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KNX Association
Table of Contents
1
2
3
4
General ..................................................................................................................... 4
Conventional Brightness Control: Sun shines Light switches off............................. 4
Principle .................................................................................................................... 5
Constant Lighting Control .......................................................................................... 5
4.1
4.2
4.3
4.4
4.4.1
4.4.2
4.4.3
4.5
4.6
4.6.1
4.6.2
4.6.3
4.6.4
4.6.5
4.6.6
4.7
Brightness Control....................................................................................................18
5.1
5.2
5.2.1
5.2.2
5.3
5.4
5.5
5.6
5.3.1
5.3.2
5.3.3
5.3.4
Functions ......................................................................................................12
Example .......................................................................................................13
Parameters ...................................................................................................13
Group Addresses..........................................................................................15
Linking of Sensor and Actuator Objects, Operation ......................................15
Additional Notes ...........................................................................................16
4.7.1
4.7.2
4.7.3
5
Sensors ......................................................................................................... 7
Closed-loop Controller types.......................................................................... 8
Actuators ....................................................................................................... 9
General ........................................................................................................20
Sensors ........................................................................................................20
Actuators ......................................................................................................20
Controllers ....................................................................................................20
Objective ..........................................................................................................25
Principle ...........................................................................................................25
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1 General
The lighting in modern buildings is generally no longer switched manually. The users in
principle demand the implementation of intelligent open- and closed-loop lighting control
systems. This should result in the efficient operation of the lighting. Efficiency has three
meanings in this context: firstly, there should be an obvious saving of energy; secondly,
intelligent lighting systems should largely prevent lights from being switched on
unnecessarily which should lead finally to an automatic protection of resources!
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Light strip 1
Light strip 2
~ 26 %
Light strip 3
~ 48 %
Receiver
~ 70 %
Receiver
Receiver
3 Principle
Closed-loop and open-loop lighting control systems are based on the modulation of the
lighting level inside the room by the measurement of either the level of external light
(independent variable) or the measurement and feedback of the level of internal light
(dependent variable) which contains a variable proportion of external light. In both
variants, the primary goal is to maintain a required level of internal light as constant as
possible. In general, it is a feature of a distributed system such as KNX that the individual
tasks in the closed-loop or open-loop control systems are distributed among different
devices: sensors, actuators and controller modules. This has both benefits and
disadvantages as outlined below in detail.
Controller
Controlled system
Controlling system
Y
Actuator
Contr. variable
X+Z
Measuring device
Brightness
sensor
W ... Reference variable (e.g. brightness, setpoint)
Y ... Control value (dimming value 1-100%)
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500 lx
Hysteresis
Interior
lighting
External brightness
The extension of the hysteresis or reduction of the dimming step width can provide some
help:
500 lx
Hysteresis
Interior
lighting
External brightness
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Function
Effect
Switches actuator on/off, interrupts the CLL*)
control
(continuously) (optional)
Presence (optional)
Calibration
recalibrate later)
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4.6.2 Example
The sensor would after the initial full application download send a value of 200. But a
Luxmeter would see 500 Lux. The setpoint of the sensor is also 500 Lux. (It has to be
otherwise the calibration would be faulty). So after the calibration trigger telegram has
been sent, the new measured value would be returned with 500.
Only a connection between the controller and the actuator is now missing:
Automatic value control (Master value)
4.6.3 Parameters
Explanations:
Operating mode:
Constant light level control is used for continuous dimming
Number of slaves: Only 1 master channel required, so no slaves = 0
Send meas. brightn.: (optional) the sensor value can be displayed and monitored
Min. variation:
15 Lux means, with deviations of equal or more than 15 Lux a new
value will be sent.
Setpoint value:
Parameter or Comm. Object; the latter one allows flexible setting
of the setpoint
Max. var. from setp.: Half of the double sided hysteresis (varies from 15 to 60 Lux)
Max. step size :
varies from 0.5 up to 3%; = difference between 2 master value
telegrams;
Transmit next:
2 sec; i.e., together with max. step 0-100% = 120 sec.
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The controller will firstly read the value status, then calculate the
next telegram to be sent, and also stop with a 0% value telegram
This setting enables a manually operated dimming speed of 5 sec per 100%.
The factor for the dimming time 2 (plus its base timer seconds) rules an automatic
dimming time of 120 sec.
This time equals exactly the setting of the master channel of the brightness controller.
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4.7
Installation Notes
Many factors are decisive for the optimum installation of a brightness control system.
Some are listed here:
4.7.1 Alignment of the Measuring Sensor
The surface that is to be measured should be as undisturbed as possible i.e. should never
indicate different surface characteristics. External light should not directly penetrate the
receiving lens if possible, likewise artificial light.
Building ceiling
Correct
Incorrect
Lamp
Receiver
Suspended
ceiling
Incorrect
Light cone
0
4
4
w
n
A
_
A
5
9
1
Calibration required
Measuring sensor +/-15%
Daylight
Figure 10: Optimum position of the measuring sensor (graphics do not resemble the sensor
exactly)
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~ 26 %
Light strip 2
~ 48 %
Light strip 3
~ 70 %
Receiver
Slave 2
Slave 1
Master
Necessary
artificial light
Existing
daylight
Figure 11: Brightness control of a light strip, combined with offset control for the other light
strips
internal
[lx]
Actual
value
Setpoint
500
250
Actual
internal value
Proportion of
artificial light
Proportion of
external light
external
[lx]
Figure 12: Behaviour of the actual value dependent on the level of external light
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5 Brightness Control
5.1 Areas of Application, Objective
In contrast to lighting control in which you wish to achieve individual and optimum levels of
light intensity as mentioned above, brightness control is mostly considered with regard to
minimising installation costs without fully losing sight of the goal of reducing energy costs.
It is however agreed between the planner and user that significant deviations from the
setpoint/actual value can occur in the control system. This is particularly the case when
only switchable lamps are integrated in the control system.
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Switching value
Switch Off point
1
Hysteresis
Switch On point
0
0
[ lux ]
2000
4000
6000
Measured value of brightness sensor
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Figure 16: Conversion of the measured value of the light sensor in different control curves
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Figure 17: Links between switch sensors, actuators and the control unit, consisting of the
brightness sensor and control module
In the above diagram, it can be seen that it is not only the external brightness and
dimming control values (set value) from the controller to the dimming actuators that are
important, but also the ON/OFF lighting command, the optional 4 bit dimming and the 8 bit
value setting of the manual push button. The application shown is as in the closed-loop
control described in paragraph 3 able to convert increases and decreases in the
dimming value into an adjustment of the control curves. The logic operation of the status
value is required however as this determines the parallel displacement of the curve. What
is still missing in this diagram would be a true automatic ON/OFF function which is
controlled via a time switch. This KNX clock would also use the group addresses
Enable/disable control and Control ON/OFF.
Figure 18: Parameter of 2 different brightness sensors: linear vs. logarithmic value
calculation
The setting for Sending on change should not be too precise. The 1st sensor allows 5%
changes, always related to the last sent value. Such a value calculation goes along with
Home and Building Management Systems
Lighting Control
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Dimming
value
Measured
250
value
250
250
500
200
1000
150
2000
125
3000
75
4500
25
8000
25
1000
8000
Figure 19: Value table for lighting control: a monotone falling curve is important
The table shown in the diagram figure 19 can be specified arbitrarily at first. An
approximation of a comparable constant lighting control system can mainly be achieved
over 3 points. The two values of complete darkness or the level of daylight that is
sufficient to light up a room or part of it without artificial light can be quickly determined
using a lux meter. The value pair that starts the proportional range should be verified next:
in our example this is 500 lux / control value 250 (98%). If there are still considerable
deviations in the intermediate lux values, it is possible to recalibrate the particularly poor
values a few days later.
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It is then possible to check whether the curve-specific parameters of the controller (if
available) fulfil the requirements of the customer. In our example, that would be
the behaviour after bus voltage recovery; the open-loop control would be switched on
here
the minimum On time: if the external brightness should vary within the limit range so
that the control value for the dimmer can fluctuate around the switching point, then the
light remains switched on for at least 5 minutes
the hysteresis limit values shown mean in our example that the light is only switched
off at approx. 9000 lux (since there is then an underrange in the control value of 20)
and switched on again at approx. 600 lux because the control value of 30 has been
achieved again.
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5.6
Installation Notes
The installation instructions for the open-loop lighting control system are reduced to notes
about the installation of the sensor head:
It must be directed outside or be installed outside the building.
Its recording of the lighting level may not be influenced by seasonal variations such as
leaves on the trees which stand between it and the sky or snow on the receiving lens.
Its measurement may (for interior installation) also not be invalidated by the shutter.
An installation behind the shutter or roller blind should be avoided where possible.
The presence of shutters require a particular type of control: if proportionally-controlled
shutters are present, the louvres of the shutters can be adjusted in parallel to the
external brightness instead of the light.
For an optimum adaptation of rooms that face different directions, it is advisable to use
at least 2 differently positioned sensors: one in a south-east direction and another in a
north-west direction. Large buildings may require even more sensors which should
then be placed as perpendicular as possible to the respective faade and point
upwards.
6.2 Principle
An internal sensor measures the lighting level of a surface that should be regulated as in
closed-loop control which was described in detail above. The measured values of the
sensor are further processed in a control program resulting in a control value which is
used to trigger the actuator that is responsible for the direct light strip. To eliminate the
requirement for further sensors (and also their deviation), it transfers a full control curve
via offset adjustment to all other curves. The required offset adjustment can be
determined by 2-3 simple measurements: at an artificial lighting level of 25%, 50% and
75%, the necessary offset of the controlled light strips is determined in comparison to the
regulated strip to arrive at the required setpoint in lux. The largest recorded differential
(upwards) per strip is then taken as this guarantees that the minimum lighting level never
falls below the setpoint.
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Figure 21: Example of a complete 3-channel room control system with an automatic
cleaning-light function: only 3 bus devices are required
The following can also be detected in figure 21: emergency operating mode via local push
buttons if the KNX should fail. In the case of the device shown, these push buttons have
the additional function of triggering an automatic calibration of the respective sensor
channel, if it acts as a master sensor in the closed-loop control.
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Figure 23: same as above, but at more external light worst case situation !
Figure 24: again same configuration, but at complete darkness rows 2 and 3 waste
energy!
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7 Appendix Tasks
7.1 Task 1: Lighting Control dependent on External Light
A room that is fitted with two light strips should receive a brightness control system. Up
until now, the light strips have been switched and dimmed individually.
The following are used:
1 x 2-fold switch sensor, switching and dimming objects (4 bit)
2 x switch/dim actuators, objects for switching, dimming, value setting and value status
must be present.
Group addresses for manual control:
L1 Switch
L2 Switch
L1 Dim
L2 Dim
First put this simple series circuit into operation.
The dimmable lighting in the room should now also be controlled by a brightness control
module dependent on the external light.
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Required devices:
Brightness sensor e.g. Siemens 5WG1 254 3 AB 02 to record the brightness level
(external light)
Brightness control module e.g. Siemens 5WG1 342 1 AB 01
2-fold push button
Project design
Define the following new group addresses
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Characteristic 2
Measured value of
sensor
Dimming value L1
Measured value
of sensor
Dimming value
L2
02A3
FF
02A3
B8
0651
7A
0651
4F
0F0A
37
0F0A
07
2714
01
2714
00
Control curve 2
Dimming value
Dimming value
255
255
L1
L2
184
122
Measured
value
55
675 1617
3850
Measured
value
79
7
675 1617
10004
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Optimisation
Modify the parameters of the switch/dim actuators to dim brighter gradually.
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Licht E on/off
Light F on/off
Light E dimming
Light F dimming
Sensor setpoint adjust
Calibration trigger
Automatic control on/off
Presence on/off
Dimmvalue set auto Licht E
Dimmvalue set auto Licht f
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7.3 General hints for the calibration of lighting closed loop control
1) Start ETS
2) Open the required dim actuators, configure their parameters, create the groups
and link them, finally download to the actuator
3) Configure the brightness controller as well: depending on your preference with a
fixed setpoint (parameter) or a variable one by object.
4) Dont forget to link the object calibration to a group address!
5) Now adjustment at 50% operating point follows: Prerequisite: External light level in
the room >= 50% of setpoint.
6) To achieve that, switch on the lights and close the shutters
7) Now place a precision luxmeter underneath the sensor
8) Then adjust the measured luxvalue at the sensor that it shows approx. 50% of the
setpoint. Example: >= 250 lx at setpoint of 500 lx. Best results are made when
direct value control (8 bit) is used to set the required dimming value instead of 4-bit
dimming.
9) It must be ensured that daylight level is constant enough
10) When the luxmeter now shows the correct setpoint, simply send a telegram to let it
calibrate. (this can be achieved either by ETS, or a test push button)
11) The controller should respond with the parameterised setpoint. Now the control is
calibrated and can be used.
12) If there is no controller feedback, then the reason can be: value out of range,
caused by too bright or too dark surface, too much side light
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