tied by an inextensible string of length l across a pulley of radius r. Constraint equations can be given by: i. x1 xi1 = 0 (no movement of m1 in x) ii. x2 xi2 = 0 (no movement of m2 in x) iii. z1 zi1 = 0 (no movement of m1 in z) iv. z2 zi2 = 0 (no movement of m2 in z) v. y1 + y2 + r = l (length of string is constant) holonomic and scleronomic 2. Simple pendulum: Consider a single simple pendulum with string length l. Constraint equations can be given by: i. z z0 = 0 (movement only in x-y plane) ii. dl = 0 (length of string is constant) holonomic and scleronomic 3. Double pendulum: Consider one bob with string length l1 and another bob connected to it by a string of length l2. Constraint equations can be given by: i. z1 z0 = 0 (movement of first bob in x-y plane) ii. z2 z0 = 0 (movement of second bob in x-y plane) iii. dl1 = 0 (String length of first bob constant)
iv. dl2 = 0 (String length of second bob constant)
holonomic and scleronomic
4. Object placed at h0: Let height be along z-axis. Say
the object is placed at the point (x0,y0,h0). Constraint equations can be given by: i. z h0 = 0 (Height is constant) ii. x x0 = 0 (no movement in x-direction) iii. y y0 = 0 (no movement in y-direction) holonomic and scleronomic 5. Ball bouncing on floor without dissipation: Suppose the velocity of ball before collision is u and after collision is v. Assuming the ball is given no acceleration initially, the constraint equations are given by: i. u + v = 0 (No dissipation) ii. 0<=y<=h (height is constant) Non-holonomic and scleronomic
6. Object sliding on a curved surface:
Consider the mass of the object to be m, and the
plane be x-y. The constraint equations are given by: i. x2 + y2 = R2 {x < Rsin, y < R(1-cos)} (The mass stays on the surface till angle ) nonholonomic and scleronomic 7. Cylinder rolling without slipping: Consider a cylinder of radius r rolling without slipping at . The constraint equations are given by: i. v = r (There is no relative velocity of the point in contact with the surface) holonomic and scleronomic
8. Bead on a rotating hoop:
Consider the velocity of the bead to be v. The
constraint equations are given by: i. x2 + y2 = (Rsin)2 (The bead follows a circular path) ii. v = (Rsin)0 (Bead revolves with a uniform velocity) 9. Particle of mass m kept on a spherical balloon of radius r whose volume is increasing at a constant rate: The constraint equations are given by: i. x2 + y2 + z2 = r2 (The mass stays on the balloon) ii. dV/dt = const 4 d ( r3 ) 3 dt
= const
r2dr/dt = const z2dz/dt = const
10. Bead sliding on a wire: Consider the uniform
velocity of the wire to be v and that of bead to be v . The constraint equations can be given by: v i. = k v (The direction of motion of the bead is always along the direction of motion of the wire) w
11. Mass m attached inside a hoop of radius r which
is rolling without slipping with : Consider the linear velocity of the mass to be v. Then the constraint equations can be given by: i. x = vt + rcost ii. y = r(1+sint) 12. Man starts from origin and moves along y-axis with uniform velocity. A dog starts from x>0, y>0, and always moves along the line joining the dog and the man: Consider the velocity of the man to be v and that of dog to be v . The constraint equations can be given by: v i. = k ( r - r ) m