Microbial Physiology

Microbial Cell Structure

RAHMAD LINGGA, S.Si, M.Si

Prokariot ( karakter khas)

tanpa organella bermembran
kompartemenisasi (pengelompokan senyawa
dlm unit fungsional) untuk maksimalisasi kinerja
dan efisiensi (non overlapping)
cth: kompleks multienzim sitoplasma, respirasi

Structure and function

STRUCTURE

FUNCTION

Cell Wall

protects the cell and gives shape (5-20 atm resistant)

Outer Membrane

protects the cell against some antibiotics (only present

in Gram negative cells)

Cell Membrane

regulates movement of materials into and out of the cell;

enzymes of respiration

Cytoplasm

contains DNA, ribosomes, and organic compounds

Chromosome

carries genetic information inherited from past

generations

Plasmid

contains some genes obtain through genetic

recombination

Capsule, and slime

layer

protects the cell (immune attack) and assist in attaching

the cell to other surfaces

Endospore

protects the cell against harsh environmental conditions,

(heat or drought)

Pilus (Pili)

attaching to other surfaces (for genetic recombination)

Flagellum

moves the cell

For lecture only

BC Yang

Appendages
Untuk mobilisasi dan kolonisasi
flagella, fimbriae, pili,

Glikokaliks
Material ekstra dinding sel
Untuk attachment dan proteksi fagositosis
kapsul, S-Layer, slime layer

Dinding sel
Menjaga turgor sel

Prokaryotic Structure
Cell Wall
Gram Negative
Gram Positive
Peptidoglycan (Murein)
Polymer of two altering sugar
derivatives
Have short amino acid chains
running off the polymer
Polymers are connected with
cross links that connect the
amino acid chains

The main component of the bacterial cell wall is peptidoglycan, a hydrated,

semi-rigid polymer of two sugar derivatives: N-Acteylglucosamine (G) and NAcetylmuramic acid (M). Bound to the sugar M are amino acids: Alanine -Glutamic acid -- Meso-diaminopimelic acid (DAP) (Gm-) or Lysine (Gm+) -Alanine.

Glucosamine?

For lecture only

BC Yang

Teichoic acid
Are found exclusively in gram positive organisms. Are formed as
polymers of glycerol or ribitol through phosphodiester linkages.

http://www.cvm.uiuc.edu/courses/vp331/Structures_in_pathogenesi1.html

BC Yang

A very complex net

http://www.arches.uga.edu/~kristenc/cellwall.html

Synthesis of cell wall:

The assembly of the wall components begins with the synthesis of precursors in the
cytoplasm, their transport across the cell membrane, and their final polymerization.
Eventually, penicillin-binding proteins catalyze covalent reactions that result in the
extension, cross-linking between glycan strand, morphogenessis and eventual separation
of the murein sacculus.

For lecture only

BC Yang

Prokaryotic Structure
Cell Wall
Osmotic protection

Outer Membrane
Porin proteins

Prokaryotic Structure

Outer Membrane
Composed of
lipopolysaccharides
(LPS)

Gram negatif
LPS tdd lipid A, core dan Oligosakarida (O antigen)
Murein (lemak dengan protein n PG)utk mengikat
membran dengan PG
PORIN (kanal senyawa khusus spt sintesis ATP)

PERIPLASMA
Ruang antara PG n MS
utk redoks, osmosis, transport solut n protein,
hidrolisis
tdd oligosakarida, protein transpor, TonB, sitokrom,
enzim hidrolisis n detoksifikasi

Prokaryotic Structure
Components of the Envelope
Glycocalyx/Capsule and Slime layers

Capsules and slime layers

Secreted by many species of both Gram + and Grambacteria
Slime layer less rigid than capsule
Usually made of high Mol. Wt. polysaccharide
Streptococcus pneumoniae), but some made of aminoacids (Bacillus anthracis, Yersinia Pestis)
Aid in attachment, protection from immune system of host,
formation of bio-films
May contain K antigens, special carbohydrate structures
that help bacteria evade immune system
Microbes with capsules sometimes very pathogenic (cause
disease) e.g., S. pneumoniae, B. anthracis, Y. Pestis

Prokaryotic Structure
S-Layer

Protein/glycoprotein
identical subunits

S-layers are outermost layers in envelopes of some

Bacteria and Archaea (in both Gram+ and Gram-)
In some Archaea, they take place of cell walls
Are crystalline self-assembling structures of a single
protein or glycoprotein with spaces (holes) for transport
Campylobacter use them to shield cells from immune
system

Prokaryotic Structure
Pili and fimbriae

Short, filamentous surface

structures (usually in Gram-neg)
Used for attachment (bio-films),
conjugation (sex-pilus)
Some play role in pathogenesis
Some maybe involved in crawling
motion called twitching motility,
but typically these structures are
not involved in locomotion
Antigenic variation (Neisseria
gonococcus) allows microbes to
evade immune response

Structure of pili

Many pilin genes all make some functional structure,

but vary in AA composition; need long NH2-terminal
a-helices that interact plus B-sheets that make up
outside of pilus

Prokaryotic Structure
Motility
Flagella

Prokaryotic Structure
Flagella arrangement
Monotrichous
Amphitrichous
Lophotrichous
Peritrichous

Prokaryotic Structure

Basal body
Gram +

Prokaryotic Structure
Basal body
Gram -

How flagella are made

Prokaryotic Structure
Filament
Made of flagellin

Prokaryotic Structure
Flagella and Bacteria movement
Filament rotates to move bacteria

Prokaryotic Structure

Flagella and Bacteria movement

Prokaryotic Structure

The motor consists of moving and

non moving parts in the basal body
Energy is derived from a proton
gradient

How flagella work

Each flagella is semi-rigid
and movement occurs by
turning whole structure
(Propeller mechanism)
Torque is generated by
moving H+ into cell
(Protonmotive force)
Rotation of flagella can be
either clockwise (CW) or
counterclockwise (CCW) and
can be reversed by cell

SPIROSET
Filamen aksial (endoflagella)
Filamen membujur dalam periplasma
dan sebagian diluar membran
2 sampai 40 buah

Prokaryotic Structure
Chemotaxis
No attractant or repellant

Prokaryotic Structure
Chemotaxis
In presence of a chemical gradient (attractant)

Prokaryotic Structure
Endospores
Visible under the light microscope

Prokaryotic Structure
Endospores
Subcellular location
Terminal
Subterminal
Central

Prokaryotic Structure
Endospores
Ultrastucure

Prokaryotic Structure
Endospores
Dipicolinic acid
Calcium

Endospore Formation
sporogenesis or sporulation

Endospores
germination

LIAS ATE
MAULIATE
MATUR SUWON
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BUJUR
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THANKS
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