ROAD AND HIGHWAY ENGINEERING

3DDPA ( SEKSYEN 1)
GROUP ASSIGNMENT
LECTURER: PN. SYAZIANA

NAME
MUHAMMAD
NASRUL ASRAF BIN
MUHAMMAD FIKRI
BIN SAFARUDDIN
MUHAMMAD IMRAN
FAIZ BIN ISMAIL
RAIHANNUR BINTI
RAMLI

I/C NUMBER
950422-02-5187

MATRIX NUMBER
A13DP0790

950728-08-5959

A13DP0735

951016-03-5261

A13DP0763

Table of Contents
........................................................................................................................... 1
INTRODUCTION...................................................................................................... 3
1) PAVEMENT FAILURE.......................................................................................... 4
Cracks................................................................................................................. 4
Surface Defects.................................................................................................. 6
Surface Deformations......................................................................................... 8
Pavement Failure Occur at Nearby Area...........................................................10
2) ROAD FURNITURE............................................................................................ 13
Traffic Sign........................................................................................................ 13
Custom Traffic Signs...................................................................................... 13
Road Sign......................................................................................................... 16
Safety Facilities................................................................................................. 17
Road Furniture Not Suitable..............................................................................18
CONCLUSION....................................................................................................... 19
REFERENCES........................................................................................................ 20

INTRODUCTION
Pengangkutan jalan raya dan lebuh raya merupakan sistem
perhubungan utama yang meransangkan pertumbuhan industri
dan sosioekonomi masyarakat setempat di kebanyakan Negara
termasuklah Negara Malaysia.
Kebanyakan jenis dan kriteria lebuhraya dan jalan-jalan utama
telah disediakan oleh Jabatan Kerja Raya(JKR) dan Lembaga
Lebuhraya Malaysia.
Manakala jalan-jalan raya untuk kampong dan luar Bandar telah
disediakan oleh pihak Berkuasa Tempatan dan Jabatan
Pengangkutan Daerah.

1) PAVEMENT FAILURE
As we can see nowadays, there is many of pavement failures occurred
because of variety of traffic loads. As we know, pavement failure can
affect our safety on the road. Below are the types of pavement failures.

Cracks
i.

Alligator Cracking
Alligator fatigue cracking is associated with loads and is usually limited to areas of
repeated traffic loading. The cracks surface initially as a series of parallel longitudinal
cracks within the wheel path that progresses with time and loads to a more branched
pattern that begins to interconnect. The stage at which several discontinuous
longitudinal cracks begin to interconnect, is defined as alligator cracking. Eventually
the cracks interconnect sufficiently to form many pieces, resembling the pattern of an
alligator.
On narrow, two-lane roads, alligator cracking may form along the center line rather
than in the customary wheel paths.
Almost always, the pattern of the cracking may form along the center line rather than
in the customary wheel paths.

ii.

Longitudinal Cracking

Longitudinal cracks run through parallel to the roadway center line. Longitudinal
cracks associated with the beginning of alligator cracking are generally discontinuous,
broken, and occur in the wheel path. However, any longitudinal crack that is clearly
within the wheel path should be rated.

iii.

Tranverse Cracking
Transverse cracks run roughly perpendicular to the roadway center line. They may be
caused by surface shrinkage due to low temperatures, hardening of the asphalt, or
cracks in underlying pavements layers such as PCCP slabs. They may extend partially
or fully across the roadway. Consider only those transverse cracks that are a minimum
of two feet in length.

iv.

Block Crack
Interconnected cracks that divide the pavement up into rectangular pieces. Blocks
range in size from approximately 0.1 m2 (1 ft2) to 9 m2 (100 ft2). Larger blocks are
generally classified as longitudinal and transverse cracking. Block cracking normally

occurs over a large portion of pavement area but sometimes will occur only in nontraffic areas.

v.

Edge Crack
Edge cracking is the formation of crescent-shaped cracks near the edge of a road. It is
caused by lack of support of the road edge, sometimes due to poorly drained or weak
shoulders. If left untreated, additional cracks will form until it resembles crocodile
cracking. Like wheel-path crocodile cracking, poor drainage is a main cause of edge
cracking, as it weakens the base, which hastens the deterioration of the pavement
Water ponding (a buildup of water which can also be called puddling) happens more
frequently near the edge than in the center of the road path, as roads are usually
sloped to prevent in-lane ponding. This leads to excess moisture in the shoulders and
subbase at the road edge. Edge cracking differs from crocodile cracking in that the
cracks form from the top down, where crocodile cracks usually start at the bottom and
propagate to the surface.

vi.

Crescent Crack
Crescent or half-moon shaped cracks generally
having two ends pointed into the direction
of traffic. Slippage crack at an intersection due to
stopping. The direction of traffic is from top to
bottom. Most likely caused by poor bonding
with the underlying pavement possibly from a
poor tack coat. Slippage crack near a bus stop on

the University of Washington Seattle campus. Based on the direction of traffic flow, it
appears to be caused by traffic accelerating from a stop. Since this area of campus
suffers from a number of poor overlay bonding problems, this is most likely caused
by poor overlay bonding to the underlying pavement.

Surface Defects

i.

Ravelling
Loose materials (usually aggregate) that ravel from the surface or edges of the
pavement, resulting in depressions which may fill with moisture and loose
aggregate which may pose problems.
The progressive disintegration of an HMA layer from the surface downward as a
result of the dislodgement of aggregate particles
Several including:
Loss of bond between aggregate particles and the asphalt binder as a result

of:
A dust coating on the aggregate particles that forces the asphalt binder to

bond with the dust rather than the aggregate

Aggregate Segregation. If fine particles are missing from the aggregate
matrix, then the asphalt binder is only able to bind the remaining coarse

particles at their relatively few contact points.

Inadequate compaction during construction. High density is required to
develop sufficient cohesion within the HMA. The third figure above shows

a road suffering from raveling due to inadequate compaction caused

by cold weather paving.

Mechanical dislodging by certain types of traffic (studded tires, snowplow
blades or tracked vehicles). The first and fourth figures above show
raveling most likely caused by snow plows.

ii.

Bleeding
A film of asphalt binder on the pavement surface. It usually creates a shiny, glasslike reflecting surface (as in the first photo) that can become quite sticky.
Sometimes referred to as flushing.
Bleeding occurs when asphalt binder fills the aggregate voids during hot weather
and then expands onto the pavement surface. Since bleeding is not reversible
during cold weather, asphalt binder will accumulate on the pavement surface over
time. This can be caused by one or a combination of the following:
Excessive asphalt binder in the HMA (either due to mix

design or manufacturing)
Excessive application of asphalt binder during BST application (as in the

above figures)
Low HMA air void content (e.g., not enough room for the asphalt to
expand into during hot weather)

iii.

Polishing
Areas of pavement (either PCC or HMA) where the portion
of aggregate extending above the asphalt binder (in the case of HMA) or cement
paste (in the case of PCC) is either very small or there are no rough or
angular aggregate particles.
Repeated traffic applications. Generally, as a pavement ages the protruding rough,
angular particles become polished. This can occur quicker if the aggregate
is susceptible to abrasion or subject to excessive studded tire wear.

iv.

Delamination
Delamination are sections of a surface layer that have come loose from
the pavement.
Delamination between asphalt layers can contribute to several types of pavement
surface distresses, such as cracking in the wheel paths and tearing in the surface,
which are detrimental to the longevity of pavement performance. Delamination is
primarily due to layer debonding or stripping that cannot be detected by visual
inspection, particularly in the early stages of the problem. Manual destructive
methods for evaluating the pavement structure for severity and extent of
discontinuities can be time consuming and expensive. Agencies need a method of
detecting the location and severity of delamination before the pavement deficiency
causes visible pavement distress.

Surface Deformations
i.

Rutting
Surface depression in the wheelpath. Pavement uplift (shearing) may occur along the
sides of the rut. Ruts are particularly evident after a rain when they are filled with
water. There are two basic types of rutting: mix rutting and subgrade rutting. Mix
rutting occurs when the subgrade does not rut yet the pavement surface exhibits
wheelpath depressions as a result of compaction/mix design problems. Subgrade
rutting occurs when the subgrade exhibits wheelpath depressions due to loading. In
this case, the pavement settles into the subgrade ruts causing surface depressions in
the wheelpath.

ii.

Depression
Localized pavement surface areas with slightly lower elevations than the
surrounding pavement. Depressions are very noticeable after a rain when
they fill with water.
Frost heave or subgrade settlement resulting from inadequate compaction
during construction.

iii.

Corrugation
A form of plastic movement typified by ripples (corrugation) or an abrupt wave
(shoving) across the pavement surface. The distortion is perpendicular to
the traffic direction.
Usually occurs at points where traffic starts and stops (corrugation) or areas where
HMA abuts a rigid object (shoving).

Usually caused by traffic action (starting and stopping) combined with

An unstable (i.e. low stiffness) HMA layer (caused by mix contamination, poor

mix design, poor HMA manufacturing, or lack of aeration of liquid asphalt emulsions)
Excessive moisture in the subgrade

iv.

Shoving

Shoving is the formation of ripples across a pavement. This characteristic shape is

why this type of distress is sometimes called wash-boarding. Shoving occurs at
locations having severe horizontal stresses, such as intersections. It is typically caused
by: excess asphalt; too much fine aggregate; rounded aggregate; too soft an asphalt; or
a weak granularbase.
a) Pothole
Potholes are bowl-shaped holes caused by the localized disintegration of the
pavement surface. Potholes typically result from the continued deterioration of
another type of distress. Segregation, cracks or failed patches may serve as the start of
a pothole. Poor mixtures and weak spots in the base or subgrade accelerate pothole
failures. Generally, potholes are the end result of fatigue cracking. As alligator
cracking becomes severe, the interconnected cracks create small chunks of pavement,
which can be dislodged as vehicles drive over them. The remaining hole after
the pavement chunk is dislodged is called a pothole.

Pavement Failure Occur at Nearby Area

Jalan Perumahan Desa Rejang 4

Type of Failures: Crocodile Crack
Factor:

Weight loading from vehicles.

Inadequate thickness a layer of asphalt pavement that is too thin will quickly break-

down under the stresses caused by vehicle traffic or parking.

Excessive base moisture if water cannot escape quickly from the base underlying

asphalt pavement, then it will cause the base materials to loosen over time.
Base stripping stripping occurs when the base material is not prepared properly
when laid, and the asphalt does not sufficiently adhere to it. This causes the asphalt to
slide on top of the base, and the kneading action of vehicles induces crocodile
cracking.

Repairing Method:

Apply crack filler or sealcoating, weather permitting, to try to halt further spread of

damage.
Keeping traffic away from the affected area.

Jalan Perumahan Desa Rejang 4

Type of Failures: Pothole
Factor:

Asphalt road surfaces eventually crack under the heat of the day and the constant
stresses of traffic. These cracks allow snow and rainwater to seep into the underlying
dirt and gravel. During cold nights, the water freezes and expands, pushing out some
of the dirt and gravel, leaving a hole when the water eventually melts. Drivers
continue to drive over these unseen holes, putting even more stress on the thin asphalt
layer covering them. Eventually, the asphalt layer over these divots collapses, leaving
holes in the roadway.

Repairing Method:

Places cold-mix asphalt into the pothole, letting the traffic compact it. This is a

temporary quick fix option and generally the least effective.

Places cold-mix asphalt in the pothole but uses compaction equipment to roll the

asphalt.
Hot-mix asphalt placed like a bandage on the damaged area. The area should be
cleaned and dried, tack oil applied for adhesion, and hot-mix asphalt placed and

compacted in the pothole.

Infrared technology heats the area of repair so that the existing pavement around the
pothole is workable.

Removing the failed asphalt to a depth where the subgrade is sound, grading and
compacting the subgrade, installing the appropriate depth of asphalt (4 to 6 inches is
common) and thoroughly compacting the new asphalt.

Jalan Dato keramat

Type of Failure: Longitudinal Crack
Factor:

A poorly constructed paving lane joint.

Shrinkage of the AC surface due to low temperatures or hardening of the asphalt.
A reflective crack caused by cracks beneath the surface course.

Repairing Method:

Remove and replace the cracked pavement layer with an overlay.

Crack seal to prevent entry of moisture into the subgrade through the cracks and
further raveling of the crack edges.

2) ROAD FURNITURE
Road Furniture is an object which is installed on the road either in urban or suburban area to
help road users to drive safely along their journey. Besides, road furniture is used to show the
warning and information that related with the road traffic. Below are the types of road
furniture.

Traffic Sign
Traffic signs

Speed limit signs

The maximum speed,in miles per hour,at which traffic may travel,if it is safe to
do so.

Regulatory signs
You must stop before crossing the tranverse line on the road and ensure the way
is clear before entering the major road.

Regulatory signs
Vechicles may pass either side to reach the same destination

Regulatory signs
The sign advises pedestrians crossing the road that traffic is one way in the
direction shown.

Regulatory signs
No through road

Warning signs
Sharp deviation of route to the right

Regulatory signs
Mini- roundabout(give way to traffic from the immediate right)

Warning signs
No parking (except staff)

Regulatory signs
Max speed advises through the hump infront

Low bridge signs

No vehicles over the height shown may pass the sign(height shown in imperial
units)

Warning signs
Not allow for park the vehicles

Direction Signs
Overhead signs road.Shows the lane for the destination

Road Sign

The STOP road markings: You must stop before crossing the transverse line on
the road and ensure the way is clear before entering the major road.

Double headed arrow:Two different movement can be made from the same
lane or where that lanes divides into two or more lanes ahead.

The yellow box:You must not enter the box if your exit is not clear.If turning
rightat the junction,you may enter the box(behind other right-turning vehicles,if
any )to wait for a gap in oncaoming traffic,but only if the right turn exit is clear.

The Yellow bar:Provide a warning to drivers to slow down

Diverge Arrow:Indicating an turning road or the start of the lane for the turning
traffic .

Edge of carriageway:other than at junctions,exits from private drivers and

lays-bys.Used on left-hand side of the road and alongside the central reservation
of dual carriageaway roads.

Taxi stop:The broad continuous yellow line at the edge of the carriageway
means that other vehicles are prohibited from stopping.

Crossing lines:Crossing lines for pedestrians

Safety Facilities
Highway divider

A barrier (as a guardrail, fence, or concrete wall) placed between the lanes of a highway to
divide the traffic moving in opposite directions.

Hump

An artificial ridge set crosswise into the surface of a street, parking lot, or driveway to make the
operators of vehicles drive at a slow speed.

Traffic light

Traffic light are signalling devices positioned at road intersection,pedestrian crossing and
other locations to control conflicting flows of traffic.

Select three sites which road furniture is not suitable or there is no road furniture at all on
the road.Give your suggestions and explains the funtions and advantages of the road
furniture that suggested.
1. JALAN RAMPAI NIAGA
2. JALAN REJANG 1
3. JALAN REJANG 13

JALAN RAMPAI NIAGA

I prefer this road intersection

should have a traffic light.It is
because the major of the road
always crowded and it was
difficult for vehicles from minor
road to cross into major road.

Besides,I also prefer the yellow

bar for make the driver to slow
down their car/vehicles.

JALAN REJANG 1

I think this road have too many of hump.There is not necessary hump
was built along this road.The hump should built only at the nearest of
any intersection along the road.But there is additional hump that was
buit about 10 metre fraom the hump that nearest to the intersection.So I
cant see what is the function they built the additional hump

JALAN REJANG 13
This road dont have any
street light along the
road.The street light should
be installed for safety the
user of the road.It will be
dangerous when driving at
night.

This road also dont have an

any road sign.The road sign
should be put at the road
for user facility.The road
signs are important because
it will reduce the accidents

CONCLUSION

REFERENCES