Major Project...

INTRODUCTION OF SITE
UDB MAVERICK
APARTMENT IS RESEDENTIAL APARTMENT HAVING 108 FLATS OF VARIOUS
CATEGORIES AND ADVANCED FACILITIES.
I completed my summer training in Maverick Apartment made by Unique Dream Builder at
Mahal Jagatpura, Jaipur from 22 May to 22 June 2012.
The site is located at Opposite of Suresh Gyan Vihar University, Mahal, Jagatpura, Jaipur is
constructed by Unique Dream Builders total ground area is 2700 Sq.Mtrs. and total cost of
project is approx 15 Milion Rs.
1 PRACTICAL TRANING REPORT
WORKING ON SITE
1ST WEEK
I see on my site, level of site with respect to ground and road level respectively,
Ground level: - 3
Road level: -5
Plinth level: -
FOUNDATION LAYOUT
First of all I see the centering and levels of C.C.
Detailing of C.C.:Width of C.C. 1.5meter
Depth of C.C. 6
Ratio of mix 1:3:6
DETAILING OF FOOTING
I see on my site isolated footing
Size of footing 1.15*1.15*0.04m
Detailing of reinforcement 10@0.0120
Ratio of mix 1:4:8
Cement used: SHREE CEMENT 43 grade
Balaste used: 40 mm
Sand size: 60 micron
2ND WEEK
I see on my site Combined footing
Detailing of c.c.:Width of c.c.:2.8m
length of c.c.:3.8m
depth of c.c.:6
ratio of mix:1:3:6
DETAILING OF FOOTING
I see on my site combined footing
Size of footing :3.0*4.7*0.04m
Detailing of reinforcement:12@0.012,10@0.018
Ratio of mix:1:4:8
Cement used: J.K.LAKSHMI 53 grade
Balaste used:40mm
Sand size: 60 micron
Detailing of spread beam
Size of beam 0.9*2.2*0.7
Detailing of Reinforcement of spread beam:
Compression side: 12mm (1), 10mm (2)
Tension side: 16mm (3)
3RD WEEK
CONSTRUCTION OF COLUMN
Detailing of column c1
Size of column 0.3*0.23m
Reinforcement
Main 16mm (6)
Shear 8mm , 2lgd@0.15m
Detailing of c2
Size 0.45*0.45
REINFORCEMENT
Main 16mm (8)
Shear 8mm , 2lgd@0.15m
Ratio of mix 1:1.5:3
RAFT FOUNDATION
Excavation 2700 sq. Ft. * 146
Foundation of a section
Area 4.8*2.8*0.4m
Reinforcement
Main 12mm @0.12m c/c
Distribution 10mm @0.18m c/c
COLUMN
Column c3
Size 0.46*0.23m
Reinforcement
Main 16mm (8)
Shear 8mm @0.15m c/c
A. DESIGN PROCDURE OF BUILDING CONSTRUCTION

ACTIVITY
1. COMPONENT OF THE BUILDING

1. Foundation.
2. Plinth
3. Building Structure
4. Floor
5. Temporary Supporting Structure
6. Reinforced Concrete Beam
7. Reinforced concrete Slab
8. Vertical transportation
9. Masonry construction.
1. FOUNDATION
A foundation is that part of the structure which is in direct contact with ground, it transfer the
load of the structure to he soil below so as to avoid over loading of the soil beneath.
It also increases stability of structure by taking the structure deep into the ground.
Broadly foundation may be classified under two categories:

(1) Shallow foundation
(2) Deep foundation
A foundation is said to be shallow if its depth is equal to or less than its width. In the case of
deep foundation, the depth is greater than its width.
Foundation are generally built of brick, stone, concrete, steel etc.
Before deciding upon foundation size, we must ensure that:1) The bearing pressure at the base does not exceed the allowable soil pressure.
2) The settlement of the foundation is with in reasonable.
3) Differential settlement is so limited as not to cause any damage to the structure.
The selection of the foundation type for a particular site depends on the following consideration:1) Nature of subsoil,
2) Nature and extent of difficulties i.e. pressure of boulder, buried tree trunks etc, likely to be met
with, end
3) Availability of expertise and equipments.
1.1 TYPE OF FOUNDATION

1) Wall footing
2) Isolated footing
3) Combined footing
4) Inverted footing
5) Continuous footing
6) Cantilever footing
7) Grillage footing
8) Raft footing
1.1.1 COMBINED FOOTING

A combined footing supports two or more columns in a row. The combined footing can be
rectangular in shape if both the columns carry equal loads, or can be trapezoidal if there are
space limitations and they carry unequal loads. Generally, they are constructed of reinforced
concrete. In the design of footings, the footing is assumed to be rigid and resting on a
homogeneous soil. The location of center of gravity of columns loads and the centroid of the
footing should coincide. The maximum bending moment is taken as the design value for the
reinforcement concrete footing and should be checked for the maximum shear and bond.
1.1.2 RAFT FOUNDATION (MAT FOUNDATION)

This consists of single, heavy, reinforced concrete slab know as raft or mat by which the
available site is covered and supports all the building loads. This is primarily used where no firm
strata exists at a reasonable depth below the surface and a maximum area of foundation is
essential to reduce the imposed uniform pressure within the safe bearing capacity of soil or to
restrict the settlement. This raft foundation, sometimes, is adopted for secondary reasons or
conditions. Looking to economy in design and construction, rafts may be soil slab type or beam
and slab type or cellular type.
A raft or mat is a combined footing that covers the entire area beneath a structure and supports all
the columns. They are also used where the soil mass contains compressible lenses so that the
differential settlement would be difficult to control. The raft tends to bridge over the erratic
deposits and eliminates the possibility of differential settlement. A raft may undergo large
settlements without causing harmful differential settlement. Almost double the settlement of that
permitted for footing is acceptable for rafts. Usually when hard soil is not available within 1.5 to
2.5 m, a raft foundation is adopted. The raft is composed of reinforced concrete beam with a
relatively thin slab underneath.
2. MASONRY CONSTRUCTION
Masonry is defined as an art of construction in which building units, such as clay bricks, sandlime, sand-lime bricks, stone, precast hollow concrete blocks, concrete slabs, glass block, a
combination of some of these building units, etc. are arranged systematically and bonded
together to form a homogeneous mass in such a manner that they can withstand point or other
loads and transmit them trough the mass without failure or disintegration.
Load-Bearing wall, and

Nonleaded bearing wall, or curtain wall or filler wall or panel walls.
2.1 MASONRY CLASSIFICATIONS

1. Brick masonry
2. Stone masonry
3. Hollow block concrete masonry
4. Reinforced masonry, and
5. Composite masonry.
Then can be further sub-divide into various types depending upon workmanship and type of
material used.
Description
Stone Masonry
1. Uses
Construction of piers, dams, docks, Residential buildings

marine
structure,
residential
and
monumental buildings
2. Strength
High crushing strength
Much less
3. Durability
Excellent
- do -
4. Appearance
Color improves and looks more beautiful Flimsy and requires plastering
with age. No treatment necessary
5. Source
Natural
6. Danger
dampness
7. Cost
form No such danger
Brick Masonry
Article product
Causes disintegration
High cost usage. It is restricted to hilly Much
less
cost
and
easily
areas or stone regions
available
8. Bond
It requires a great deal of time and extra Regular shape and size resultant
labor in maintaining proper bond
in quick construction bond
9. Construction
High skills
Ordinary skill
10. Moldings into Not convenient

desired shape
Convenient
11. Handling
Requires lifting device
Easy to handle
12. Fire resistance
Less
More
2.1.1 BRICK MASONRY

The construction of brick units bonded together with mortar is termed as brick masonry. The
strength of brick work depends upon the type of mortar used. Generally, cement mortar is used
for work of permanent nature where strength is of vital importance, lime mortar for general
construction purposes and mud mortar for work of temporary nature. Brick masonry is widely
employed in the construction of building components such as walls, partitions, footings, stairs,
columns, floors, arches, etc.
2.1.1.1 CLASSIFICATION OF BRICK-BONDS

a. Stretcher bond
b. Header bond
c. English bond
d. Double Flemish bond
e. Single Flemish bond
f. Garden-wall bond
g. English garden wall bond, b. Flemish garden wall bond

h. Facing bond
i. Dutch bond
j. Ranking bond
k. Herring bone bond, b. Diagonal bond.
2.1.1.1.1 ENGLISH BOND

In this type of bond alternate courses of headers and stretchers are laid. It is necessary to place
queen closers after the first header course for breaking the joints vertically.
1.
A queen closer must be provided after the quoin header. A header course should never
start with a queen closer.
2.
Each alternate header should be centrally placed over a stretcher.
3.
Continuous vertical joints should not be allowed except at stopped end.
4.
In case of the wall thickness equivalent to an odd number of half brick, the same course
shall have stretcher on one face and header on the other.
5.
In case of the wall thickness equivalent to an even number of half brick, the wall shall
present the similar appearance on both the faces.
6.
Only headers should be use for the hearting of the thicker wall.
7.
The joint on the header course should be made thinner than those in the stretcher course.
This is because of the fact that the numbers of vertical joints in the stretcher course are half of
the number of joints in the header course.
ONE BRICK WALL ENGLISH BOND

On the site brick work has done 1: 6 (cement, sand) ratios.
And loading wall is 230 mm & part ion wall is 115mm on the site.
2.1.2 STONE MASONRY

The construction of stone units bonded together with mortar is termed as stone masonry. Where
stone are availed in abundance in nature, on cutting and dressing to the proper shape, they
provide an economical material for the construction of various building components such as
wails, columns, footing, arches, lintels, beam, etc. stone masonry being more stronger, is also
used in the construction of piers, docks, dams, light houses and other marine structures. The
stone masonry is broadly classified in two categories.
a. Rubble Masonry
b. Ashlars Masonry.
2.1.2.1 RUBBLE MASONRY

In this type of masonry, the block of stone either undressed dressed of non-uniform size and
shape are bonded together with mortar. This masonry construction consists of wider joints.
2.1.2.2 ASHLARS MASONRY

In this type of masonry, the block of stone, carefully dressed into uniform size and shape, are
bonded together with mortar. This is the highest grade of masonry consisting of very fine joints
but very costly at the same time.
3. COLUMN
A short compression member is subjected to eccentric load (or to a direct compressive force and
a moment simultaneously), the failure primarily by crushing. However, then remain the case in
which compression member of relatively longer length fail by buckling or by lateral bending
even under a center load. Such members are commonly known as column. Column is a
compression member that is so slender compared to its length that under gradually increasing
loads, it fails by bucking at loads considerably less than those required to cause failure by
crushing.
It is an isolated vertical load bearing member, the width of which is neither less than its thickness
nor more than four times the thickness.
Site plane column is 300mm x 600mm.
3.1 REINFORCED CONCRETE COLUMNS

Columns are very important member of a structure, the frailer of which may lead to the collapse
of entire building. The design and construction of R.C.C column should be given due
consideration. Column with greater height or with eccentric loads must be reinforced.
The columns are provided with two type of steel reinforcement;

Main or longitudinal reinforcement consisting of vertical bars which share the load with the
concrete and also take up any tensile stresses caused by lateral forces or eccentric loads, and
Transverse or lateral reinforcement. Know as ties which bind the longitudinal reinforcement. The
object of the transverse reinforcement is to prevent the buckling or spreading out of the
longitudinal bars and also to prevent concrete from splitting out ward on planes of greatest shear
stress which is 45o to the axis of the column. Lesser is the spacing of ties, the greater would be
the capacity of the column to carry loads.
Depending upon the transverse reinforcement or ties, the R.C.C columns are classified into two
types,
In which the longitudinal bar of columns are tied by independent link at certain vertical spacing,
are know as tied column and
In which the main bars of column are tied by spiral or helical vertical reinforcement around then
continuously, are know as spirally reinforced or helix column. These links are tied with 16 gauge
wire with vertical reinforcement.
The total area of longitudinal bars should not be less than 0.8% and not more than 8% of the
gross sectional area of the column.
In spirally reinforced column, the number of main bars should not be less than 6 within and in
contact with the spiral.
The minimum dear spacing between main bars should be equal to the dia of bar or 6mm in
excess of maximum size of coarse aggregate which heaver is greater.
The maximum concrete cover to be provided around the bar should be 4 cm.
4. MIXING OF CONCRETE
During the process of mixing, great care is taken to ensure the materials are obtained in a
uniform condition. There are two different types of concrete mixing:
(1) Hand mixing.
(2) Machine mixing.
4.1 HAND MIXING

This method of mixing concrete is resorted to when the quantity of concrete to be work is
insufficient to warrant the necessity of machine. This method is used with advantage in places
where machinery cannot be used on account of their non-availability or in works near a hospital
where noise of machine is not desirable. Hand mixing is done on a clean, hard and impermeable
surface; Cement and sand are first mixed dry with the help of shovels until the mixture attains a
uniform color. Aggregates are then added to this mixture and the whole mixture is then turned by
shovels until the stone pieces are uniformly spread throughout. After this, desired quantity of
water is poured into the heap from a can fitted with a rose. The mass is then turned until a
workable mixture is obtained. It is advisable to 10% extra cement to guard against the possibility
of inadequate mixing by this method.
4.2 MACHINE MIXING

The machine used for mixing concrete is termed a concrete mixer. Two types of concrete mixers
are in common are:
(1) Continuous mixers.

(2) Batch mixers.
Continuous mixers are employed in massive construction where a large and continuous
flow of concrete is desired. The process of feeding the mixing plant is more or less automatic.
The machine requires careful supervision so as to obtain the concrete mix. Of desired
consistency.
In batch type of concrete mixer, the desired proportions of materials are fed into the
hopper of a drum in which the materials get mixed by the series of blades or baffles inside the
mixer. Batch mixers are further divided into two main types - viz. tilting drum type and closed
drum type. In the first type the components of concrete mix. are fed in the revolving drum in a
tilted position and after some time the concrete mix. Is discharged by tilting the drums in the
opposite direction. In the latter type the drum remains rotating in one direction and is emptied by
means of the hopper which tilts to receive the discharge.
While using the mixer, coarse aggregate should be fed first; sand and then cement should
be put afterwards. In this revolving state the components get mixed while water is poured with
the help of a can. The concrete should be mixed for at least 2 minutes, the time being measured
after all the ingredients including water have been fed into the drum.
5. PLACING OF CONCRETE
Concrete should be placed and compacted immediately after mixing. The arrangement for the
conveyance of the concrete mix. Should be so planned that the mixed mass is used within 30 to
40 minutes. This is necessary to prevent the danger of concrete getting its initial set. Thus the
quantity of concrete prepared in one batch should be such that it can be used within the said
period. Before lying concrete the shuttering should be cleaned of all dust or debris. In order to
prevent the stutterering absorbing the water from the concrete or getting stuck to it, a coat of
crude oil or grease ets. is usually applied to the shuttering before concreting . In placing concrete,
care should be taken to see that it should not be thrown from heights. Concrete should be laid in
layers 15 to 30 cm. (6 to12") in thickness. and each layer should be properly compacted before
laying the next one.
6. CONSOLIDATION OF CONCRETE
Consolidation of concrete should proceed immediately after placing. The function of
consolidation of concrete is to expel the bubbles in air bubbles in the mass and make it
impermeable in addition to its securing desired strength. The concrete mass should be
consolidated or compaction till the cream of the cement starts appearing on the surface. Overcompaction till cream of the cement starts appearing while under-compaction may leave airvoids in concrete and result in honey combing.
Consolidation may be done by hand or mechanical device.
Hand compaction may be done by rodding, tamping or hammering. Tamping is usually

adopted for compacting concrete for slabs or other such surfaces ; rodding is done for thin
vertical members ; hammering is done for massive plain concrete works and for compacting an
almost dry concrete the surface is beaten with heavy flat bottomed rammers till a thin film of
mortar starts appearing on the surface.
Mechanical compaction is done by the use the of vibrators. Vibrators are of three general
types, viz. (1) internal; (2) external; (3) surface. Internal vibrators are commonly used on large
works for flat surface compaction. In this the vibrator is immersed in the full depth of concrete
layer. The vibrator should be kept in one position for about 3 minutes and then removed and
placed in another position . External vibrators are placed against the form work and are only
adopted for thin sections of members or in places where internal vibrators cannot be used with
ease. Surface vibrators are generally employed in concrete road construction. Consolidation of
concrete by use of vibrators permits the use of stiff concrete mix. of high strength and ensures
better compaction than that obained by the method of hand compaction.
7. CURING OF CONCRETE
Curing of concrete is of the essential requirements of the process of concreting . Curing is the
process of keepingthe set concrete damp for some days in order to enable the concrete gain more
strength .It has been established that the strength of concrete increases with the age provided it is
kept damp. During the process of curing the concrete absorbs the water necessary for its
complete chemical action to reach its required strength . The strength of concrete increaser more
rapidly in the first few days after setting and afterwards the rate of increase in syrength goes on
retarding . The period for which curing should be continued depenued depends upon atmospheric
conditions such as temperature, humidity and wind velocity. In general the process of curing
should be continued for 7 to 10 days .In cold weather , however , the concrete should be cursd
for at least 14 days as the rate of hardening of cement is low in such conditionsm Curing may be
done by adopting the following methods :
(1) By covering the exposed surface with most sand , earth , gunny bage ets,and sprinking water
at intervals to keep the covering wet.
(2) Floor or other horizontal surface may be cured by impounding water in earthen or sandy
bunds in squares over the entire area. The depth of water in the enclosed squares may maintained
5 to 7.6 cm. (2 to 3 in.)
(3) Columns , walls or other such vertical surface are usually cured by wrapping gunny bag or
cannas over the surface and keeping the wrapped material continuously wet by sprinkling water
or by some other means.
It has now been discovered that during the process of curing, increase in temperature increases
the rate of increase in strength of concrete . This property is made use of in curing small pre-cast
members by steam .It enables the concrete to gain required strength in less time.
B. FORM WORK
1. INTRODUCTION
The form work or shuttering is a temporary ancillary construction used as a mould for the
structure , in which concrete is placed and in which it hardens and matures. This construction of
form work involves considerable expenditure of time and material . The cost of form work may
be up to 20 to 25% of the cost of structure in building work , and even higher in bridges. In order
to reduce this expenditure , it is necessary to design economical types of formwork and to
mechanize its construction . When the concrete has reached a certain required strength , the from
is no longer needed and is removed . The operation of removing the form work is commonly
known as stripping . When at ripping takes place , the components of formwork are removed and
then reused for the forms of another part of the structure as panel forms. In contrast to this are
stationary forms which are made for individual non-standard and structures, which have no
repeatable elements, and also for structural members, the form of work which cannot be stripped.
Forms are classified as wooden , plywood ,steel , combined wood steel , reinforced concrete and
plain concrete . Timber is the most common material used for form work . The disadvantage of
wooden form work is the possibility of warping , swelling and shrinkage of the timber .
However,
Those defects can be overcome by applying to the stuttering water impermeable coatings. This
coating also prevents the stuttering form adhering to concrete and hence makes the stripping
easier . Steel shuttering is used for major work where every thing is mechanized . Steel form
work has many advantages , such as follows : (1) it can be put to high number of uses, (2) it
provides ease of stripping , (3) it ensures an even and smooth concrete surface , (4) it possesses
greater rigidity, (5) it so not liable to shrinkage or distortion. However , steel form work is
comparatively more costly.
2. REQUIREMENTS
A good form work should satisfy the following requirements :
(1) The material of the form work should be cheap and it should be suitable for re-use several
times.
(2) It should be practically water proof so that it does not absorb water form concrete . Also , its
shrinkage and swelling should be minimum.
(3) It should be strong enough to withstand all loads coming on it , such a dead load of concrete
and during its pouring compaction and curing.
(4) It should be stiff enough so that deflection is minimum.
(5) It should be as be light as possible.
(6) The surface of the form work should be smooth, and it should afford easy stripping.
(7) All joints of the form work should be stiff so that lateral
deformation under loads is minimum .also , these joints should be leak proof.
(8) The form work should rest on non-yielding supports.
3. INDIAN STANDARD ON FORM WORK
1.GENERAL
The formwork shall conform to the shape, lines and dimensions, as shown on the plans and be
so constructed as to remain sufficiently rigid during the placing ands compacting of the
concrete , and shall be sufficiently night to prevent loss of liquid from the concrete.
2.CLEANING AND TREATMENT OF FORMS

All rubbish , particularly chippings, shavings and sawdust, shall be removed from the interior of
the forms before the concrete shall be cleaned and thoroughly wetted or treated with an
approved composition .Care shall be taken that such approved composition is kept out of contact
with the reinforcement.
3.STRIPPING TIME
In no circumstances forms shall be struck until the concrete reaches a strength of at least twice
the stress to which the concrete may be subjected at the time of striking.
The strength referred to shall be that of concrete using the same cement and aggregate ,
with the same proportions, and cured under condition of temperature and moisture similar to
those existing on the work . Where possible, the form work should be left longer, as it would
assist the curing.
In normal circumstances ( generally where temperatures are above 20oC ), and where ordinary
cement is used, forms may be struck after expiry of following periods:
(a)Walls, columns and vertical
24 to 48 hours as sides of beams

may be decided by
the engineer-in-charge.
(b) Slabs ( props left under )
3days .
(c) Beam soffits (props left under)
7 days.
(d) Removal of props to slabs:

(i) Spanning up to 4.5 m
7 days.
(ii) Spanning over 4.5 m
14 days.
(e) Removal of props to beams and arches:

(i) Spanning up to 6 m
14 days.
(ii) Spanning over 6 m
21 days.
For rapid hardening cement 3/7 of the above period will be sufficient in all cases except vertical
sides of slabs , beams and columns which should be retained for 24 hours.
Note. The number of props , their sizes and disposition , shall be such as to be able to safely
carry thr full load of the slabs, beam or arch as the case may be.
4.PROCEDURE WHEN REMOVING THE FORM WORK

All form work shall be removed without such shock or vibration as would damage the reinforced
concrete . Before the soffit are removed, the concrete surface shall be exposed , where necessary
in order to ascertain that the concrete has sufficiently hardened . Proper precautions shall be
taken to allow for the decrease in the rate of hardening that occurs with all cements in, the cold
water.
5.CAMBER
It is generally desirable to give forms an upward camber to ensure that the beams do not have a
sag when they have taken up their deflection, but this should not be done unless allowed for in
design calculations of the beams.
6.TOLERANCES.
Form work shall be so constructed that the internal dimensions are within the permissible
tolerance specified by the designer.
C. MATERIALS
1. CEMENT
The cement used shall be any of the following and the type selected should be appropriate for the
intended use:
a)
33 Grade ordinary Portland cement
b)
c)
d)
Rapid hardening Portland slag cement
e)
Portland slag cement
f)
Portland pozzolana cement (fly ash based)
g)
Portland pozzolana cement ( calcined clay based )
h)
Hydrophobic cement
j)
Low heat Portland cement
k)
Sulphate resisting Portland cement
Other combinations of Portland cement with mineral admixtures of quality conforming

with relevant Indian Standards laid down may also be used in the manufacture of concrete
provided that there are satisfactory data on their suitability, such as performance test on concrete
containing them.
2. ADMIXTURES
Admixtures, if used shall comply with previous experience with and data on materials should
considered in relation to the likely standards of supervision and workmanship to the work being
specified.
Admixtures should not impair durability of concrete nor combine with the constituent to form
harmful compounds nor increase the risk of corrosion of reinforcement.
The workability, compressive strength and the slump loss of concrete with and without the use of
admixtures shall be established during the trial mixes before use of admixtures.
The relative density of liquid admixtures shall be checked for each drum containing admixtures
and compared with the specified value before acceptance.
The chloride content of admixtures shall be independently tested for each before acceptance .
If two or more admixtures are used simultaneously in the same concrete mix, data should be
assess their interaction and to ensure their compatibility.
2.1 MINERAL ADMIXTURES
2.1.1 POZZOLANAS
Pozzolanic materials conforming to relevant Indian Standards may be used with the permission
of the engineer-in-charge, provided uniform blending with cement is ensured.
2.1.2 FLY ASH (PULVERIZED FUEL ASH)

Fly ash may be used as part replacement of ordinary Portland cement provided uniform blending
with cement is ensured.
2.1.3 SILICA FUME

Silica fume conforming to a standard approved by the decided authority may be used as part
replacement of cement provided uniform blending with the cement is ensured.
2.1.4 RICE HUSK ASH

Rice husk ash giving required performance and uniform characteristics may be used with the
approval of the deciding authority.
2.1.5 METAKAOLINE
Metakaoline having fineness between 700 to 900 m2/kg may be used as pozzolanic material in
concrete.
2.1.6 GROUND GRANULATED BLAST FURNANCE SLAG

Ground Granulated Blast Furnance Slag obtained by Granulated Blast Furnance Slag may be
used as part replacement of ordinary Portland cements provided uniform blending with cement is
ensured.
3. AGGREGATES
Aggregates shall comply with the requirements of IS 383. As far as possible preference shall be
given to natural aggregates.
3.1 SIZE OF AGGREGATES

The normal maximum size of coarse aggregate should be as large as possible within the limits
specified but in no case greater than one-fourth of the minimum thickness of the member,
provided that the concrete can be placed without difficulty so as to surround all reinforcement
thoroughly and fill the corners of the form. For most work, 20mm aggregate is suitable. When
there is no restriction to the flow of concrete into sections, 40 mm or lager size may be
permitted . In concrete elements with thin sections , closely spaced reinforcement or small
cover , consideration should be given to the use of 10 mm nominal maximum size.
Plums above160 mm and up to any reasonable size may be used in plain concrete work up to a
maximum limit of 20 percent by volume of concrete when specifically permitted by the
engineer-in-charge .The plums shall be distributed evenly and shall be not closer than 150 mm
from the surface.
4. WATER
Water used for mixing and curing shall be clean and free from injurious amounts of , acids ,
alkalis, salts, sugar, organic materials or other substances that may be deleterious to concrete or
steel.
Potable water is generally considerered satisfactory for mixing concrete. As a guide the
following concentrations represent the maximum permissible values :
a) To neutralize 100 ml sample of water, using phenolphthalein as indicator, it should not require
more than 5 ml of 0.02 normal NaOH. The details of test are given in 8.1.
b) To neutralize 100 ml sample of water ,using mixed indicator, it should not require more than
25 ml of 0.02 normal H2SO4.
4.1 SEA WATER

Mixing or curing of concrete with sea water is not recommended because of presence of harmful
salts in sea water .Under unavoidable circumstances sea water may be used for mixing or curing
in plain concrete with no embedded steel after having given due consideration to possible
disadvantages and precautions including use of appropriate cement system.
5. REINFORCEMENT
The reinforcement shall be any of the following :
a)
Mild steel and medium tensile steel bars.
b)
High strength deformed steel bars.
c)
Hard-drawn steel wire fabric.
d)
Structural steel conforming to Grade A.
D. PROPERTIES OF CONCRETE
1. INCREASE OF STRENGTH WITH AGE

There is normally a gain of strength beyond 28 days . The quantum of increase depends upon the
grade and type of cement, curing and environmental conditions, etc. The design should be based
on 28 days characteristic strength of concrete unless there is a evidence to justify a higher
strength for a particular structure due to age.
2. TENSILE STRENGTH OF CONCRETE

The flexural and splitting tensile strength shall be obtained as described in IS codes. When the
designer wishes to use an estimate of the tensile strength from the compressive strength, the
following formula may be used :
Flaxural strength, fck = 0.7 fck N/mm2 where fck is the characteristic cube compressive strength
of concrete in N/ mm2
3. ELASTIC DEFORMATION
The modulus of elasticity is primarily by the elastic properties of the aggregate and to a lesser
extent by conditions of curing and age of the concrete, the mix proportions and the type of
cement . The modulus of elasticity is normally related to the
4. COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH OF CONCRETE
The modulus of elasticity of concrete can be assumed as follows :

Ec= 5000 fck
where
Ec is the short term static modulus of elasticity in N/ mm2.
Actual measured values may differ by + 20 percent from the values obtained from the above
expression.
5. SHRINKAGE
The total shrinkage of concrete depends upon constituents of concrete, size of the member and
environmental conditions. For a given humidity and temperature, the total shrinkage of concrete
is most influenced by the total amount of water present in the concrete at the time of mixing
and , to a lesser extent, by the cement content.
In the absence of test data, the approximate value of the totat shrinkage strain for design may be
taken as 0.0003.
6. CREEP OF CONCRETE
Creep of concrete depends, in addition to the factors listed in on the stress in the concrete, age at
loading and the duration of loading . As long as the stress in concrete does not exceed one- third
of its characteristic compressive strength, creep may be assumed to be proportional to the stress.
In the absence of experimental data and detailed information on the effect of the variables, the
ultimate creep strain may be estimated from the following values of creep coefficient
( that
is, ultimate creep strain/elastic strain at the age of loading ) ; for long span structure, it is
advisable to determine actual creep strain, likely to take place.
7. THERMAL EXPANSION
The coefficient of thermal expansion depends on nature of cement, the aggregate, the cement
content, the relative humidity and the size of sections.
E. DURABILITY OF CONCRETE
1. GENERAL
A durable concrete is one that performs satisfactorily in the working environment during its
anticipated exposure conditions during service. The materials and mix proporions specified and
used should be such as to maintain its integrity and , if applicable. to protect embedded metal
from corrosoion.
2. REQUIREMENTS FOR DURABITITY
2.1 SHAPE AND SIZE OF MEMBER

The shape or design details of exposed structures should be such as to promote drainage of water
and to avoid standing
pools and rundown of water. Care should also be taken to minimize any cracks that may collect
or transmit water. Adequate curing is essential to avoid the harmful effects of early loss of
moisture Member profiles and their intersections with other members shall be designed amd
detailed in a way to ensure easy flow so concrete and proper compaction during concreting.
Concrete is more vulnerable to deterioration due to chemical or climatic attack when it is thin
sections, in sections under hydrostatic pressure from ine side only , in partially immersed
sectiona and at corners and edges of elements. The life of the structure can be lengthened by
providing extra cover to steel, by chamfering the corners on by using circular crosssections or
by using coatings which prevent or reduce the ingress of water , carbon dixide or aggressive
chemicals.
F. EXPOSURE CONDITIONS
1. GENERAL ENVIRONMENT
The general environment to which the concrete will be exposed during its working life is
classified into five levels of severity , that is, that is, mild, moderate, severe, very severe and
extreme as described.
2. ABRASIVE
Specialist literatures may be referred to for durability requirements of concrete surfaces exposed
to abrasive action, for example, in case of machinery and natural tyres.
3. FREEZING AND THRAWING

Where freezing and thrawing actions under wet conditions exist, enhanced durability can be
obtained by the use of suitable air entraining admixtures. When concrete lower than grade M 50
is used under these conditions, the mean total air content byvolume of the frest concrete at the
time of delivery into the constructions should be: Since air entertainment reduces the strength,
suitable adjustments may be made in the mix design for achieving required strength.
4. EXPOSURE TO SULPHATE ATTACK

Maximum free water/cement ratio and minimum cement content, which are required at different
sulphate concetrations in near neutral ground water having pH of 6 to 9.
For the very high sulphate concentrations in Class 5 conditions, some form of lining such as
polyethylene of polychloroprene sheet; or surface coating based on asphalt, chlorinated rubber,
epoxy; or polyurethane materials should also be used to prevent access bythe sulphate solution.
5. REQUIREMENT OF CONCRETE COVER

The protection of the steel in concrete against corrosion depends upon an adequate thickness of
good quality concrete.
G. CONCRETE MIX PROPORTIONS
1. GENERAL
The free water-cement ratio is an important factor in governing the durability of concrete and
should always be the lowest value. Appropriate values for minimum cement content and the
maximum fee water-cement ratio are different exposure conditions. The minimum cement
content and maximum water-cement ratio apply to 20 mm nominal maximum size aggregate.
2. MIX CONSTITUENTS
For concrete to be durable, careful selection of the mix and materials is necessary, so that
deleterious constituents do not exceed the limits.
3. CHLORIDES IN CONCRETE
Whenever there is chloride in concrete there is an increased risk of corrosion of embedded metal.
The higher the chlorise content, or is subsequently exposed to warm moist conditions, the greater
the risk of corrosion. All constituents may contain chlorides and concrete may be contaminated
by chlorides from the external environment. To minimize the chance of deterioration of concrete
from harmful chemical salts, the levels olf such harmful salts in concrete coming from concrete
materials, that is, cement, aggregates water and admixtures.
The total acid soluble chloride contents should be calculated from the mix proportions and the
measured chloride contents of each of the constituents. Wherever possible, the total chloride
content of the concrete should be determined.
4. ALKALI-AGGREGATE REACTION
Someaggregates containing particular varieties of silica may be suceptible to attach by
alkalis ( Na2O and K2O ) originating from cement or other sources, producing an expansive
reaction which can cause cracking and disruption of concrete. Damage to concrete from this
reaction will normally only occur when all the following are present together :
a)
A high moisture level, within the concrete.
b)
A cement with high alkali content, or another source of alkali.
c)
Aggregate containing an alkali reactive constituent.
Where the service records of particular cement/aggregate combination are well

established, and do not include any instances of cracking due to alkali-aggregate reaction, no
further precautions should be necessary. When the materials are unfamiliar, precautions should
take one or more of the following forms :
a)
Use of non-reactive aggregate from alternate sources.
b)
Use of low alkali ordinary Portland cement having total alkali cement not more
than 0.6 percent (as Na2O equivalent.)
Further advantage can be obtained by use of fly ash

( Grade 1) or granulated blastfurnace slag as part replacement or ordinary Portland cement
( having total alkali content as Na2O equivalent not more than 0.6 percent), provided fly ash
content is at least 20 percent or slag content is at least 50 percent.
c)
Measures to reduce the degree of saturation of the concrete during service such as
use of impremeable membrances.
d)
Limiting the cement content in the concrete mix and thereby limiting total alkali
content in the concrete mix. For more guidance specialist literatures may be referred.
H. BATCHING
To avoid confusion and error in batching, consideration should be given to using the
smallest practical number of different concrete mixes on any site or in any one plant. In batching
concrete, the quanntity of both cement and aggregate shall be determined by mass; admixture, is
solid, by mass; liquid admixture may however be measured in volume or
mass; water shall be weighed or measured by volume in a calibrated tank.

Ready-mixed concrete supplied by ready-mixed concrete plant shall be preferred. For
large and medium project sites the concrete shall be sourced from ready-mixed concrete plants or
from on site or off site batching and mixing plants.
Except where it can be shown to the satisfaction of the engineer-in-charge that supply of
properly graded aggregate of uniform quality can be maintained over a period of work, the
grading of aggregate should be controlled by obtaining the coarse aggregate in different sizes and
blending them in the right proportions when required, the different sizes being stocked in
separate stock-piles. The material should be stock-piled for several hours preferably a day before
use. The grading of coarse and fine aggregate should be checked as frequently as possible, the
frequency for a given job being determined by the engineer-in-charge to ensure that the specified
graidng is maintained.
The accuracy of the measuring equipment shall be within + percent of the quantity of
cement being measured and within + percent of the quantity of aggregate, admixtures and water
being measured.
Proportion/Type and grading of aggregates shall be made by trial in such a way so as to
obtain densest possible concrete.
All ingredients of the concrete should be used by mass only.
Volume batching may be allowed only where weight-batching is not practical and provided
accurate bulk densities of materials to be actually used in concerete have earlier been
establoished. Allowance for bulking shall be made in accordance with. The mass volume
relationship should be checked as frequently as necessary, the frequency for the given job being
determined by engineer-in-charge to ensure that the specified grading is maintained.
It is important to maintain the water-cement ratio constant at its correct value. To this
end, determination of moisture contents in both fine and coarse aggregates shall be made as
frequently as possible, the frequency for a given job being determined by the engineer-in-charge.
According to weather conditions. The amount of the added water shall be adjusted to compensate
for any observed variations in the moisture contents. For the determination of moisture content in
the aggregates. To allow for the variation in mass of aggregate due to variation in their moisutre
content, suitable adjustments in the mases of aggregates shall also be made. In the absence of
exact data, only in the case of nominal mixes, the amount of surface water may be estimated
from the values.
LABORATARY BUILDING
Sample details: Field Testing Station
CEMENT
Ordinary Portland cement Grade 43 one sample INDENTIFICATION Mark o sample J.K.
Sarvashaktiman.
S. no
Name of test
Standard
1.
Physical test
Is : 8112-1989
Percentage of water required

of standard consistency
2.
Actual
sample
Remarks
28.5%
Sample confirms
IS: 8112-1989 in
respect of test
performed.
Setting time
Initial
Min 30 minutes
55 minutes
2.2
Final
Max 600 min
280 min
3.
Compressive strength
72 hours
Min 23 mpa
30.0 mpa
3.2
168 hours
Min 33 mpa
42.0 mpa
3.3
672 hours
Min 43 mpa
47.0 mpa
2.1
3.1
4.
Fineness by btains air Min 225 sq/ kg

permeability method
293
square
meter per kg
TEST REQUIRED: - FOLLOWING TEST AS PER IS : 8112-1989.
TESTING OF % WATER CONTENT FOR CEMENT PAST OF NORMAL

CONSISTENCY
APPARATUS
Vicats apparatus with plunger, balance, trowel, stop watch, vicats mould, measuring cylinder,
try 2 Nos, non-porous plate, and thermometer
PROCEDURE
Weight about 300 gm of cement and place it in the enamel tray.
To start with, add about 28% of water and mix it by means of a spatula. Care should be taken that
the time of gauging is less than 3 minutes and not more than 5 minutes. The gauging time shall
be counted from the time of adding water to the dry cement until commencing to fill the mould.
Fill the vicats mould with this paste the mould resting on non-porous plate.
Make the surface of the cement paste in level with the top of the mould with a trowel.
Placed this mould together with the non-porous plate under the plunger. Adjust the indicator to
show 0-0 when it touches the surface of the test block.
Release the plunger quickly, allowing it to sink into the paste.

Prepare trial pastes with varying % of water and test as described above until needle penetrates
5mm-7mm above the bottom the mould.
Express this amount of water as % by weight of the dry cement.
RESULTS
% of water required preparing a cement paste of standard consistency for given cement is found
to be 28.5% .
TESTING OF INITIAL & FINAL SETTING TIME FOR ORDINARY

PORTLAND CEMENT.\
APPARATUS
Vicats apparatus with needle and mould, stopwatch, balance, trowel, thermometer, measuring
cylinder.
PROCEDURE
(A) INITIAL SETTING TIME
Take 300 gm of cement use w/c ratio as 0.85P and prepare cement
paste.
Stat stopwatch at the instant when is added to the cement.

Fill the vicats mould. The gauging time should be between 3 to 5 minutes.
Level the top surface and place the test block confined in mould and resting on a non-porous
plate under the rod
Lower the rod after 2 minutes and note penetration.

Repeat this procedure till needle fails to pierce the test block for about 5mm. this time since the
water added will be initial setting time.
(B) FINAL SETTING TIME

In this test replace the proper needle.
On releasing the needle you will get impression like 0.
Repeat the above procedure till you get the impression of needle only.
Note the time and this will represent final setting time since water is added to cement.
TESTING OF COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH TEST OF CEMENT
APPARATUS
Compressive strength machine, Tamping rod, Mould, Glass plate, Trowel, etc.
PROCEDURE
First of all cement & standard sand mortar of ratio 1:3 by weight with (P/4 + 3.0)% of water by
combated of cement & sand is prepared where P is the normal consistency of cement.
Now the cube mould having surface 7.06cm x 7.06cm x 7.06cm area filled & then temping with
temping rod in three layer on 25 tamping
The cube moulds are kept at (27+_ 5) o C at a relative humidity of 90% for 24 hrs.
Now the specimens are taken out from the mould and immersed in a water tub at (27+_ 5) o C up
to time of testing.
After 3 days, 7 days the thrice specimen at each time is tested in C.T.M and load at which the
specimen fails is noted.
Compressive strength of each specimen is calculated by the formula = LOAD OF FAILURE /

SURFACE AREA (50 CM2).
The average of 3 specimens is reported as compressive strength of cement.
RESULT
The compressive strength of the cement is 39 mpa.
TESTING OF THE FINENESS OF CEMENT SAMPLE BY DRY SIEVING

APPARATUS
I.S:90 micron sieve, round tray, weight balance etc.
PROCEDURE
Weight accurately 100 gm. Of cement in a round try.
Placed it on a standard I.S 90 micron sieve breaking down any air-set lumps in the cement
sample with finger.
Continuously sieve the sample by holding the sieve in both the hand. Sieve with a gentle wrist
motion for a period of 15 minutes. Rotating the sieve continuously throughout the sieving.
Weight the residue after 15 minutes of sieving.
Repeat the procedure for two more such samples.
RESULT
Fineness of cement by dry sieving is 65.87%.
BRICK
Test required: Visual examination dimension compressive strength, water absorption and
efflorescence.
S.no.
Name test
Standard specifications
Actual result
IS 1077-1992 class
A.
Visual
quality
B.
Dimension of 20 bricks 4600 +_ 80 mm

length, width , height
2200 +_ 40 mm
4540 mm
1400 + _80 mm
1435 mm
C.
Average
strength
exam
general The brick shall be free from PASSED

cracks and flaws
compressive Min 7.5 N/ mm2
2220 mm
9.3 N/ mm2
Average Water absorption
Max 20.20%
12.72%
Average efflorescence
Not more than Moderate
SLIGHT
E.
TESTING OF COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH OF GIVEN SAMPLE OF

BRICKS
APPARATUS
Compressive testing machine, Trowel, Steel tape, Enamel trays, Cement, Sand, Jute bag, Water
tank, etc.
PROCEDURE
The specimen brick are immersed in water for 24 hrs.
Now the frog of the brick is filled flush with 1:3 cement, sand mortar.
The specimen brick is kept in damp jute bag for 24 hrs.
Then the specimen bricks are immersed in water for 24 hrs.
The specimen bricks is placed in between two ply of 3mm thickness and then put in the
compression testing machine & the load is applied.
The maximum load at which the specimen fails is noted & compressive strength of brick is
calculate as:
Compressive strength = Maximum load at failure
Loaded area of brick
RESULT
Compressive strength of given bricks are 9.3 N/ mm2.
TESTING OF DIMENSIONS AND TOLERANCES OF GIVEN SAMPLE OF BRICKS
PROCEDURE
The standard size if common building brick is 9 X 3.5 X 3.5. The dimensions of bricks when
tested by stacking 20 bricks.
RESULT
The dimensions (i.e. length, width, & height) of the given first class bricks brick are 4540mm *
2220mm* 1435mm*
TESTING OF THE % WATER ABSORPTION GIVEN SAMPLE OF BRICKS
APPARATUS
Electric oven, Weighing machine, Enamel trays, Thermometer, Water tank, etc.
PROCEDURE
The specimen brick is placed in an oven at 110-115 0 c till it attains a substantially constant
mass(i.e. approx 24hours)
Now it is weighted (say W1 )
The specimen brick is immersed in water at 270 c for 24 hours
Again weighted (say W2).
The water absorption (%) is calculated by the formula
Water absorption =
Weight of water absorbed X 100%
Weight of dried brick

Or
Water absorption =
(W2 W1) X 100%
W1
RESULT
The percentage water absorption of given bricks are 12.72%
TESTING OF EFFLORESCENCE OF BRICK
PROCEDURE
For this test, the brick are kept on (i.e. vertically ) in a tray and water is filled up to 25mm height.
The arrangement is kept at 200 C- 300 C in a well ventilated room.
When all the water is absorbed by brick and brick became dry then again water up to 25mm
height is filled in the tray.
Again when all the water evaporates and brick became dry the efflorescence is observed and
mark as nil, slight, moderate and heavy as per the quantity of white patches the brick samples.
RESULT
Efflorescence of bricks is slight.
SAND / FINE AGGREGATES
IS SIEVE SIZE
PERCENT BY WEIGHT PASSING THE SIEVE

ZONE I
ZONE II
ZONE III
10 mm
100
100
100
4.75 mm
90 - 100
90 100
90 - 100
2.36 mm
60 -95
75 100
85 100
1.18 mm
30 - 70
55 90
75 - 100
600 micron
15 34
35 59
60 79
300 micron
5 - 20
8 30
12 - 40
150 micron
0 -10
0 -16
0- 16
Gradation / sieve analysis quantity 1000 gm.
SIEVE
NO.
SIEVE
SIZE
WEIGHT RETAINDED CUMMULATIVE PASSING

OF
ON
EACH PERCENTAGE
THROUGH
MATERI SIEVE (% at) RETAINED
% WEIGHT
AL
RETAINE
D (g)
GRADING
LIMTS
/
REMARKS
ZONE III
1.
4.75
15
1.5
1.5
98.5
90 100
2.
2.36
33
3.3
4.8
95.2
90 100
3.
1.118
53
5.3
10.1
89.9
85 100
4.
600
124
12.4
22.5
77.5
75 100
5.
300
495
49.5
72.0
28.0
60-79
6.
150
220
22.0
94.0
60
12 40
IMPACT TEST FOR COARSE AGGREGATE
APPARATUS
Impact testing machine, cylindrical measure tamping rod, weight machine, IS sieve balance, etc.
(a). Impact testing machine: A detachable cylinder steel cup of internal diameter 10.2 cm and
depth 5cm is rigidly fastened centrally to the base plate.
(b). Measure A cylinder metal measure having internal diameter 7.5 cm and depth 5cm for
measuring aggregates.
(c). Tamping rod: A straight metal tamping rod of circular cross section, 1 cm in diameter and 23
cm long, rounded at one end.
(d). Sieve: IS sieve of sizes 12.5 mm, 10 mm, and 2.36 mm for sieving the aggregates.
(e). Balance: A balance of capacity not less than 500 g to weight accurate up to 0.1 g.
PROCEDURE
Aggregates passing 12.5 mm sieve and retained on 10 mm sieve.
The aggregates are filled up to about one-third full in the cylinder measure and tamped 25 times
with rounded end of the tamping rod.
The measure is now filled with the aggregates to over flow, tamped 25 times.
The net weight of the aggregates in the measure is determined to the nearest gram and this
weight to the aggregates is used for carrying out duplicate test on the same material.
The cup is fixed firmly in position on the base of the machine and the whole of the test sample
from the cylinder measure is transferred to the cup and compacted by tamping with 25 strokes.
The test sample is subject to a total of 15 such blows, each being delivered at an interval of less
than one second.
The crushed aggregates are then removed from the cup and the whole of it sieve on the 2.36 mm
sieve.
RESULT
Weight of container = 731 gm
Weight of aggregates = 314 gm

Total weight of the sample = 1.045 kg
Weight of aggregates retained in sieve = 255 gm
Weight of sand = 314 255
= 59 gm
Let the original weight of the dry sample be W1 = 314gm
The weight of fraction passing 2.36 mm IS sieve be W2 = 59gm
Aggregates impact value =
100w1 %.
W2
59 X 100
314
= 18.78%
FLAKINESS AND ELONGATION INDEX TEST
Size of aggregate
Total wt.
of
Passing Retained
aggregate
through on
IS
(gms)
IS sieve sieve,
mm
mm
Wt.
of Flakiness
aggregate
index
passing
thickness
gauge
Wt. of
nonflaky
sample
Wt.
of Elongation
aggregate
index
passing
Elongation
gauge
16.0
12.5
1.3801
0.368
0.9401
0.212
12.5
10.0
0.902
0.192
0.71
0.224
10.0
6.3
0.353
0.081
0.272
0.0961
FLAKINESS INDEX
24.32%
20.19%
APPARATUS
A standard thickness gauge, IS sieve of size 63, 50, 40, 31.5, 25, 20, 16, 12.5, 10 and 6.3 mm and
a balance to weigh the sample.
PROCEDURE
A minimum of 200 pieces of each faction to be tested are taken and weight.
In order to separate flaky materials, each fraction is then gauge for thickness gauge. Or in bulk
on sieve having elongated slots.
The amount of flaky material passing the gauge is weight to an accuracy of at least 0.1 percent of
the test sample.
RESULT
The weight of the flaky material passing this gauge is w1 g.
The total weight of material passing the different thickness gauges = w1+w2+w3=w g is found.
The weight of the faction passing and retained the specified sieve = W1 g
The total weight W1+W2+W3= W g.
Expressed as a percentage of the total weight of the sample gauged.

Flakiness Index =
(w1+w2+w3) 100 percent

W1+W2+W3
= 100 w %
W
= (0.688) 100
= 24.32%
2.8161
ELONGATION INDEX
APPARATUS
The length gauge. Sieve, balance.
PROCEDURE
A minimum of 200 pieces of each faction is taken and weighed.
the pieces of aggregates from each faction tested which could not pass through the specified
gauge length with its long side are elongated particles and are collected separately to find the
total weight of aggregate retained on the length gauge from each fraction.
The total amounts of elongated material retained by the length gauge are weighed to an accuracy
of at least 0.1 percent of the weight of the test sample.
RESULT
The weight of each fraction of aggregate passing and retained on specified sieve W1
The total weight of sample determined = W1+W2+W3 = W g.
the weight of material from each fraction retained on the specified gauge length are found = x1,
x2, x3
The total weight retained determined = x1+x2+x3 = X g.
Expressed as a percentage of the total weight of the sample gauge.
Elongation Index = (x1+x2+x3) 100
W1+W2+W3
= 100 X%
W
TESTING FOR WORKABILITY BY SLUMP TEST

APPARATUS
Mould in the from of a frustum of a cone tamping rod through, trowel, plate form.
PROCEDURE
Internal surface of mould is cleaned first. The cleaned mould is placed on a smooth horizontal,
rigid, non-absorbent surface.
Take 2 kg cement, 4 kg F.A, 8 kg C.A. and mix then first C.A, F.A and then cement with
aggregates.
Use w/c as 0.55 and make the mix.
Full the mould in three layer each layer is tamped 25 times by tamping rod the bottom layer
should be tamped through out its depth. After the top layer has been rodded, the concrete is
struck off level with a trowel or the tamping rod.
Remove mould by rising gently.
Measured slump after mould is removed by scale.
RESULT
Slump for mix R.C.C work for beams and slab with w/c as 0.55 is found to be 80 mm.
SLUMP FOR VARIOUS TYPE OF WORKS

S. No.
Type of work
Slump (mm)
Concrete for road work
20 to 30
Ordinary R.C.C work for beam and slab etc.
50 to 100
Column, retaining wall and thin vertical section
75 to 150
Vibrated concrete
12 to 25
Mass concrete
25 to 50
TESTING FOR COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH OF CONCRETE AND STUDY EFFECT

OF AGE
APPARATUS
Cube mould of 15 cm size trowels, tamping rod, compressive testing machine, balance, and
spanner set, and mould oil.
PROCEDURE
First interior surface base of mould should lightly oiled
Make concrete mix as per specified proportion and use given w/c ratio.
Fill mould in layers of 5 cm approximately. Each layer is temped rod & strokes per layer should
be 25, 30, and 35 for 15 cm cube respectively or the specimens are vibrated.
The top surface is finished and marked after vibration and mould are kept in atmosphere of 90%
relative humidity for 24 and then mould are removed and then specimens are immersed in water
tank till they are tested.
Test the specimens after as given below.
Three specimen of each after 7 days.

The load is applied @ 140 kg / cm2 / min.
Compressive strength =
Crushing Load
Area of Cube
RESULTS
7 day and 28 day crushing strength of 15 cm cubes found out to be.
TESTING FOR COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH OF CONCRETE AND STUDY EFFECT

OF AGE
APPARATUS: Cube mould of 15 cm size trowels, tamping rod, compressive testing machine,
balance, and spanner set, and mould oil.
PROCEDURE
First interior surface base of mould should lightly oiled
Make concrete mix as per specified proportion and use given w/c ratio.
Fill mould in layers of 5 cm approximately. Each layer is temped rod & strokes per layer should
be 25, 30, and 35 for 15 cm cube respectively or the specimens are vibrated.
The top surface is finished and marked after vibration and mould are kept in atmosphere of 90%
relative humidity for 24 and then mould are removed and then specimens are immersed in water
tank till they are tested.
Test the specimens after as given below.

The load is applied @ 140 kg / cm2 / min.
Compressive strength =
Crushing Load
Area of Cube
RESULTS
7 day crushing strength of 15 cm cubes found out to be.
Sample: 1. 45
2. 50
3. 50
Compressive Strength of Concrete = 72.5%
And 28 day crushing strength of 15 cm cubes found out to be.
Sample:
59
64
48.5
Compressive Strength of Concrete = 85.75%
TESTING FOR WORKABILITY BY SLUMP TEST.
APPARATUS
Mould in the from of a frustum of a cone tamping rod through, trowel, plate form.
PROCEDURE
Internal surface of mould is cleaned first. The cleaned mould is placed on a smooth horizontal,
rigid, non-absorbent surface.
Take 2 kg cement, 4 kg F.A, 8 kg C.A. and mix then first C.A, F.A and then cement with
aggregates.
Use w/c as 0.55 and make the mix.
Full the mould in three layers each layer is tamped 25 times by tamping rod the bottom layer
should be tamped through out its depth. After the top layer has been rodded, the concrete is
struck off level with a trowel or the tamping rod.
Remove mould by rising gently.
Measured slump after mould is removed by scale.
RESULTS
Slump for mix r.c.c work for beams and slab with w/c as 0.55 is found to be 70 mm.
SLUMP FOR VARIOUS TYPE OF WORKS
S. No.
Type of work
Concrete for road work
20 to 30
Ordinary R.C.C work for beam and slab etc.
50 to 100
Column, retaining wall and thin vertical section
75 to 150
Vibrated concrete
12 to 25
Mass concrete
25 to 50
Slump (mm)

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INTRODUCTION OF SITE

1 PRACTICAL TRANING REPORT

2 PRACTICAL TRANING REPORT

3 PRACTICAL TRANING REPORT

4 PRACTICAL TRANING REPORT

5 PRACTICAL TRANING REPORT

A. DESIGN PROCDURE OF BUILDING CONSTRUCTION

1. COMPONENT OF THE BUILDING

Broadly foundation may be classified under two categories:

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1.1 TYPE OF FOUNDATION

7 PRACTICAL TRANING REPORT

1.1.1 COMBINED FOOTING

1.1.2 RAFT FOUNDATION (MAT FOUNDATION)

Load-Bearing wall, and

2.1 MASONRY CLASSIFICATIONS

Construction of piers, dams, docks, Residential buildings

High crushing strength

form No such danger

High cost usage. It is restricted to hilly Much

9 PRACTICAL TRANING REPORT

areas or stone regions

10. Moldings into Not convenient

Requires lifting device

12. Fire resistance

2.1.1 BRICK MASONRY

2.1.1.1 CLASSIFICATION OF BRICK-BONDS

g. English garden wall bond, b. Flemish garden wall bond

2.1.1.1.1 ENGLISH BOND

Each alternate header should be centrally placed over a stretcher.

Continuous vertical joints should not be allowed except at stopped end.

11 PRACTICAL TRANING REPORT

ONE BRICK WALL ENGLISH BOND

2.1.2 STONE MASONRY

12 PRACTICAL TRANING REPORT

2.1.2.1 RUBBLE MASONRY

2.1.2.2 ASHLARS MASONRY

3.1 REINFORCED CONCRETE COLUMNS

13 PRACTICAL TRANING REPORT

The columns are provided with two type of steel reinforcement;

14 PRACTICAL TRANING REPORT

4.1 HAND MIXING

4.2 MACHINE MIXING

(1) Continuous mixers.

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Hand compaction may be done by rodding, tamping or hammering. Tamping is usually

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3. INDIAN STANDARD ON FORM WORK

2.CLEANING AND TREATMENT OF FORMS

20 PRACTICAL TRANING REPORT

(a)Walls, columns and vertical

24 to 48 hours as sides of beams

(b) Slabs ( props left under )

(c) Beam soffits (props left under)

(d) Removal of props to slabs:

(ii) Spanning over 4.5 m

(e) Removal of props to beams and arches:

(ii) Spanning over 6 m

4.PROCEDURE WHEN REMOVING THE FORM WORK

33 Grade ordinary Portland cement

43 Grade ordinary Portland cement