UEMK 3242

RENEWABLE FUEL ENERGY

Lecture :
Tutorial :

Tuesday 11 am 1 pm (KB214)
Monday 2 pm 5 pm (KB519)
Dr. Lai Soon Onn
KB Level 8, DD Office
Email: laiso@utar.edu.my
Consultation hour: Mon. & Tues. 9 11 am

1. What was the name of

the documentary film?
a) An convenient truth
b) An convenient untruth
c) An inconvenient truth
d) An inconvenient untruth

2. What was the name of

the documentary film?
a) The 10th hour
b) The 11th hour
c) The 12th hour
d) The 24th hour

3. Who held the world's first

underwater cabinet meeting
with the aim of becoming
carbon neutral in 10 years?
a) The President of India
b) The President of Maldives
c) The President of Indonesia
d) The President of Egypt

4. If humans stopped emitting carbon dioxide tomorrow, what

would happen to global temperatures?
a) They would immediately begin to drop
b) They would begin to rise
c) They would flatten out and then drop

5. Biodiesel is a natural, renewable fuel which can be used in

diesel engines. Which of the following can it NOT be made
from?
a)
b)
c)
d)

Soya beans
Used chip fat
Carrots
Used cooking oil

6. The amount of energy poured onto the Earth by the Sun

every 15 minutes equivalent to what?
a)
b)
c)
d)

The worlds electricity needs for a decade

The worlds electricity needs for a year
The worlds electricity needs for a month
The worlds electricity needs for a day

7. When ranked by their direct contribution to the greenhouse

effect, the most important greenhouse gas is:
a)
b)
c)
d)
e)

10

Water vapor (H2O)

Carbon dioxide (CO2)
Methane (CH4)
Nitrous oxide (N2O)
Ozone (O3)

8. The goal of the Kyoto Protocol is to reduce worldwide

greenhouse gas emissions to 5.2 percent below base year
levels between 2008 and 2012. When was the base year?
a)
b)
c)
d)

11

1986
1988
1990
1992

9. Which organization is a scientific body under the auspices of

the United Nations (UN) to review and assess the most
recent scientific, technical and socio-economic information
produced worldwide relevant to the understanding of climate
change?
a)
b)
c)
d)
e)
12

IEA
EIA
IPEEC
IPCC
IRENA

10. What does 350 mean in www.350.org?

a) 350 is the number that leading scientists say was the level of
carbon dioxide in the pre-industrial era.
b) 350 is the number that leading scientists say is the targeted
level of carbon dioxide to be achieved in 2020.
c) 350 is the number that leading scientists say is the safe upper
limit for carbon dioxide measured in ppm in our
atmosphere.

13

Thats the last number you need to know, and the

most important
important

As James Hansen of America's National Aeronautics and Space Administration, the

first scientist to warn about global warming more than two decades ago, wrote:
"If humanity wishes to preserve a planet similar to that on which civilization
developed and to which life on Earth is adapted, paleoclimate evidence and ongoing
climate change suggest that CO2 will need to be reduced from its current 385
ppm to at most 350 ppm."

14

That will be a hard task, but not impossible. We need to stop taking carbon out of
the ground and putting it into the air. Above all, that means we need to stop burning
so much coal and start using solar and wind energy and other such sources of
renewable energy while ensuring the Global South a fair chance to develop. If we
do, then the earths soils and forests will slowly cycle some of that extra carbon out
of the atmosphere, and eventually CO2 concentrations will return to a safe level. By
decreasing use of other fossil fuels, and improving agricultural and forestry practices
around the world, scientists believe we could get back below 350 by mid-century.
But the longer we remain in the danger zone above 350 the more likely that we
will see disastrous and irreversible climate impacts.

280
316
400
15

CO2 atmospheric levels have been steadily

rising for 200 years, registering around 280
ppm at the start of the industrial revolution
and 316 ppm in 1958 when the Mauna Loa
observatory started measurements.

400???
16

JohnVidal
The Guardian, 29 April 2013

17

The concentration of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere has reached 399.72 ppm and is likely
to pass the symbolically important 400ppm level for the first time in the next few days and this
number is rising by about 2 parts per million every year.

18

19

STERN REVIEW

The Stern Review on the Economics of Climate Change is a

700-page report released for the British government on 30 October

2006 by economist Nicholas Stern, chair of the Grantham Research
Institute on Climate Change and the Environment at the London School
of Economics and also chair of the Centre for Climate Change
Economics and Policy (CCCEP) at Leeds University and LSE.

The report discusses the effect of global warming on the world

economy.

The report states that climate change is the greatest and widest-ranging

market failure ever seen, presenting a unique challenge for economics.

The main conclusion is that the benefits of strong, early action on

climate change far outweigh the costs of not acting.

20

21

Executive Summary, STERN REVIEW:The Economics of Climate Change

Figure 2 Stabilisation levels and

probability ranges for temperature
increases
- Executive Summary, STERN
REVIEW:The Economics of
Climate Change
-22

23

List of RE Related Websites

1. 100 Top Renewable Energy Sites : www.world.org/weo/energy
2. U.S. Energy Information Admistration: www.eia.gov
3. U.S. DOE Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy: www.eere.energy.gov/
4. National Renewable Energy Laboratory: www.nrel.gov/
5. Renewable Energy Policy Network for the 21st Century: www.ren21.net
6. International Renewable Energy Agency: www.irena.org
7. Reegle: www.reegle.info
8. Renewable Energy and Energy Efficiency Partnership: www.reeep.org/
9. International Network for Sustainable Energy: www.inforse.org
10. International Renewable Energy Alliance: baringo.invotech.se/
a)
b)
c)
d)
e)

International Hydropower Association (IHA)

International Solar Energy Society (ISES)
International Geothermal Association (IGA)
World Wind Energy Association (WWEA)
World Bioenergy Association (WBA)

11. International Energy Agency: www.iea.org

12. International Partnership for Energy Efficiency Cooperation: www.ipeec.org
13. Renewable Fuels Association: www.ethanolrfa.org/
14. BP Alternative Energy: www.bp.com/modularhome.do?categoryId=7040&contentId=7051376
24

15. Exxon Mobile: corporate.exxonmobil.com/en/

16. Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC): www.ipcc.ch/

Maps

http://www.map.ren21.net

http://yearbook.enerdata.net/
25

BP Energy Charting Tool

http://www.bp.com/en/global/corporate/about-

bp/energy-economics/statistical-review-of-world-energy2013/energy-charting-tool.html

26

Contents
1. Introduction
2. Solar Energy
3. Hydrogen and Fuel Cells
4. Biomass

27

Course Objective

Introduce the concept of renewable fuel energies as

new and sustainable energy resources by
highlighting the energy form, production,
transport, storage, and their potential role in
sustainable development.

28

Course Outcomes

Demonstrate the current situation of energy supply and

29

demand in the world and the roles of different forms of

renewable energies in mitigating global warming.
Analyze the conversion of solar radiation into solar energy
supply and its collection via solar thermal and photovoltaics.
Evaluate production, delivery and storage of hydrogen
energy and its application in challenges in fuel cell.
Compare among different biomass resources, processing
systems and conversion processes to produce biofuels.
Evaluate resources, production, recovery, ecosystem and
economics impacts of first- and second-generation biofuels.

Assessment

Final Exam

60%

Coursework

40%

Midterm test

Assignment

30

20%
20%

References

Main Text
o Boyle, G. & Godfrey. (2004). Renewable energy: Power for a

sustainable planet. (2nd ed.). Oxford Univ. Press.

Additional Text
o Aldo V. Da Rosa. (2005). Fundamentals of renewable energy

processes. Elsevier Academic Press.

o Sorensen, B. (2005). Hydrogen and fuel cells: emerging technologies
and applications. Elsevier/Academic Press.
o Drapcho, C. M., Nhuan, N.P., Walker, T. H. (2008). Biofeuls
engineering process technology. McGraw- Hill.
o Nag, A. (2008). Biofuels refining abd performance. McGrawHill.
31

Introduction to Energy Systems and

Resources
Energy systems = conversion processes

32

Outline

Global Energy Supply and Demand

Fundamentals of energy conversion

Types and impacts of renewable energies

33

34

35

36

The tonne of oil equivalent (toe) is the amount of energy released by burning one
tonne of crude oil, approximately 42 GJ. Multiples of the toe are used, in particular the
megatoe (Mtoe, one million toe) and the gigatoe (Gtoe, one billion toe).

Carbon dioxide equivalent (CDE) and

Equivalent carbon dioxide (CO2e)

Carbon dioxide equivalent (CDE) or Equivalent CO2 (CO2e)

is the concentration of CO2 that would cause the same level of

radiative forcing as a given type and concentration of greenhouse gas.
Examples of such greenhouse gases are methane, perfluorocarbons,
and nitrous oxide.

CO2e is expressed as parts per million by volume, ppmv.

37

Radiative Forcing

In climate science,

radiative forcing is
defined as the
difference of radiant
energy (sunlight)
received by the Earth
and energy radiated
back to space.

A positive forcing

38

(more incoming
energy) warms the
system,.

A negative forcing
(more outgoing
energy) cools it.

39

40

Top FIVE Countries

41

42

43

44

45

46

47

48

49

50

BP Statistical Review of World Energy

June 2013
bp.com/statisticalreview

BP 2013
BP 2012

Oil

Oil reserves-to-production (R/P) ratios

Years
2012 by region

History

Distribution of proved oil reserves in 1992, 2002 and 2012

Percentage

Oil production/consumption by region

Million barrels daily
Production by region

Consumption by region

Oil consumption per capita 2012

Tonnes

Natural Gas

Gas reserves-to-production (R/P) ratios

Years
2012 by region

History

Distribution of proved gas reserves in 1992, 2002 and 2012

Percentage

Gas production/consumption by region

Billion cubic metres
Production by region

Consumption by region

Gas consumption per capita 2012

Tonnes oil equivalent

Source: Includes data from Cedigaz.

Coal

Coal reserves-to-production (R/P) ratios

Years
2012 by region

History

Distribution of proved coal reserves in 1992, 2002 and 2012

Percentage

Source: Survey of Energy Resources 2010, World Energy Council.

Coal production/consumption by region

Million tonnes oil equivalent
Production by region

Consumption by region

Coal consumption per capita 2012

Tonnes oil equivalent

Nuclear Energy

Nuclear energy consumption by region

Million tonnes oil equivalent

Hydroelectricity

Hydroelectricity consumption by region

Million tonnes oil equivalent

Renewable energy

Renewable energy consumption/share of power by region

Other renewables consumption by region

Other renewables share of power generation by region

Million tonnes oil equivalent

Percentage

Biofuels production by region

Million tonnes oil equivalent
World biofuels production

Primary energy
Primary energy is an energy form found in nature that
has not been subjected to any conversion or
transformation process. It is energy contained in raw
fuels, and other forms of energy received as input to a
system.

Primary energy
 Primary energy sources are transformed in energy
conversion processes to more convenient forms of energy
(that can directly be used by society), such as electrical
energy, refined fuels, or synthetic fuels such as hydrogen fuel.
 In the field of energetics, these forms are called energy
carriers and correspond to the concept of "secondary energy"
in energy statistics.

Primary energy world consumption

Million tonnes oil equivalent

Primary energy regional consumption pattern 2012

Percentage

81

Population and income growth underpin growing

energy consumption

82

OECD members
Europe: Austria, Belgium, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Republic of
Ireland, Italy, Luxembourg, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey, UK.
Other member countries: Australia, Canada, Chile, Israel, Japan, Mexico, New Zealand, South Korea, US.


Population and income growth are the key drivers

behind growing demand for energy. By 2030 world

population is projected to reach 8.3 billion, which means an
additional 1.3 billion people will need energy; and world
income in 2030 is expected to be roughly double the 2011 level
in real terms.

World primary energy consumption is projected to

grow by 1.6% p.a. from 2011 to 2030, adding 36% to

global consumption by 2030. The growth rate declines,
from 2.5% p.a. for 2000-10, to 2.1% p.a. for 2010-20, and
1.3% p.a. from 2020 to 2030.

83

Industrialization and growing power demand

increase the worlds appetite for primary energy

84


Almost all (93%) of the energy consumption growth is in

non-OECD countries. Non-OECD energy consumption in 2030 is

61% above the 2011 level, with growth averaging 2.5% p.a. (or 1.5%
p.a. per capita), accounting for 65% of world consumption
(compared to 53% in 2011).

OECD energy consumption in 2030 is just 6% higher than in 2011
(0.3% p.a.), and will decline in per capita terms (-0.2% p.a. 201130).

Energy used for power generation grows by 49% (2.1% p.a.)
2011-30, and accounts for 57% of global primary energy growth.
Primary energy used directly in industry grows by 31% (1.4% p.a.),
accounting for 25% of the growth of primary energy consumption.

The fastest growing fuels are renewables (including biofuels) with
growth averaging 7.6% p.a. 2011-30. Nuclear (2.6% p.a.) and hydro
(2.0% p.a.) both grow faster than total energy. Among fossil fuels, gas
grows the fastest (2.0% p.a.), followed by coal (1.2% p.a.), and oil
(0.8% p.a.).
85

Energy demand growth is matched by supply

from all sources, conventional and unconventional

86


From 2011 to 2030 shale gas more than trebles and tight oil

grows more than six-fold. Together they will account for almost
a fifth of the increase in global energy supply to 2030.

High prices for fossil fuels also support the expansion of nonfossil energy. Renewable energy supply more than
trebles from 2011 to 2030, accounting for 17% of the
increase in global energy supply. Hydro and nuclear
together account for another 17% of the growth.

Despite all the growth from shale, renewables and other sources,
conventional fossil fuel supplies are still required to
expand, providing almost half the growth in energy
supply.

87