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Submitted by:
Agulan, Shiela Mae
Castro, Mary Joyce
Patague, Divine Grace
Agrarian
Reform
(Republic
Act
2
No.
6389).
It
established
the
(3) That the decree applied only to tenanted areas, which represented
about 24 percent of all rice and corn areas, excluding landless laborers
and subtenants amounting to 3.5 million in 1975. As so designed, PD 27
would cover about 12 percent of the total Philippine farm area as of 1972.
(Hayami, et. al. 1990, Mangahas 1985, Balisacan 1990) In addition, such
design provided landowners covered by the decree with opportunities to
avoid its implementation by shifting to crops other than rice or corn (or to
non-agricultural use), or by evicting tenants, replacing them with hired
labor and undertaking direct management of the farm operation.
3.
Comprehensive
Agrarian
Reform
Program
(CARP)
under
Aquino
Presidency
President
Corazon
Aquino
assumed
her
presidency
amid
heightened
expectations toward a more comprehensive land reform program than any previous
land reform initiatives. As a start, the 1986 Philippine Constitution was drafted (and
later supported by plebiscite in February 1987) by a 48 member Constitutional
Commission appointed by the President.
While it was a substantially watered down version of the initial draft
adopted by the Committee on Social Justice under the Commission, the Constitution
was nevertheless a major improvement vis--vis the previous Constitution. Above
all, it mandated a comprehensive land reform covering all agricultural lands and
natural resources (thus going beyond rice and corn lands under PD27) and both
tenants and regular farm workers (who had been excluded as beneficiaries in the
previous reform Codes). At the same time, however, many of the crucial aspects of
the defining characteristics of the reform were left with the Congress to determine,
including: the retention limits, to be set according to ecological, developmental,
and equity considerations; types of exempted lands; and phasing and time table of
the program. Constitution also included various alternative measures to land
redistribution, such as voluntary land sharing, and it allowed private corporations to
lease up to 1000 hectares (while local citizens 500 hectares) of public lands.
The second step that the Aquino administration took before the newly elected
Congress convened was to issue Executive Order 229 (EO229) in June 1987. It
was a response to the mounting pressures from pro-reform social forces following
the Mendiola Bridge massacre (where thirteen members and supporters of
Kilusang Magbubukid ng Pilipinas (Peasant Movement of the Philippines) rallying
near Malacaan Palace for a genuine land reform were killed) on January 22, 1987.
During
this
period,
however,
President
Aquino
rejected
(acting
upon
the
contracts for public lands over 1000 hectares (for the contract with 1000 hectares
or below contracts were to be honored for five years), with second priority on
alienable and disposable public lands and private farms between 24 and 50
hectares, then followed by private farms below 24 hectares, plantations (including
fishponds, prawn ponds, livestock/poultry lands), and corporate farms under local
management (for lands under the management of multinational firms contracts
were to be honored until the contracts expired). Based on these bills, a compromise
was reached between the both chambers and the Comprehensive Agrarian
Reform Law (CARL, or Republic Act 6657) was passed in June, 1988.
The Comprehensive Agrarian Reform Law (CARL: RA6657) stipulated the
following:
Retention limit: CARL set the retention limit at 5 hectares but also allowed
additional 3 hectares for each hair (of at least age 15 and actually tilling the
and 50 hectares; and in year six to ten: Private lands in holdings less than 24
hectares.
References:
Ballesteros, Marife and dela Cruz, Alma (2006). Land Reform and Changes in Land
Ownership Concentration: Evidence from Rice-Growing Villages in the Philippines.
DISCUSSION PAPER SERIES NO. 2006-21. 1 Research Fellow, Philippine Institute for
Development Studies (PIDS) and Professor, Central Luzon State University (CLSU)
Adriano, Lourdes S. (1994). DAR, Land Reform-Related Agencies and the CARP: A
Study of Government and Alternative Approaches to Land Acquisition and
Distribution. Makati: Philippine Institute for Development Studies Discussion Paper
Series No. 94- 13.
Hayami, Yujiro, Ma. Agnes R. Quisumbing, and Lourdes S. Adreano (1990). Toward
An Alternative Land Reform Paradigm: A Philippine Perspective. Ateneo de Manila
University Press.
Mangahas, Mahar (1985). Rural Poverty and Operation Land Transfer in the
Philippines. In Strategies for Alleviating Poverty in Rural Asia. (eds.) Rizwanul Islam.
Dhaka and Bangkok: Bangladesh Institute of Development Studies and International
Labor Organization Asian Employment Program
Balisacan, Arsenio M. and Rhoda Theresa Bacawag (1995). Inequality, Poverty, and
Urban-Rural Growth Linkagets. In Arsenio M. Balisacan and Ernost Pernia (eds.)
Spatial Development, Land Use, and Urban-Rural Growth Linkages in the Philippines.
Pasig: National Economic and Development Authority.
Putzel, James (1992). A Captive Land: the politics of agrarian reform in the
Philippines. New York: Monthly Review Press.
Riedinger, Jeffrey M (1995). Agrarian Reforms in the Philippines: Democratic
Transitions and Redistributive Reform. Stanford: Stanford University Press.
There is something about President Rodrigo R. Duterte that sets him intensely apart
from all other Philippine presidents we have had. He seems to have the ability to
move people to support his causes and go out of their way to back him. Perhaps it is
8
because people see that he came to his job prepared, with a clear understanding of
the countrys major problems and a vision of how to get things done.
Positive Externalities
1. Setting up economic boom
Less than two months in office, Philippines President Rodrigo Duterte is getting high
marks from the business community for policies that could engineer an economic
surge and companies say they are making new investments as a result.
While Duterte may be getting headlines for a bloody war against drug dealers and
users, less attention has been paid to one of Asias few economic success stories.
The groundwork was laid by Duterte's predecessor, President Benigno Aquino, who
took growth above 6 percent over his six-year term , but executives are also
cheering the new administrations focus on building new infrastructure and say it
could spell the start of a long-term boom. Some even see Duterte's violent and
highly controversial anti-drugs campaign as potentially positive.
Jollibee Foods Corp (JFC.PS), the biggest fastfood chain in the country, plans to open
200 more domestic stores this year. So does Robinsons Retail (RRHI.PS), taking its
total to over 1,500. BDO Unibank Inc (BDO.PS), the country's biggest lender, plans
to open 50-100 new branches this year.
"Business will be good under this administration," BDO Unibank executive vicepresident Luis Reyes said of Duterte. "Concerns center more on the extra-judicial
killings."
Supporters of Duterte say even as the long-term mayor of the southern city of
Davao, where he earned his reputation for busting crime, he created the conditions
for business to flourish.
Government data show that the Davao region's economy grew by 6.6 percent on
average in 2010-14 compared with 6.3 percent for the whole country. According to
one estimate, there were more than 20,000 people in outsourcing jobs in the city in
2013, and this sector was growing at more than 20 percent a year.
Duterte's reputation of carrying out his promises has given businesses plenty to
look forward to - for instance his vow to make spending on infrastructure a priority.
"I believe infrastructure is going to grow very fast and it will have a double or triple
effect," said Henry Schumacher of the European Chamber of Commerce in the
Philippines. "Money will be available. An iron fist is going to be behind it."
2. A Boost on Tourism
While some sectors are giving the current administrations fight against illegal drugs
a thumbs down, tourism stakeholders on the other hand, are keeping their hopes up
that this particular campaign would have a favorable impact in the long run.
"The fact that crime rate is down by at least 40 percent should be reassuring
enough that the Philippines today is becoming safer and safer to visit," said tourism
capitalist Jay P. Aldeguer.
Aldeguer believes that peace and order will be more evident under this
administration in the next few months and will surely be a big boost to tourism.
Cebu Association of Travel Agencies (CATO) president Edilberto Mendoza Jr., likewise
foresees good impact of the agressive stance of the government for restoring peace
and order, specifically illegal drug related concerns, to have good effect on the
tourism trade of the Philippines.
According to Mendoza, Duterte's firm resolve on putting a stop to drugs and
criminality sends positive signal that the Philippines is shaping up in terms of
improving the country's peace and order and safety environment for both residents
and tourists.
"This will give confidence to our tourists," Mendoza added.
But for his part, Efren Belarmino, general manager of Plantation Bay Resort and Spa,
said that Duterte's fearless stance against illegal drug related issues, which will
eventually led to improved crime rate and safetiness of the country provides good
impression to both domestic and international travelers. (FREEMAN)
3. People Have Become More Compliant to the Law and Mass Surrender
What will you do to an addict who cannot be rehabilitated or jailed? President-elect
Rodrigo Duterte believes these addicts are better off dead because they would
eventually commit crimes to sustain their addiction.
In a 42-minute speech laced with profanities, Duterte told a crowd of about 10,000
that he wanted to be honest about how he would address the problem of illegal
drugs.
Karon makita nako nga mga bata one year old, 12 years old gipangrape ug
ipanglabay. Unsa mang klaseng kinabuhi ang ibilin nako sa inyo? Ang ako ba may
apo ko, masiguro ba pud nako nga dili na ma-adik? (Now, I see children as young as
one year old, 12 years old getting raped and dumped. I have a grandchild. Can I be
assured that my grandchild will not become an addict? Can I really prevent things
from happening if I am no longer around to prevent it?), he said.
10
Duterte said that the Philippine Drug Enforcement Agency (PDEA) placed the
number of drug addicts in the country at three million.
The President-elect said that most addicts, who had been in rehabilitation for six
months to a year, could no longer be helped since their brains had shrunk from
illegal drug use.
The loss of reasoning has led many drug addicts to commit crimes like rape, robbery
and murder, according to Duterte. He said not all drug addicts could be put in jail or
rehabilitation at the same time. With them out on the streets and likely to commit
crimes any time, he said it would be better to kill them.
Duterte also warned police officials who were protecting illegal drugs to stop or they
could go to hell, go to heaven or go somewhere else. He advised those who
involved in the drug trade to look for other jobs. Otherwise, he added he would
apologize ahead to the families of the illegal drug peddlers and addicts who would
get killed in his campaign against illegal drugs.
As it turns out, Dutertes fierce threats have done their magic. In just his first week
in office, thousands of drug pushers and junkies have surrendered. They didnt have
to be arrested. Fearing for their lives, they themselves went to the authorities and
voluntarily surrendered. They were all repentant and ready to quit drugs and lead a
new life.
Negative Externalities
1. People are left traumatized.
Do you feel sick watching daily images on TV and newspapers of people killed, lying
lifeless on the sidewalks covered with newspapers or plastic with only their dirty
feet and worn-out rubber slippers seen? And, of course, near the corpse, the
cardboard sign Drug pusher ako, huwag tularan, which has now become a
standard accessory in President Dutertes war against illegal drugs.
Studies have shown the ill-effects of being exposed to traumatic images.
In an article in the website of Association for Psychological Science, psychological
scientist Roxane Cohen Silver of the University of California, Irvine and colleagues
said repeated exposure to vivid traumatic images from the media could lead to
long-lasting negative consequences, not just for mental health but also for physical
health.
The article said Silver and her colleagues speculated that such media exposure
could result in a stress response that triggers various physiologic processes
associated with increased health problems over time.
11
Thats for those who are exposed to disturbing images in media. How much more
with members of media who are up close to those gruesome scenes to capture
them for the people to know whats happening in the country.
Raffy Lerma, the Philippine Daily Inquirer photo-journalist, who took that heartwrenching La Pieta photo of Jennelyn Olaires cradling the dead body of her
pedicab driver partner, Michael Siaron, was quoted in an article written by Pocholo
Concepcion, that he is getting overwhelmed by the rising body count as the killings
intensify in Dutertes war against illegal drugs.
Hindi bumababa sa lima ang patay bawat araw, minsan 10, may araw na 18. If I
will add everything for that week, it would be more than the total for the year when
I first did the nightshift in 2005, he said.
Lerma related the anguish that he and his fellow photographers also go in covering
the Duterte administrations drug war. He said when he went to Pasay City Rotonda
in the early hours of July 22, it was the third death for that night that he had to
cover.
Lerma said Olaires was pleading for help as he and the photographers were taking
pictures but they couldnt do anything. The area had been cordoned by the police.
After that, they went to Leveriza St., also in Pasay, which is now being grimly
referred to as Patay City. Another killing. But the body of the victim said to be a
person with speech disability -- had already been removed from the crime scene.
Lerma related, We were quiet as we went back to the Manila Police District, the
office of graveyard-shift media workers. I lighted a cigarette to calm my nerves.
Another photographer took deep breaths. Together, we recounted moments from
the scene at Pasay Rotunda.
Another veteran photographer said, while shaking his head, no longer want to be
a photographer. We all had the same feeling of guilt.
In the end, Lerma said, they consoled themselves that its part of the job.
We may not have helped the victim and his partner but it is our job to show these
pictures. We have to show reality as it is and perhaps, get people to react and even
take action, he said.
Dr. Elana Newman, a licensed clinical psychologist who conducted a survey of 800
photojournalists, in an article at the Dart Centre website, said, "Witnessing death
and injury takes its toll, a toll that increases with exposure. The more such
assignments photojournalists undertake, the more likely they are to experience
psychological consequences."
2. Mistaken Identities
12
"There are a number of signs that people are beginning to be afraid. We have
clearance (documents) by National Bureau of Investigation, kids are walking around
the street wearing (these signs) so they don't get killed.
"Kids, maybe in their 20s, are walking around, saying, 'hey, I could be mistaken for
a pusher, please don't kill me.' People are getting more and more alarmed and this
could convert itself into anger."
President Duterte's war on drugs threatens the Philippines's rule of law
Government-led extrajudicial killings are endangering rule of law in the Philippines,
but the campaign is unlikely to stop anytime soon amid the President's widespread
popularity and a weak political opposition.
His actions are now sparking alarm that the country might spiral into lawlessness.
"Duterte is steamrolling the rule of law and its advocates both at home and abroad,"
said Phelim Kine, Asia deputy director at Human Rights Watch (HRW) in a statement
this week, noting that the President was breeding a violent society.
Domestic institutions are effectively powerless to stand up to the President,
strategists say.
In a statement last week, the United Nations (UN) said Duterte's policy effectively
gives the police and public "a license to kill." Intentional lethal use of force should
not be used for common policing objectives, the international body warned, calling
for an investigation into the deaths.
3. The Poor are Easier Targets than Vigilantes
The police are given incentive to act as brutal as they wish to handle alleged drug
users and pushers. Suspected users, most if not all live below the poverty line, are
compelled to come and turn themselves inunder threats that they will get shot in
the streetsand are reported in the media as an exodus of surrendering guilty
parties. They are compelled to surrender even if some of them have not even
used drugs in YEARS.
Some even end up getting shot anywaybut these are things that do not get
reported by the media.
I believe that these barbaric measures are ultimately ineffective and disturbingly
discriminatory against the poor. Quite ironic for a government who claims to have
the poor peoples welfare at heartand yet I am yet to read about a rich governors
son or some other rich fella who was shot like an animal, left for dead in the streets,
with a cardboard scribbled with unfounded accusations as substitute for due
process. It doesnt take a genius to know that there are drug users and pushers
amongst the rich as well, but hey, its easier to target those who live in the margins
right? We forget that these people we sneer at and so callously condemn to a death
13
so demeaning are somebodys son, brother, husband, father, and friend. And we
condemn these people to live with the unfounded accusations dealt to their loved
ones for the rest of their lives.
We can even disregard the fact that many of these people may be innocent. Our
president seems to forget that like it or not, as the head of our nation he also
represents the rights of these criminals. No matter who they are, they have a right
to due process and the right to be provided aid by the government of rehabilitation.
We will never, ever be able to eradicate drug use. It is time that we educate
ourselves and realize that strict and effective enforcement of the lawnot
vigilantismminimizes crime. But we have a long way to go. And sadly, more
bodies to count before that day comes.
It definitely isn't being waged largely against the poor. It just so happens that the
poor are the easier targets for these vigilantes. If rich people get meetings at
Malacanang, advanced notice in the press, the opportunity to clear their name, or
the chance to reform... and on the other hand, 99% of the people who have died are
poor and received none of the above, I have a hard time thinking the war isn't being
waged on the poor.
Same as what happened with the DDS. One or two "big" fish, in a pool of dead
guppies.
References:
Tordersillas, Ellen (2016) OPINION: Side effects of Dutertes war against illegal
drugs.
http://news.abs-cbn.com/blogs/opinions/08/05/16/opinion-side-effects-of-
dutertes-war-against-illegal-drugs
McKirdy, Euan (2016) Dead or alive: Is the Philippines' war on drugs out of control?
http://edition.cnn.com/2016/08/03/asia/philippines-war-on-drugs/
Chandran, Nyshka (2016) President Duterte's war on drugs threatens the
Philippines's rule of law http://www.cnbc.com/2016/08/24/president-dutertes-war-ondrugs-threatens-the-philippiness-rule-of-law.html
Lema, Karen (2016) Beyond war on drugs, Philippines' Duterte seen setting up
economic
boom
http://www.reuters.com/article/us-philippines-economy-duterte-
idUSKCN10X2A2
Dagooc, Ehda (2016) Dutertes war against drugs deemed positive for tourism
14
http://www.philstar.com/cebu-business/2016/08/27/1617660/dutertes-war-againstdrugs-deemed-positive-tourism
Co, Camille Ysabela (2016) https://www.quora.com/What-do-you-think-of-PresidentDutertes-war-on-drugs-in-the-Philippines
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