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Grammar and Composition

Preposition

The preposition is the specie of good conversation and correct idiomatic writing.
Adverb used in tenses
Present indefinite: always, daily, every, generally, never, often, rarely, seldom,
usually.
Present Continuous: at present, at the moment, at this time, now, now-a-days,
these days.
Present Perfect: already, ever, just, never, so far, this month, this week, till now,
today, yet.
Future Indefinite: next day, next month,
Direct and Indirect
The speech which is spoken without any change is called direct speech.
E.g. She said, I am doing my home task now.
Indirect Speech:
If we change the speech of another person is called indirect speech.
Rules for direct and indirect speech
1. Present indefinite becomes past indefinite:
He said, I am not a thief.
He said that he was not a thief.
2. Present continuous becomes past continuous:
She said, I am working hard.
She said that she was working hard.
3. Present perfect becomes past perfect:
He said, I have returned the books.
He said that he had returned the books.
4. Past indefinite becomes past perfect:
He said, The patient died in the hospital.
He said that the patient had died in the hospital.
5. Will/shall changes into would/should:
He said, She will go there.
He said that she would go there.
Change of direct to indirect in different kinds of sentences.
Assertive sentences:
She said, I like clouds in the sky.
She said that she liked clouds in the sky.

Grammar and Composition

Interrogative sentences:
She said, Is this your book?
She asked if that was my book.
Imperative sentences:
1. He said to his sister, Please say something.
He requested his sister to say something.
2. The master said to the servant, Go and fetch me a glass of water.
The master ordered the servant to go and fetch him a glass of water.
3. Roshana said, Let us finish our work first.
Roshana proposed that they should finish their work first.
Exclamatory sentences:
1. He said, Hurrah! We have won the match.
He exclaimed with joy that they had won the match.
2. He said, Alas! I am ruined.
He exclaimed with sorrow that he had been ruined.
3. He said, May God help me to do my duty.
He prayed that God might help him do his duty.
If the reporting verb is in Present, Present perfect or Future tense the
reported speech remains the same tense.
She says, I hope I am not late.
She says that she hopes that she is not late.
Active and Passive voice
Present indefinite tense: Before the 3rd form of verb with is, am and are will be
used.
Present Perfect tense: Before the 3rd form of verb has been and have been will
be used.
Present Continuous tense: Before the 3rd form of verb is, am, are with being will
be used.
Past Indefinite tense: Before the 3rd form of verb was or were will be used.
Past Continuous tense: Before the 3rd form of verb was being and were being
will be used.
Past Perfect tense: Before the 3rd form of verb has been or have been will be
used.
Future Indefinite tense: Before the 3rd form of verb will be or shall be will be
used.
Future Perfect tense: Before the 3rd form of verb shall have been or will have
been will be used.

Grammar and Composition

Imperative Sentences: Before the 3rd form of verb be and before the object let is
used. In case of negative and sentences before the object let not is used.
Kinds of Sentences
There are five kinds of sentences.
(i)
Assertive sentences (negative and affirmative)
(ii)
Imperative sentences
(iii)
Interrogative sentences
(iv)
Opptative sentences
(v)
Exclamatory sentences
Assertive sentences: Assertive sentences are simple sentences there are two
types of assertive sentences (a) Negative (b) Affirmative
For example:
He goes to school. (Affirmative)
He does not go to school. (Negative)
Imperative sentences: This kind of sentence is used for giving order or request.
For example:
Open the door.
Interrogative sentences: This kind of sentence is used for asking question. They
always use a question mark (?).
For example:
Did you go to school?
Opptative sentences: This kind of sentence is used in prayer.
For example:
May you live long.
Exclamatory sentences: This kind of sentence is used for sorrow and joy.
For example:
Alas! I am ruined.
Hurrah! We have won the match.
The Pronoun
A pronoun is a word used instead of noun. It is generally used to avoid the repetition
of noun.
Cases of Pronoun/Kinds of Pronoun:
There are five kinds of pronoun.
1. Personal Pronoun
2. Demonstrative Pronoun
3. Relative Pronoun
4. Interrogative Pronoun
5. Reflexive Pronoun
Personal Pronoun: The kind of pronoun that demonstrates the person. E.g. He is a
good student. The underlined word is personal pronoun.
Demonstrative Pronoun: The kind of pronoun demonstrates towards a noun.
For example:

Grammar and Composition

This is a book.
The underlined word is demonstrative pronoun.
Relative Pronoun: The pronoun which relates two sentences and relates the noun
before it. For example:
I know the reason why you are sad.
Interrogative Pronoun: The pronoun which is used for question. For example:
How are you?
Reflexive and Emphatic Pronoun: The pronoun which uses self or selves with
personal pronouns. For example:
We did it ourselves.
The Adjective
A word that qualifies and adds to the meaning of a noun or a pronoun is called
adjective.
There are seven types of adjective.
1. Adjective of Quality.
2. Adjective of Quantity.
3. Adjective of Number.
4. Demonstrative Adjective.
5. Interrogative Adjective.
6. Distributive Adjective.
7. Proper Adjective.
Adjective of Quality: The adjective which describes the noun. For example.
You have a fine pen.
Adjective of Quantity: The adjective which describes any quantity. For example.
I ate little food.
Adjective of Number: The adjective which describes any number. For example.
He has five shoes.
Demonstrative Adjective: The adjective which demonstrates the noun. For
example.
You live in this room.
Interrogative Adjective: The adjective which works as a question. For example.
What time is it?
Distributive Adjective: The adjective which distribute two things. For example.
Each girl has a book.
Proper Adjective: The adjective which makes with Proper Noun. For example.
Pakistani army is strong.
Verb
There are two kinds of verb.
1. Transitive Verb
2. Intransitive Verb
Transitive Verb: The verb in which object is used. For example.
She reads a book.
Intransitive Verb: The verb in which object is not used. For example.
He plays.

Grammar and Composition