Linear Close Close
Spectrum
6
Command | Miscellaneous | Cut Off Mode Shape

EIGENSOLUTION
MODE
PERIOD(SEC)
ACCURACY
0.711
1.40568
1.423E-14
0.765
1.30772
2.182E-13
0.886
1.12820
3.008E-13
2.036
0.49125
7.913E-08
2.071
0.48297
1.766E-07
2.188
0.45713
3.846E-07
24
MODAL BASE ACTIONS

MODAL BASE ACTIONS
FORCES IN MTON LENGTH IN METE
----------------------------------------------------------MOMENTS ARE ABOUT THE ORIGIN
MODE
PERIOD
FX
FY
FZ
MX
MY
MZ
1
2
3
4
5
6
1.406
1.308
1.128
0.491
0.483
0.457
34.66
103.16
21.36
1.70
28.82
8.19
0.04
-0.12
0.10
0.02
-0.01
-0.03
48.53
-74.76
26.32
8.23
-10.93
2.42
1310.41
-1959.85
636.90
-22.93
37.65
-9.56
-704.15
1363.16
289.58
-64.00
420.44
-123.89
-934.17
-2676.14
-498.39
7.15
146.81
61.07

PARTICIPATION
FACTORS
MASS PARTICIPATION FACTORS IN PERCENT

-------------------------------------MODE
SUMM-X
SUMM-Y
SUMM-Z
1
2
3
4
5
6
18.79
52.03
9.29
0.46
7.78
2.21
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
36.84
27.32
14.11
10.77
1.12
0.19
18.790
70.820
80.111
80.569
88.352
90.564
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
36.843
64.165
78.276
89.045
90.165
90.359
BASE SHEAR IN MTON

-----------------X
34.66
0.00
0.00
103.16
0.00
0.00
21.36
0.00
0.00
1.70
0.00
0.00
28.82
0.00
0.00
8.19
0.00
0.00
--------------------------TOTAL SRSS SHEAR
114.89
0.00
0.00
TOTAL 10PCT SHEAR
144.74
0.00
0.00
TOTAL ABS
SHEAR
197.89
0.00
0.00
Postprocessing
Node | Displacement

Labels
Scale
Apply Immediately
Displacement
25

Story Drift
Node Displacements
(Top Story Drift)
Summary Max Rst
231 63.821 mm
/H = 0.064/40 = 1/625 < 1/200 OK

View From + Y Beam Cursor

Cut
Select To View View

Highlighted Only OK View From + X

Section
26
Beam | Forces View From + Z

27

f(t)
(Displacement : u ),
&& = d 2 u / dt 2 )
(Velocity : u& = du / dt ) (Acceleration : u
(Equation of Motion)
M &&
u( t ) + C u& ( t ) + K u( t ) = f ( t )
(Damping Matrix) K
M (Mass Matrix), C
(Stiffness Matrix)

El
Centro
El Centro

STAAD.Pro
../Spro2007/STAAD/Examp/US/EQDATA.TXT
EQDATA.TXT STAAD.Pro
Notepad
28
EQDATA.TXT
Load & Definition

Load Case Details
Open Project TimeHistory
GROUND MOTION Edit..

29
Output File
TIME STEP USED IN TIME HISTORY ANALYSIS = 0.00139 SECONDS
NUMBER OF MODES WHOSE CONTRIBUTION IS CONSIDERED =
TIME DURATION OF TIME HISTORY ANALYSIS =
10
31.160 SECONDS
NUMBER OF TIME STEPS IN THE SOLUTION PROCESS =
22435
BASE SHEAR UNITS ARE -- MTON METE

MAX BASE SHEAR
X = -3.799E+02
AT TIMES
5.897
Y = 7.442E+00
Z = -5.037E+00
2.436
2.357
Post-processing Dynamics | Time-Disp

Displacement

Yes
30

TopFloor Node OK
Create Group
TopFloor
(Node Unassigned)

Create
Associate to
Selected Geometry Associate

Select Group
Group
Create Group
31
Time History
G1: _TOPFLOOR
X, Y Z
Select Groups
Time-Disp

Select Group

Tools | Create New
Group
X-Disp 143 mm 5.92

time history
.
STAAD.Pro V8i
32
Node | Displacement L2:

LOAD
TIME HISTORY

time history

5.9 .

33
Earthquake Analysis
For Building in Thailand

&

!"

$
%!&'
..

SURANAREE
Seismic Analysis Methods

F3
- Equivalent Static Analysis
F2
Represent the effect of earthquake ground

motion by a series of equivalent lateral force
F1
Used in many building codes UBC-1985,

UBC-1997, IBC 2006, ASCE 7-05
Response
Vbase
- Response Spectrum Analysis

Taken into account the multi-modes response
Use response spectrum from a ground motion
- Time History Analysis

Linear Dynamic Analysis to calculate
time varying responses
- Pushover Analysis
Non-linear Static Analysis includes non-linear
property of materials
- Non-linear Dynamic Analysis
Shaking
Period
Time
Non-linear properties of structure are

considered as part of a time domain analysis.
Seismic Codes
Uniform Building Codes: UBC1985
International Building Codes: IBC2000
ASCE 7-05
IBC 2006
Minimum Design Loads

for Buildings and Other
Structures
International
Building
Code
UBC1994
UBC1997
IBC2003
IBC2006

. 1302 #.$. 2552

!"# %& '
&&(#
)!
'& (

!"# %&)
)!

, (%-

(
-&%

. /01
(Dynamic Method)
Structural Irregularity
Buildings having irregular configurations are likely to
suffer greater damage than buildings having regular
configurations.
(a) vertically regular structure
(b) vertically irregular structure
Vertical Stiffness Irregularity Soft Story

A soft story has a stiffness less than 70% of the story immediately above,
or less than 80% of the average stiffness of the three stories above.
Shearwall or
braced frame
Soft
story
Soft
story
Soft story stiffness < 70% story stiffness above

< 80% average stiffness of the three
stories above
Mass (Weight) Irregularity

A story has a mass (weight) irregularity when its mass is more than 150% of the effective mass
of the story above or below.
Heavy
mass
Soft mass > 150% adjacent story mass
Geometric Irregularity
A story has vertical geometric irregularity when the horizontal dimension of a storys lateral
force-resisting system is more than 130% of that in an adjacent story.
Story dimension > 130% adjacent story dimension
In-plane Discontinuity
An in-plane discontinuity exists at a story when there is an in-plane offset of the lateral loadresisting elements greater than the length of those elements.
discontinuous
shearwall
braced
frame
Vertical Strength Irregularity Weak Story

A weak story (discontinuity in capacity) exists when the story strength is less than 80%
of the story above.
weak
story
Weak story strength < 80% story strength above
&'(&)
(Torsional Irregularity)

(max. story drift) ,-,./,
1.2 , 2
3,
,- 2 ,.,
+ 2
2 > 1 .2 1
&'(&+, (Reentrant Corner Irregularity)

,.,.4 54.63 733 32348
69
.3
15 ,66,; 469
projecting wing D2 > 0.15D1
D1
re-entrant corner
D2
L2
L1
projecting wing L2 > 0.15L1
Diaphragm Discontinuity
Diaphragm discontinuity occurs with diaphragms having abrupt discontinuities or variations in
stiffness, including when there are cutout, or open areas greater than 50%
rigid
diaphragm
flexible
diaphragm
open
An out-of-plane offset is a discontinuity in the lateral force path an out-of-plane offset of the
vertical elements.
A nonparallel system is one for which the vertical load-carrying elements are not parallel to or
symmetrical about the major orthogonal axes of the lateral force-resisting system.
1.4.5.2 -.%/%0

48 7 7= -
8
> ?6
@

3>
? ;
-5 -66
95 -7= 1, 3, 5 8
7
? ;
-5 -66
95 -7= 2, 4 8
6
( 1 '(

!%%%'
10

D
Model Building in STAAD.Pro
Design Spectrum
"
$&$-.%
$.!" (&$" 1.4)
!
""
Ss = 0.857
!
" 1 !#
S1 = 0.248
$"%
D
&#' 1.4-2 1.4-3 "( D :
#'" (0.2 !#)

Fa = 1.157
#' ! (1 !#)
Fv = 1.904
SDS =
2
2
Fa SS = 1.157 0.857 = 0.661
3
3
SD1 =
2
2
Fv S1 = 1.904 0.248 = 0.315
3
3
"%"%! !)#"* (!%#' 1.4.5 , #' 1.4-3)
SDS = 0.661
SD1 = 0.315
T0 = 0.2SD1/SDS = 0.095
TS = SD1/SDS = 0.477
Sa(g)
SDS=0.661
Sa = SD1/T
SD1=0.315
0.210
0.4SDS=0.264
0.158
T0=0.095
TS=0.477
SPro: Response Spectrum
1.0
1.5
2.0

2550
(UBC 1985)

!"#$ % UBC 1985
" New Project

Space
' Building10
$ Meter $
Kilogram () Next >
$
* Open
Structure Wizard
()
Finish

'" Frame Models > Bay Frame

File > Merge Model
$ STAAD.Pro

#$ General > Property () Define Rectangle

$ +(' :
YD = 0.5 m
ZD = 0.3 m
Concrete
$ '
8 10 :
YD = 0.3 m
ZD = 0.3 m
Concrete
$ '
57:
YD = 0.4 m
ZD = 0.4 m
Concrete
$ '
14:
YD = 0.3 m
ZD = 0.3 m
Concrete
STAAD.Pro EQK Equivalent Static Load
By Dr.Mongkol JIRAVACHARADET
+, - () 3D

"".

Rendered View

#$ General > Support

(

Fixed , $$$+% +(
#$ General > Load & Definition $

Load & Definition +
.
Definitions > Seismic Definitions "() Add
$
Seismic Parameters UBC 1985 "/ .

"() Add $

.0 $ Self Weight
.0 $"()
Add
Floor Weights , $

"() Add Close
$
Load & Definition
#+$ General > Load & Definition

1+( L1 : SEISMIC LOAD
L1 "() Add Seismic Loads , $+"2+

3/

() Add Close $

Load & Definition
#+$ Analysis/Print Print Option +

() Add

, 1 Analyze > Run Analysis
!
4!#3/
!
***********************************************************
*
*
* X DIRECTION : Ta = 0.702 Tb = 0.975 Tuser = 0.000 *
* C =
0.1001, LOAD FACTOR = 1.000
*
* UBC TYPE = 85
*
* UBC FACTOR V = 0.0134 x
1232372.88 =
16525.94 KG
*
*
*
***********************************************************
$ Modeling #$ General > Load & Definition " UBC
LOAD X 1 $
34
.

.
(
View From + Z
. $ Postprocessing #$ Node

Node
Displacement
Max X = 7.062 mm
> Displacement

+
.
.
" * Summary +(
". $
34 Labels " * Scales '
Displacement = 10 mm/m
(
View From + Y
"# Cut Section

Select To View > View Highlighted Only
() OK (
View From + Z
#$ Beam > Forces ()
*() Mz .0 () Fy

5 $$
/ Mz $$
! .1302
(IBC 2006)

!"#$ % IBC 2006 60

% !"#$ !. 1302 .
8 8" !

.2. 2552
+' 0
.
"

, 1; ! . .
%

"$-'
7.2 m
7.2 m
8 @ 3.6 = 28.8 m
3.6 m
3.6 m
3.6 m
3.6 m
7.2 m
"
New Project

Space
Meter $
7.2 m

' Building4 $

Metric Ton () Next >
$
* Open Structure Wizard () Finish


File > Merge Model
$ STAAD.Pro


$ +(' :
YD = 0.4 m
ZD = 0.6 m
Concrete
$ :
YD = 0.6 m
ZD = 0.3 m
Concrete
$ .

:
YD = 0.75 m ZD = 0.3 m
Concrete

/
Select > Beam Parallel To +"2+
+

"# 3D Rendered View
#$ General > Support (

Fixed $$+% +(
""

Load & Definition +
.
Definitions > Seismic Definitions "() Add
$
Seismic Parameters % IBC 2006
"/
<

Longitude , $
"+
.
60
'#
5 " $ +
'
#
Zip Code, Latitude
S1

.
(
+$ "1= ("$ Ss = 0.760g S1 = 0.155g
Ss
TL #$
(Long-period transition period) !.1302

##, $ ASCE +$>.
" ' 12 " +
I
3/ , >.

I = 1.5
RZ 3/

+"2+
X Z .0?1
.

"$-+ $
, , $ R = 5, O = 3, Cd = 4.5
RX
SSL '".
" '"" ;+ D ' SSL = 4
Fa
Fv "+8"@, $" ' Fa = 1.24 Fv = 2.18
"+8"@ .

(Building period coefficient)

$ * .
$ $ #
-# , 1
*CT
10
*
*Period in X and Z Direction #$ X Z 60

% !. 1302 *, 1 1 0.02H , $
"$- = 0.0214.4 = 0.288 " +
() Add $

$, $ Selfweight 3/ = 1 () Add
"
, $, $
B >$
1 +( "
; $
11
" Load Case Details () Add

1+( L1 : EQX

X 3/ 1

L2 : EQZ Seismic Loads , $+"2+
Z 3/ 1

" Seismic Definition

, $""
" Floor Weights , $ ', - Hollow
Core Slab $ 400 ../.. +
.

12
() Add Close $

Load & Definition
" Load Cases Details () Add

, $+( L3
LOAD L4 : LIVE LOAD

" DEAD
, $
LOAD
, $ Selfweight
Y -1
: DEAD
, $ Floor
Load
13
" LIVE LOAD , $ Floor Load , $
, $+(+

.0 $ 34

14
" Load
Combination

Case
Details
() Add

1 +( Load
L5 : 1.2D+1.0L+0.3EQX+1.0EQZ
L6 : 1.2D+1.0L+1.0EQX+0.3EQZ
L7 : 0.9D+0.3EQX+1.0EQZ
L8 : 0.9D+1.0EQX+0.3EQZ

1+(+(1 $
Load & Definition

15

() Add

!
4!#3/
! ! , 1

:
**************************************************************
*
*
* SS = 0.706 S1 = 0.155 FA = 1.240 FV = 2.180
*
* SDS = 0.584 SD1 = 0.225
*
**************************************************************

! X Z :
************************************************************
* IBC 2006 SEISMIC LOAD ALONG X :
*
*
CT = 0.020 Cu = 1.475
*
* TIME PERIODS :
*
*
Ta = 0.360 T = 0.288 Tuser = 0.288
*
*
*
* LOAD FACTOR
= 1.000
*
* DESIGN BASE SHEAR
= 1.000 X 0.175 X 1317.45
*
*
= 230.67 MTON
*
************************************************************
16
#$%
3 @ 4 = 12 m

+!
560

.(
+$
8 '
'
3 60
!
5 .
60
'
4
"3+/

5 @ 4 = 20 m
&''(
1.5 m
1m
1.5 m
2m
1m
1m
1m
3m
2m
1m
4m
0.5 1 m 0.5
&')#
"
&')'(
( *
New Project

Space
Meter $

' BLDSW8 $

Metric Ton () Next >
$
* Open Structure Wizard () Finish


17

File > Merge Model
$ STAAD.Pro


$ .
YD = 0.4 m, ZD = 0.6 m ( Concrete

Select > Beam Parallel To Y () Assign
+#$%&')
(
View From +Y
.
6 !
18
()
(
View From X #

Cut Section > Select to View > View Highlighted Only OK
" '

Ctrl+C Ctrl+V Y = -1 m +, 6, Y
= -2 m Y = -3 m #
6 .

'

Ctrl+C Ctrl+V Z = 1.5 m +, 6,
Z = 2.5 m #
()
!

# '
"+.- D" '
4

# ". Structure Diagrams
Fill Plated #
' Beams Cursor

/ +
$'

Delete
19
' Plates
Cursor
!!
+
$
Cut Section

Show All
(
Isometric View
"#
#

Circular Repeat

20
+.!

.
. +
.0$'
Cut
(
View From +X
Section

+'(
( *
',&')
(
View From +Y

+
"3+/
()
(
View From + Z #

" .
6 Ctrl+C Ctrl+V X = 1 m +, 6, X =
3 m !
. #

#
"!
+ .0 ' Plate Cursor "#

Circular Repeat
21
"!

"3+/ +
'
Delete +"
" +.!

Ctrl+C Ctrl+V Z = -2 m
(
View From + Y !
+
'

()
(
View From - Z #

22
" .
6 Ctrl+C Ctrl+V X = -0.5 m +, 6, X
= -1.5 m #
Ctrl+C Ctrl+V Y = -1 m +, 6,

Y = -3 m #
()
!

# '
"+.- D" '

23
"#
Cut Section

Show All
(
View From + Y ' Beam Cursor
"3+/
!
' Plate Cursor !

"3+/
"#
Circular Repeat

24
+
%-
"#
(
View From +Y ()
Cut Section
* Range By Min/Max
#

, $"1
"3+/$
.0 . '#

(
"3+/#
5 .
- '

"3+/#
25
!+

.0 "#
Circular Repeat

"#
(
Isometric View
Cut Section Show All

Select > Beam Parallel To X Z X Z +
$ Delete +"
#$ General > Property () Thickness $ 0.2 m ' Assign
To View , $$!
+
$
26

Select > By All > All Geometry +
$
"#
Translation Repeat

#

!4
"3+/+'( , $ $ $'"
#$ General
+($
> Support

(
Pinned , $$$+%
27
-#.

(" .(
+$ 60
6 5
6+
(
+
+ 1.4-5 .
% !. 1302

+ 1.4-4

'"
, $ "8
*"++
, $6 5 Sa (0.2 s) = 0.126g Sa (1 s) = 0.158g

Load & Definition "
Definitions > Seismic Definitions () Add
$
Seismic Parameters % IBC
S1 $, 1

2006
$-
Ss

+ 1.4-2 , $'";+ E (" Ss 0.25 # Fa = 2.5
SDS = (2/3) Fa Ss = 0.126 Ss = 0.0756 < 0.25

+ 1.4-3 , $'";+ E (" S1 0.1 # Fv = 3.5
SD1 = (2/3) Fv S1 = 0.158 S1 = 0.0677 < 0.1
+
#$, 1 0.02H = 0.0224 = 0.48 " +
I
+
3/ , >.

"'
I=1

!+

,
5 8
# R = 6, O = 2.5, Cd = 5
SSL '".
" '"" ;+ E ' SSL = 5
28
() Add $

Self Weight $() Add Close
" Load Case Details () Add

1+( L1 : EQZ

Z 3/ 1

29
" DEAD LOAD , $ Selfweight Y -1 Assign To View
, $ Plate Load > Pressure on Full Plate > W1 = -0.1 Mton/m2 +"2 GY
" LIVE LOAD , $ Plate Load : W1 = -0.3 Mton/m2 +"2 GY
" PR GY -0.1 Mton/m2

Select > Plates Parallel To XZ
Assign To Selected Plates () Assign
" PR GY -0.3 Mton/m2 +, '
30

1+(
.


() Add

!
4!#3/
! ! , 1

:
************************************************************
*
*
* SS = 0.076 S1 = 0.068 FA = 2.500 FV = 3.500
*
* SDS = 0.126 SD1 = 0.158
*
************************************************************

! Z :
***********************************************************
* IBC 2006 SEISMIC LOAD ALONG Z :
*
*
CT = 0.020 Cu = 1.584
*
* TIME PERIODS :
*
*
Ta = 0.529 T = 0.480 Tuser = 0.480
*
*
*
* LOAD FACTOR
= 1.000
*
* DESIGN BASE SHEAR
= 1.000 X 0.021 X 1426.19
*
*
= 29.95 MTON
*
***********************************************************
31
+( ,
. $ Post Processing #$ Node > Displacement +
#$ Beam > Forces

;
32
#$ Plate > Contour $

! !
',
Cut Section 5 !
.

"3+/
33
..#$%
" 1 $
!

+"1!
.
. $ Modeling "# Add Surface

#
+ /
/6/
"+$(+
!
+ +,
#$ General > Property () Thickness Surface Thickness
$ 20 cm Assign To View

Command

> Loading > Load List
, $1+(+ '
"#
$ cm $

kg
#$ Design > Shearwall % ACI
() Define Parameters , $ "/

FC ,
240 kg/cm2 () Add
FYMAIN ,
$-"$ 4000 kg/cm2 () Add
34
TWOLAYERED (1) Double layered () Add
TRACK (1.0) Detailed Output () Add Close
, $ "/+

#$ Surface !
+
$ ' Assign To View
"() Commands $

DESIGN SHEARWALL "() Assign
, $$ Surface !
+

! ' Assign To View

, 1 Analyze > Run Analysis ! #3/
!
==============================================================================
SHEARWALL
NO. :
WIDTH :
HEIGHT :
THICKNESS :
4.92 FT
9.84 FT
7.87 IN
DESIGN CODE : ACI 318-02

FC :
FY :
CONC. COVER :
3.41 KSI
56.89 KSI
3.000 IN
BOUNDARY ELEMENTS : NOT REQUIRED

REINFORCING SUMMARY (REBAR SPACING/AREA UNITS: IN/IN^2)
==============================================================================
LEVEL
GOV.LOAD
HORIZONTAL/
VERTICAL/
EDGE/
(FT)
NO. FOR
RATIO
RATIO
AREA/RATIO
HOR./
(MIN. RATIO)
(MIN. RATIO)
(MIN. RATIO)
VERT./
EDGE REBAR
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------8.86
4/
# 3 @
11.00/
# 3 @
18.00/
2 - # 3/
4/
0.00127
0.00078
0.220/ 0.00059
4
( 0.00250)
( 0.00150)
( 0.00018)*
Fy =
Fxy=
-79.88 K
-2.97 K
Fy =
-79.88 K
Fy =
-79.88 K
Fxy=
-2.97 K
Mz =
10.37 K-FT
My =
-0.13 K-FT
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------7.87
4/
# 3 @
11.00/
# 3 @
18.00/
2 - # 3/
4/
0.00127
0.00078
0.220/ 0.00059
4
( 0.00250)
( 0.00150)
( 0.00014)*
Fy =
Fxy=
-80.56 K
-2.97 K
Fy =
Fxy=
-79.76 K
0.10 K
Fy =
Fxy=
-76.49 K
-2.97 K
Fy =
-80.56 K
Fy =
-80.56 K
Fxy=
-2.97 K
Mz =
7.80 K-FT
My =
-0.17 K-FT
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------6.89
4/
# 3 @
11.00/
# 3 @
18.00/
2 - # 3/
4/
0.00127
0.00078
0.220/ 0.00059
4
( 0.00250)
( 0.00150)
( 0.00010)*
Fy =
-79.76 K
Fy =
-79.76 K
Fxy=
0.10 K
Mz =
5.76 K-FT
My =
-0.20 K-FT
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------5.91
4/
# 3 @
11.00/
# 3 @
18.00/
2 - # 3/
4/
0.00127
0.00078
0.220/ 0.00059
4
( 0.00250)
( 0.00150)
( 0.00011)*
Fy =
-76.49 K
Fy =
-76.49 K
Fxy=
-2.97 K
Mz =
6.24 K-FT
My =
-0.25 K-FT
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
35
==============================================================================
SHEARWALL
NO. :
WIDTH :
HEIGHT :
THICKNESS :
DESIGN CODE : ACI 318-02
4.92 FT
9.84 FT
7.87 IN
FC :
FY :
CONC. COVER :
3.41 KSI
56.89 KSI
3.000 IN
BOUNDARY ELEMENTS : NOT REQUIRED

REINFORCING SUMMARY (REBAR SPACING/AREA UNITS: IN/IN^2)
==============================================================================
LEVEL
GOV.LOAD
HORIZONTAL/
VERTICAL/
EDGE/
(FT)
NO. FOR
RATIO
RATIO
AREA/RATIO
HOR./
(MIN. RATIO)
(MIN. RATIO)
(MIN. RATIO)
VERT./
EDGE REBAR
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------4.92
4/
# 3 @
11.00/
# 3 @
18.00/
2 - # 3/
4/
0.00127
0.00078
0.220/ 0.00059
4
( 0.00250)
( 0.00150)
( 0.00011)*
Fy =
Fxy=
-79.52 K
0.09 K
Fy =
-79.52 K
Fy =
-79.52 K
Fxy=
0.09 K
Mz =
6.07 K-FT
My =
-0.28 K-FT
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------3.94
4/
# 3 @
11.00/
# 3 @
18.00/
2 - # 3/
4/
0.00127
0.00078
0.220/ 0.00059
4
( 0.00250)
( 0.00150)
( 0.00011)*
Fy =
Fxy=
-79.18 K
0.09 K
Fy =
Fxy=
-67.83 K
-2.97 K
Fy =
Fxy=
-79.05 K
0.11 K
Fy =
-79.18 K
Fy =
-79.18 K
Fxy=
0.09 K
Mz =
6.16 K-FT
My =
-0.31 K-FT
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------2.95
4/
# 3 @
11.00/
# 3 @
18.00/
2 - # 3/
4/
0.00127
0.00078
0.220/ 0.00059
4
( 0.00250)
( 0.00150)
( 0.00007)*
Fy =
-67.83 K
Fy =
-67.83 K
Fxy=
-2.97 K
Mz =
4.15 K-FT
My =
-0.37 K-FT
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------1.97
4/
# 3 @
11.00/
# 3 @
18.00/
2 - # 3/
4/
0.00127
0.00078
0.220/ 0.00059
4
( 0.00250)
( 0.00150)
( 0.00010)*
Fy =
-79.05 K
Fy =
-79.05 K
Fxy=
0.11 K
Mz =
5.75 K-FT
My =
-0.39 K-FT
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------0.98
4/
4/
4
# 3 @
11.00/
0.00127
( 0.00250)
Fy =
Fxy=
# 3 @
18.00/
0.00078
( 0.00150)
2 - # 3/
0.220/ 0.00059
( 0.00007)*
Fy =
-69.08 K
Fy =
-69.08 K
Fxy=
-2.97 K
Mz =
-4.00 K-FT
My =
-0.45 K-FT
----------------------------------------------------------------------------NOTE :
ALL HEIGHTS ARE IN LOCAL COORDINATE SYSTEM OF THE SURFACE.
NUMBER OF REINFORCING LAYERS IN EACH DIRECTION : 2
HORIZONTAL AND VERTICAL REINFORCING IS PER LAYER.
REINFORCING DISTRIBUTION BETWEEN LAYERS IS 50/50.
CENTROID OF EDGE REBAR ASSUMED AT 0.8 WALL WIDTH FROM COMPRESSION EDGE.
*) MIN. REINFORCING RATIO BASED ON ARTICLE 10.5.3.
==============================================================================
-69.08 K
-2.97 K
36
Response Spectrum

10

!"
#$%! & '# ! ( '# ") D)
#+ New Project !, Space

,+ SpectrumBLD10
!, Meter Metric Ton '- Next >

.'!, Open Structure Wizard !'- Finish
!, #' Frame Models | Bay Frame '
STAAD.Pro EQK Response Spectrum Analysis
+ File > Merge Model

! STAAD.Pro
,+ '!!&
+ Geometry > Run Structure Wizard !, Frame Models > Bay Frame
+ Edit > Add/Paste Model in STAAD.Pro / '0''
1 General > Property '- Define !, Rectangle '

+ 1, 4 :
YD = 0.4 m
ZD = 0.4 m
Concrete
+ 2, 3 1-3 :
YD = 0.8 m
ZD = 0.8 m
Concrete
+ 2, 3 4-6 :
YD = 0.6 m
ZD = 0.6 m
Concrete
+ 2, 3 7-10 :
YD = 0.4 m
ZD = 0.4 m
Concrete
' :
YD = 0.6 m
ZD = 0.3 m
Concrete
/ '
' 2 +
'!+ !"
&!, +"

!#1 3D Rendered View
,+ ''!#
#
1 General > Support 0' & && Fixed '+
3

View From +Z

&!, 4 !" !'-
,+ 4 ,
1 General > Property '- Thickness 15 cm ! Assign
To View / ' 4 , 4

'50"!'+ 1
/ $' 0
!
0 1'+/5
'
.1/ ' STAAD 0"/ $ 6 ' &/+ CUT
OFF MODE SHAPE 6 4./ '0/ ' 1''
+ Commands > Miscellaneous > Cut

Off Mode Shape 0/ '&
10 '
1 General > Load & Definition !#!, Load Cases Details !'-
Add $& 1 : Modal Analysis '- Add
' Close
!#$& 1 : Model
6
2 1 ' !
Analysis
'- Add /
Selfweight
# X
!# SELFWEIGHT X 1 !' Assign To View
!# 1 : Model Analysis !'- Add !, Frequency 78+
'
0" # 9 !, , Rayleigh Method !" Modal

Extraction Method !, Modal Calculation '- Add
' Close
Modal
Calculation
1 Analysis/Print !, Print Option = No Print '- Add

' Close
+ / $ Analyze | Run Analysis , ' Ctrl+F5
MODAL FREQUENCY
! / $: 0# !, ;'' 16!2 '4! (Output
file) !# !,
EIGENSOLUTION
MODE
1
2
3
4
5
1.710
2.360
3.825
5.322
6.747
1
PERIOD(SEC)
0.58475
0.42375
0.26143
0.18791
0.14822
6
7
8
9
10
8.682
10.015
12.856
13.455
16.356
0.11518
0.09985
0.07778
0.07432
0.06114
MODE PARTICIPATION
-------------------------------------MODE
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
51.70
0.00
29.12
0.00
5.76
0.00
3.30
0.00
3.15
1.88
Y
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
Z
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
SUMM-X
SUMM-Y
SUMM-Z
51.696
51.696
80.812
80.812
86.571
86.571
89.867
89.867
93.013
94.897
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0#0$ !0"& 5 ' (1, 3, 5, 7, 9) 0"

!1' 93 27:
2 !'
MODE SHAPE
' Postprocessing !, Dynamics !#!, '0 & !&2
Mode 1
Mode 3
Mode 5
Mode 7
Mode 9
1 Animation / '' ! &!+ Extra Frames !" FPS

"
!+ ' & !&2,+ '+ 1

!"'

X Z
# "2 '+ 1+ / 1 1

3 4. 1302 78+
#0$="!,+ + X ' 78+ 01 &! $
1
, 4 '# 1 # 8+&, 2 #+
=
!&' Modeling 1 General > Load & Definition !#$&

Modal Analysis !#+ / SELFWEIGHT Z 1 1,+ #0$
!,+ 1 Z '
+ / $ Analyze | Run Analysis , ' Ctrl+F5
MODAL FREQUENCY
! / $: 0# !, ;'' 16!2 '4! (Output
file) !# !,
EIGENSOLUTION
MODE
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10

1.203
1.676
1.710
2.665
3.030
3.825
4.835
5.843
6.747
7.099
1
PERIOD(SEC)
0.83158
0.59674
0.58475
0.37523
0.33002
0.26143
0.20683
0.17113
0.14822
0.14086
MODE PARTICIPATION
-------------------------------------MODE
X
Y
Z
SUMM-X
SUMM-Y
1
0.00 0.00 56.35
0.000
0.000
2
0.00 0.00 0.00
0.000
0.000
3
51.70 0.00 0.00
51.696
0.000
4
0.00 0.00 25.65
51.696
0.000
5
0.00 0.00 0.00
51.696
0.000
6
29.12 0.00 0.00
80.812
0.000
SUMM-Z
56.353
56.353
56.353
82.000
82.000
82.000
7
8
9
10
0.00
0.00
5.76
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
4.73
0.00
0.00
3.52
80.812
80.812
86.571
86.571
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
86.732
86.732
86.732
90.254
0#0$ !0"& 5 ' (1, 3, 4, 6, 7) 0"

!1' 87 27:
2 !'
MODE SHAPE
' Postprocessing !, Dynamics !#!, '0 & !&2
Mode 1
Mode 3
Mode 6
Mode 4
Mode 7

#"2 4 '# 1 0/ '$&
#
' !"
2 #
2
'
(Cracked Section) 0&8+ 8+
2 # 2

'
: (Gross Section)
!&' Modeling 1 General >

Property Reduction Factors '
Spec
'- Beam !!, .&
'- Add
' Close ! Assign To View 2 '
' Ctrl+F5 / $ !;'' Output File 0"&.+9

#

!"'0"
+/!
MODE
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8

0.922
1.276
1.318
2.013
2.283
2.909
3.615
4.368
1
PERIOD(SEC)
1.08506
0.78399
0.75897
0.49676
0.43793
0.34373
0.27660
0.22891
10

10

!"
#$%! & '# ! ( '# ") D)
/& &&
/&, ++

3 4.1302 #
+&
# Ss
!"#
+& 1 # S1 = 0.248
= 0.857
0
+ 1.4-2 !" 1.4-3 4.1302 "#9#>/&'# ") D +&
(0.2 # ) Fa = 1.157 !"+& Fv = 1.904
!/'&

& /& &&
+ 1.4.4 &
S DS =
2
2
Fa Ss = 1.157 0.857 = 0.661
3
3
S D1 =
2
2
Fv S1 = 1.904 0.248 = 0.315
3
3
,+ / !16

,+ &&
+ 1.4.5 0"1'
T0 = 0.2 S D1 / S DS = 0.095
TS = S D1 / S DS = 0.477
Sa(g)
SDS=0.661
Sa = SD1/T
SD1=0.315
0.210
0.158
0.4SDS=0.264
T
T0=0.095 TS=0.477

1.0
1.5
2.0
!&' Modeling 1 General > Load & Definition

$&8
,+ DYN EQK X / SELFWEIGHT X 1 !"
SELFWEIGHT Z 1 ! Assign To View 2
11
'- Add !, / Response Spectrum '0" /6

+1
! !
m/sec2 ' 0"
$ g = 9.81
m/sec2 !08 !
'
'- Add
' Close

Load & Definition 0"
! '
12
+ / $ Analyze > Run Analysis !;''16!2 '4!

MODAL BASE ACTIONS
' !"
2+#'8
!"'
MODAL BASE ACTIONS

MODE
PERIOD
FX
FY
FZ
MX
MY
MZ
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
1.085
0.784
0.759
0.497
0.438
0.344
0.277
0.229
0.196
0.190
0.00
0.00
112.05
0.00
0.00
87.20
0.00
0.00
16.92
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
672.28
0.00
0.00
523.20
0.00
0.00
101.54
0.00
0.00
0.00
-2240.57
0.00
0.00
-476.96
0.00
0.00
-70.66
0.00
'
!"'+

!,+ +
!"# !" =, +3
!"'
PARTICIPATION
FACTORS

-------------------------------------MODE
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
0.00
0.00
52.09
0.00
0.00
29.10
0.00
0.00
5.65
0.00
0.00 55.54
0.00 0.00
0.00 0.00
0.00 26.67
0.00 0.00
0.00 0.00
0.00 4.70
0.00 0.00
0.00 0.00
0.00 3.50
SUMM-X
SUMM-Y
SUMM-Z
0.000
0.000
52.091
52.091
52.091
81.190
81.190
81.190
86.837
86.837
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
55.538
55.538
55.538
82.205
82.205
82.205
86.902
86.902
86.902
90.402
BASE SHEAR IN MTON

-----------------X
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
112.05
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
87.20
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
16.92
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
--------------------------TOTAL SRSS SHEAR
142.98
0.00
0.00
TOTAL 10PCT SHEAR
142.98
0.00
0.00
TOTAL ABS
SHEAR
216.17
0.00
0.00
' Postprocessing ,+ '4!#"2

1+ Node > Displacement ,+ '4!
!# )

''!
!, Labels

+ '8 !!, .& Scale !#
Apply Immediately !&
!!
Displacement 0 :
'0 '
!
13

0"
0 &
, Story Drift '

+' (Top Story Drift) '1'0
Node Displacements ' 7 '!
'!#!, .& Summary !#+', Max Rst ' $ , '
83 !,+
112 mm
0 &
/H
= 0.112/30 = 1/268 < 1/200 OK
!+ View From + Y Beam Cursor

&!,
'
!#1 Cut
Section
'- OK

'
Highlighted Only
!# .& Select To View !!, View

!!+ View From + Z 0"1' &&
14
1 Beam > Forces '-

2'' '

!"
,+ ' =, !"'-
,+ '

15

#$%!"

0" +4 =, !" "&&, 1 78+

!"#$%!
#+ New Project !, Space

,+ SpectrumBLDSW
!, Meter Metric Ton '- Next >

.'!, Open Structure Wizard !'- Finish
!, #' Frame Models > Bay Frame '
16
+ File > Merge Model

! STAAD.Pro
'-
,+ ' #

#0" '
,+ '!!&
!+ View From +Y !

&,+ !& 2

17
+ Edit > Add/Paste Model in STAAD.Pro '!+ Y = 14 m
'-
!+ View From +X !

&!, 2

18
'-
Cut Section !, Select To View > View Highlighted Only
'-
!+ View From +Y !

&,+ !& 2

'-
Cut Section > Show All
19
+ Edit > Add/Paste Model in STAAD.Pro '!+ Y = 38 m
1 General > Property '- Define !, Rectangle '
+ 1 4 :
YD = 1.0 m
ZD = 1.0 m
Concrete
+ 5 12 :
YD = 0.8 m
ZD = 0.8 m
Concrete
+ 13 20 :
YD = 0.6 m
ZD = 0.6 m
Concrete
/ '
' '
&!, +

From +X +
Cut Section
+ Select > Beams Parallel to

Assign 0 +
View
'="+!,
Y !, Assign To Selected Beams
!'
Cut Section !, Show All
20

Properties '- Thickness !, Plate Element Thickness
',
0.5 m :
4 + 1 4
0.4 m :
4 + 5 12
0.3 m :
4 + 13 20 !" 4 ,
+ Select > Beam Parallel To X !" Select > Beam Parallel To Z !
'-
Fill Floor Grid with Plates
!, Plate Thickness + 0.3 m + Select > Plate Parallel To
XZ !, Assign To Selected Plates '- Assign
/ '4 '

&!, '
View From +Y
'-
Cut Section !, Select To View
> View Highlighted Only
!!+
View From +X
21
&!, +0"4 !'-
0& 1, Plate Cursor
!+ View From X ,+ !&4 +1,
Fill Floor Grid with Plates
!#!, !' Delete !&#
'4 '!#-
Add 4-Noded Plate !!#+ '+'.
:0"1'
:1' '4 0 & '
!#!, ! Plate Cursor
&!, +

22
!, Assign To Selected Plates !'- Assign /0 &
'-
Cut Section > Show All
+ Select > Beam Parallel To X !" Select > Beam Parallel To Z !
'- Delete ,+ !& '#
!+ View From +Y

&!, 4 !!&#
1 General > Support 0' & && Pinned '+3

#"2 &&& 4 '# 1 0"/ '!'
2 # 2

' !" !04!
'

3 4. 1302 2.8.3
&'

/ '/ 8.84!
+

#6 '
2
=,+ "#9#4! Ieff /& 2
@'
:
Ieff = 0.35 Ig
:
Ieff = 0.70 Ig, Aeff = 1.00 Ag
/ 1
:
Ieff = 0.70 Ig
/
:
Ieff = 0.35 Ig
4 , 1 :
Ieff = 0.25 Ig
!&' Modeling 1 General > Spec '- Beam !!, .&
Property Reduction Factors 0.7 /&'
23
/ ' Reduction RIY 0.7 RIZ 0.7

20
0 4 +
&7 , + + 1.4-5 4.1302 0' 7 5 0
$
1.4-5
& #
/& &&'#9!
2/&, +
7 5 , (!+ m/s2 ' g = 9.81 m/s2)
Sa(0.1 s) Sa(0.2 s)
0.775
1.24
Sa (1 s)
Sa (2 s)
Sa (3 s)
Sa (4 s)
Sa (5 s)
Sa (6 s)
1.55
1.71
0.765
0.569
0.461
0.383
1 General > Load & Definition $&8

,+ DYN EQK
Z / SELFWEIGHT X 1 !" SELFWEIGHT Z 1 ! Assign To View
2
'- Add !, / Response Spectrum !

!

24

'- Add
' Close

Load & Definition 0"
! '
1 Analysis/Print '- Add

' Close
+ Commands > Miscellaneous
+
#' 10
Cut Off Mode Shapes 0/ '
+ / $ Analyze > Run Analysis !;''16!2 '4!

MODAL BASE ACTIONS
' !"
2+#'8
!"'
MODAL BASE ACTIONS

MODE
PERIOD
FX
FY
FZ
MX
MY
MZ
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
1.836
1.297
1.063
0.714
0.412
0.374
0.306
0.288
-0.58
5.25
-4.38
-0.44
-0.89
0.04
2.27
-0.87
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
1991.26
0.79
0.00
0.01
471.20
3.26
0.03
0.02
84920.38
24.22
0.04
0.02
3539.93
29.00
0.22
-7.23
-35888.58
-625.47
-7.17
-18.39
-8775.12
585.24
-12.74
22.63
-137.62
118.54
-2.92
0.54
17.47
-15.37
-6.47
25
9
10
0.217
0.176
-0.32
-0.57
0.00
0.00
0.00
181.16
0.01
1019.56
-6.25
-3078.50
1.13
-2.08
'
!"'+

!,+ +
!"# !" =, +3
!"'
PARTICIPATION
FACTORS

-------------------------------------MODE
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
77.73
0.00
0.81
12.68
4.83
0.00
0.06
1.18
0.84
0.00
0.00 0.00
0.00 64.32
0.00 0.03
0.00 0.00
0.00 0.00
0.00 18.59
0.00 0.13
0.00 0.00
0.00 0.00
0.00 8.29
SUMM-X
SUMM-Y
SUMM-Z
77.734
77.735
78.542
91.220
96.047
96.047
96.111
97.291
98.132
98.132
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
64.317
64.343
64.343
64.344
82.938
83.069
83.070
83.071
91.365
BASE SHEAR IN MTON

-----------------X
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00 1991.26
0.00
0.00
0.79
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.01
0.00
0.00
471.20
0.00
0.00
3.26
0.00
0.00
0.03
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
181.16
--------------------------TOTAL SRSS SHEAR
0.00
0.00 2054.26
TOTAL 10PCT SHEAR
0.00
0.00 2054.26
TOTAL ABS
SHEAR
0.00
0.00 2647.69
' Postprocessing

,+ ' 4 !# "2
1+ Node > Displacement ,+ '4!

!#)
''! !,
Labels

+ '8 ! !, .& Scale !#
Apply Immediately
! &
!!
Displacement 0 :
'0 ' !

0"
0 &
, Story Drift '

+' (Top Story Drift) '1'0
Node Displacements ' 7 '!
'!#!, .& Summary !#+', Max Rst ' $ , '
719 !,+
108 mm
0 &
/H
= 0.108/62 = 1/574 < 1/200 OK
26
Tuned Mass Damper

Vibration Absorber
ka
TMD Equations of Motion
ma
Design of TMD
Undamped SDOF with damped TMD
Optimal TMD Design
..

SURANAREE
Tuned Mass Damper (TMD)

ua
ka
ma
p(t)
Primary mass
Tuned mass
2 = k / m
c = 2 m
a2 = k a / ma
c a = 2 a a ma
mass ratio = = ma/m

2-DOF Eqs. of Motion (Undamped)
&&
k + k a
m 0 u
+
0 m u
k
&
&
a
a
a
ka u
1
=

p( t)
k a ua
0
&& + C u& + K u = p( t)
Damped Eqs.: M u
&& + 2 u& + 2 u =
Primary mass: (1 ) u
p
&&a
u
m
&&a + 2 a a u& a + 2a ua = u
&&
u
Tuned mass:
To reduce vibration of the primary mass a

ka = k
For periodic excitation:
Resonant condition:

p( t) = P0 sin t
The response is given by
1/2
u( t) = U sin ( t )
ua ( t) = Ua sin ( t a )
= /
Response amplitudes:
U =
p0
k
Ua =
1
U
2 a
2
1
1+ +
2 a
Phase angles:
a = / 2
TMD displacement
constraint (stroke)
2
1
tan =
+
2 a
Phase 90o difference produces

energy dissipation by the damper
Inertia force.
For SDOF without damper,

U =
Express 1
po 1
,
k 2
in term of equivalent dampint ratio e :

U =
po 1
k 2 e
where
e =
2
2
1
1 +
Example 1 : Design of TMD for SDOF

Suppose = 0 and we want to add equivalent
damping ratio 10%
e =
2
2
1
1 +
+
= 0.1
2 a

Substitute = 0 and Ua = U/2a
e =
2
U
1 + a = 0.1
U
Usually Ua >> U, So we can approximate that

e =
Ua
= 0.1
2 U
= 2e
U
Ua
Taking Ua = 10U,
= 2(0.1)/10 = 0.02
From
2 TMD stroke constraint :

a =
1 U
= 0.05
2 Ua
and stiffness
ka = k = 0.02 k
To provide 10% effective damping ratio,

We need 2% mass TMD.
TMD Free Response

TMD_Free.m
dt = 0.02;nst = 5000;myu = 0.02;

ma = myu*m;ka = myu*k;dmprta = 0.05;
ca=2*dmprta*sqrt(ka*ma);
M = diag([m ma]);
K = [k+ka -ka ; -ka ka];
C = [c+ca -ca ; -ca ca];
budt0=zeros(2*length(M),1);
x0=[1 0 0 0];xtt(1,:)=x0;t(1)=0;
for i=2:nst
t(i)=t(i-1)+dt;
xtt(i,:)=trmtrx(dt,AA,budt0,
xtt(i-1,:),u,v);
end
plot(t,xtt(:,1))
TMD EQK Response

TMD_EQK.m
dt = 0.02;nst = 5000;myu = 0.02;

ma = myu*m;ka = myu*k;dmprta = 0.05;
ca=2*dmprta*sqrt(ka*ma);
M = diag([m ma]);
K = [k+ka -ka ; -ka ka];
C = [c+ca -ca ; -ca ca];
budt0=zeros(2*length(M),1);
B = [ZM ; inv(M)];F = -diag(M);
x0=[1 0 0 0];xtt(1,:)=x0;t(1)=0;
for i=2:nst
beqkdt = B*F*aeqk(i-1)*dt;
xtt(i,:)=trmtrx(dt,AA,budt0,
xtt(i-1,:),u,v);
end
plot(t,xtt(:,1))
Translational TMD :
Pendulum TMD :
ma
Floor
motion
ma
ma
ua
&&a +
ma u
Equivalent stiffness:
k eq = Wa / L
k eq
ma
g
L
Wa
&&
ua = m a u
L
Equation of motion:
Natural freq.: a2 =
keq
Natural period: Td = 2
L
g
Undamped SDOF with damped TMD

&& c a c a u& k + k a k a u 1
m 0 u
+
0 m u
u& + k
u = 0 P0 sin t
&
&
c
c
k

a a
a a
a
a a
ca
Steady-state response:
ma
ka
u( t) = U sin ( t + )
Po sin t
ua ( t ) = Ua sin ( t + a )
where the magnitudes are

P
U = o
k
Ua
P
= o
k
(r 2 2 )2 + 4 2 2r 2
(r )
4 + 4 2 2r 2
(r )
(r ) = [ (r 2 1) (r 2 2 ) 2r 2 ] + 4 2 2 r 2 [ 1 (1 + ) r 2 ]
2 r
2 r
,
tan
=
a
2 r 2
r =
= forced frequency ratio
m
= a = mass ratio
m
tan =
k
= natural freq. of primary mass m
m
ka
= natural freq. of added mass m a
ma
= a = freq. ratio
ca
ca
= a =
=
2 ma a
2 ma k a
a =
TMD Amplitude : TMD_Amp.m
Normalized Amplitude, U/(P0/k)
clear
2 Steady-State Amplitude of Primary Mass
10
% forced frequency ratio
r = (0.5:0.01:1.5)';
1
% mass ratio
10
u = 0.1;
% frequency ratio
0
10
a = 1.1;
% TMD damping ratio
-1
d = [0.01 0.1 0.2 0.3];
10
0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5
n = length(d);
Frequency ratio, r
r1 = ones(size(r));
Dr = ((r.^2-r1).*(r.^2-a^2*r1)-u*a^2*r.^2).^2;
DT = zeros(length(r),n);
for i=1:n
Drr = Dr+4*d(i)^2*a^2*r.^2.*(r1-(1+u)*r.^2).^2;
DT(:,i) = sqrt((r.^2-a^2*r1).^2+4*d(i)^2*a^2*r.^2);
DT(:,i) = DT(:,i)./sqrt(Drr);
end
10
10
Steady-State Amplitude of Primary Mass
Fixed Point A & B

rA
=
rB
B
10
10
U
1
=
p0 / k
1 (1 + ) r 2
-1
1+ (1+ )2 m 1+ (1+ )2 4 22
2+
rA
rB
0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5
Frequency ratio, r
where r = rA, rB
U/(p0/k) is the same at rA and rB

when =
1
1+
Optimal Tunning
For example: = 0.1 = 1/1.1 = 0.909
Optimal Absorber Design

U
= G( r ,, )
p0 / k
Optimal damping ratio: opt
min ( max G ( r , , ))
opt =
3
8 ( 1+ )
What is optimal mass opt = ?
Optimal Mass Ratio

Difficult to derive explicitly
Normally,
0.25
Primary mass amplitude:

U
= G( r ,, )
p0 / k
TMD amplitude (stroke) :
Ua
= Ga ( r , , )
p0 / k
TMD Mass Ratio : TMD_msratio.m

vary : 0.005 0.250
for each compute :
opt =
opt =
1
1+
3
8 ( 1+ )
max G ( r , opt , )
r
max Ga ( r , opt , )
r
r = (0.5:0.01:1.5)';
u = (0.005:0.005:0.25)';
n = length(u);
r1 = ones(size(r));
for i=1:n
a = 1/(1+u(i));
d = sqrt(3*u(i)/(8*(1+u(i))));
Dr=((r.^2-r1).*(r.^2-a^2*r1)u(i)*a^2*r.^2).^2;
Dr=Dr+4*d^2*a^2*r.^2.*(r1(1+u(i))*r.^2).^2;
DT=sqrt(((r.^2-a^2*r1).^2
+4*d^2*a^2*r.^2)./Dr);
G(i)=max(DT);
DT=sqrt((a^4*r1+4*d^2*a^2*r.^2)
./Dr);
Ga(i)=max(DT);
end
20
U/(P0/k)
15
10
5
0
0.05
0.1
0.15
Mass ratio, u
0.2
0.25
0.05
0.1
0.15
Mass ratio, u
0.2
0.25
250
Ua/(P0/k)
200
150
100
50
0
TMD Optimal Mass Ratio : TMD_optimal.m

U / ( p0 / k )
Example: mass m = 340 kg, p = 145 rad/s,

p0 = 12,000 N
Design TMD such that amplitude of
primary mass is less than 0.006 m
u1
k p = m2 = 340 1452
u2
uopt
= 7,148,500 N / m
===================================
Result on Optimal Absorber Design
===================================
Optimal mass ratio
= 0.1741
Optimal frequency ratio = 0.8517
Optimal damping ratio
= 0.2358
Ma (mass)
=
59.2063 kg
Ca (damping)
=
3448.6431 N.s/m
Ka (stiffness) = 902956.7124 N/m
Natural frequency wa = 123.4950 rad/s
Max normalized amplitude primary mass:
U/(P0/k) = 3.5431,at point r = 1.0600
U
0.006
=
p0 / k
12,000 / 7,148,500
= 3.57425
Steady-State Amplitude of Primary Mass

5
4.5
4
3.5
3
2.5
2
1.5
1
0.5
0
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1
1.1
Frequency ratio, r
1.2
1.3
1.4
1.5

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