In most situations theres a relatively simple relationship between the torque applied

to the bolt or nut and the tension created in it. Usually this relationship is linear. For
such cases, the following equation is applicable:
Torque = K x d x F
Where:
K = Nut Factor (dimensionless)
d = Nominal Bolt Diameter (in., mm, etc.)
F = Bolt Tension (lbs., N)
F = 75% of bolt material proof load for standard bolts
F= 90% of bolt material proof load for special applications; such as structural bolts
Depending on inputs, the output torque will be given in inch-pounds, foot-pounds, or
Newton-meters.
This equation implies a linear elastic zone of the torque verses angle-tightening
curve. For most of our common fastening material we know the engineering values
of the first two variables. The problem with this equation is with K.
The K, or nut factor, not to be confused with the frictional coefficient, can be thought
of as a combination of three factors: K1, a geometric factor, K2, a thread friction
related factor, and K3, an under head friction related factor. While there are
published tables for K, these will usually vary from publication to publication. For a
more detailed analysis it is desirable and often necessary to determine this value
experimentally by using a specially designed torque-tension load cell.
No two bolts respond exactly the same to a given torque. There are numerous real
world complications. Things such things as dirt in a tapped hole, damaged threads,
hole misalignment, and numerous other factors can absorb a large amount of the
input torque and will result in a substantial loss in the preload which was
determined. Some of the other common variables affecting the K factor may include,
but not limited to:
Hardness of all parts
Types of materials
Class of fit
Plating, thickness and type
Surface finishes on all parts
Manufacturing processes, such as cut or rolled thread
Washers, present or not
Type of tool used for tightening
Speed of tightening
Which is torqued, the nut or the bolt
The number of times the fastener was used

 The type, amount, condition, method of application, contamination, and

temperature of any lubricant used
This is by no means a definitive list, and although the amount of and extent to which
these factors are controlled is proportionate to the cost incurred, complete control
would never be possible.
As you can see, each fastener, even from identical lots having relatively the same
mechanical properties, will give you different torque values for the same preload.
The K value can be thought of as summarization of anything and everything that
affects the relationship between torque and preload. The following is a brief list of
some estimated K factors that we have found in our laboratory. The list is intended
to be used only as a suggestion and will actually vary per application.
K Factors
Bolt Condition
Non-plated, black finish
Zinc-plated
Lubricated
Cadmium-plated

K
0.20 - 0.30
0.17 - 0.22
0.12 - 0.16
0.11 - 0.15