Syntax Across Languages (One Big Page)

9/16/2016
syntaxacrosslanguages(OneBigPage)
Introduction
What'sthisabout?
LanguageDesigners:
Lookingforoperatororfunctionnames?Wellhavealookatthefollowingandrememberusingexisting
onemayeasethetransition:)
LanguageUsers:
Youknowonelanguageandwanttofindthecorrespondingoperatororfunctioninanotherlanguage
Languagelovers:
Wanttoknowthevariouswayspeopleinventedforcommenting/assigning/...?
Thisisofcourseincomplete.Iwelcomecontributions!
Youmayalsohavealookatthisinformationsortedbylanguages.
LightVersion
Samecontentsplitintomultiplehtmlfiles
Categories
Various
commenting
documentationcomment
informationaboutthecurrentlineandfile
tokens
breakinglines(usefulwhenendoflineand/orindentationhasaspecialmeaning)
variableassignmentordeclaration
groupingexpressions
block(groupingstatements,especiallywhenstatementsarenotexpressions)
useablockasareturnvalue(whenstatementsarenotexpressions)
equality/inequality
comparison
runtimeevaluation
manualmemoryallocation
forcegarbagecollection
Functions
functioncall
partialapplication(intheexamplesbelow,anormalcallis"f(a,b)")
functiondefinition
anonymousfunction
functionreturnvalue
functioncalledwhenafunctionisnotdefined(indynamiclanguages)
runtimeinspectingthecallerinformation
functioncomposition
identityfunction
http://rigaux.org/languagestudy/syntaxacrosslanguages.html
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ControlFlow
sequence
if_then
if_then_else
ifnot_then(unless)
multipleselection(switch)
loop
breakingcontrolflow
exception
callwithcurrentcontinuation
Types
declaration
annotation(orvariabledeclaration)
cast
mutability,constness
ObjectOriented&Reflexivity
methodinvocation
objectcreation
objectcloning
manuallycallanobject'sdestructor
classdeclaration
testingclassmembership
getthetype/classcorrespondingtoanobject/instance/value
methodsavailable
inheritance
hasthemethod
currentinstance
accessingparentmethod
accessingchildmethod
Package,Module
packagescope
declare
import
Strings
typename
charactertypename
character"z"
strings
multiline
convertsomethingtoastring(seealsostringinterpolation)
serialize(marshalling)
unserialize(unmarshalling)
sprintflike
simpleprint
stringequality&inequality
stringsize
stringconcatenation
duplicatentimes
upper/lowercasecharacter
uppercase/lowercase/capitalizedstring
asciitocharacter
charactertoascii
accessingnthcharacter
extractasubstring
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locateasubstring
locateasubstring(startingattheend)
Booleans
typename
falsevalue
truevalue
logicalnot
logicalor/and
BagsandLists
typename
listconcatenation
listflattening
listconstructor
list/arrayindexing
addinganelementatthebeginning(listcons)
addinganelementatindex
addinganelementattheend
firstelement
allbutthefirstelement
lastelement
allbutthelastelement
getthefirstelementandremoveit
getthelastelementandremoveit
foreachelementdosomething
transformalist(orbag)inanotherone
transformtwolistsinparallel
findanelement
keepelements
partitionalist:elementsmatching,elementsnonmatching
splitalist
isanelementinthelist
isthepredicatetrueforanelement
isthepredicatetrueforeveryelement
smallest/biggestelement
joinalistofstringsinastringusingagluestring
listsize
iteratewithindex
removeduplicates
sort
reverse
listofcouplesfrom2lists
2listsfromalistofcouples
lookupanelementinaassociationlist
listoutofabag
f(...f(f(init,e1),e2)...,en)
f(e1,f(e2,...f(en,init)...))
VariousDataTypes
tupletype
tupleconstructor
computabletuple(theseareakindofimmutablelistsplayingaspecialroleinparameterpassing)
reference(pointer)
optionalvalue
record
uniontypedeclaration
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enumeratedtypedeclaration
dictionary
range
Mathematics
typename
numberssyntax
addition/subtraction/multiplication/division
exponentiation(power)
negation
random
operatorprioritiesandassociativities
squareroot/eexponential/absolutevalue
trigonometry
logarithm
euclidiandivision(bothquotientandmodulo)
modulo
truncate/round/floor/ceil
bitwiseoperators
Threads
threaddefinition
threadcreation
threadobjectcreation
starting/stoppingthreads
passingdatadirectlybetweenthreads
terminatingthreadcommunicationduetoatimeout
ThreadSynchronization
JoiningAnotherThread
ThreadPrioritization
Threadsafesharingofdatawithoutsynchronization
Various
commenting
untilendofline
#
Awk,BourneShell,CoffeeScript,E,FishShell,GNUbc,GNUsed,Icon,Io,Maple,merd,
Perl,Perl6,PHP,Pliant,Python,Ruby,Tcl,YAML
//
BCPL,C#,C++,C99,Dylan,F#,Io,Java,JavaScript,PHP,Pike,Scilab,YCP,Yorick
Ada,Cecil,Eiffel,Haskell,Lua,Sather,Simula,SQL92
Assembler,CommonLisp,EmacsLisp,Logo,MUMPS,Rebol,Scheme
Erlang,Matlab,Mercury,Oz,PostScript,Prolog,TeX
rem
Basic
'
VisualBasic
Forth
Assembler,Fortran90
NB.
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Cor*in
column1
Fortran
nestable
(*...*)
Beta,F#,Mathematica,Modula3,OCaml,Pascal,SML
%(...%)
Matlab
/*...*/
ClassicREXX,Dylan,Io,Oz,SQL99
{...}
Pascal,Rebol
{...}
Haskell
#|...|#(1)
CommonLisp,Scheme
#[...]
Perl6
#if0...#endif
comment{...}
Rebol
comment[...]
Rebol
[...](2)
Rebol
[[...]]
Lua
nonnestable
"..."
Smalltalk
/*...*/
B,C,C#,C++,CSS,GNUbc,Java,JavaScript,Mercury,PHP,Pike,PL/I,YCP,Yorick
<!...>
HTML,XML
(...)
Forth
###
...
###
CoffeeScript
documentationcomment
untilendofline
///
C#,F#,Java
Haskell
Haskell
nonnestable
/**...*/(3)
C,C#,E,Java,PHP
(**...*)
F#
{|...}
Haskell
(**...*)
OCaml
/*DOCUMENT...*/
Yorick
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indexingidentifier:"...";
Eiffel
someClasscomment:'...'
Smalltalk
rebol[Note:"..."]
Rebol
func["..."arg]...
Rebol
classX:
"""...
"""
Python
defx():
"""...
"""
(4)
(define(fpara1para2)"..."...)
Scheme
(defunf(para1para2)"..."...)
Common
Lisp,
Emacs
Lisp
=pod
...
=cut
Perl,Perl6
(5)
=begin
...
=end
Ruby
functionMYFUNCTION
%MYFUNCTIONtheveryfirstcommentlineisdisplayedinthehelptableofcontents
%
Matlab
%theremaininglinesaredisplayedwhengettinghelpforMYFUNCTION
%
informationaboutthecurrentlineandfile
__LINE____FILE__
C,C++,Perl,PHP,Pike,Ruby
__LINE____SOURCE_FILE__
F#
$?LINE$?FILE
Perl6
__file__
Python
(newSystem.Diagnostics.StackFrame(true)).GetFileLineNumber()
C#
(newSystem.Diagnostics.StackFrame(true)).GetFileName()
Thread.currentThread().getStackTrace()[1].getLineNumber();
Thread.currentThread().getStackTrace()[1].getFileName();
Java
system/script/header/file(6)
Rebol
SOURCELINE()/parsesourceOS.SOURCENAME
ClassicREXX
infoframe0
Tcl8.5
thisContextlineNumber/thisContextmethodsource
Smalltalk
tokens
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casesensitivity(keywords,variableidentifiers...)
casesensitive
Awk,B,BourneShell,C,C#,C++,CoffeeScript,F#,FishShell,Haskell,Io,Java,
JavaScript,Lua,Maple,Mathematica,Matlab,merd,Modula3,OCaml,Perl,
Perl6,Pike,Pliant,Prolog,Python,Ruby,Smalltalk,Tcl,XML,YAML,Yorick
caseinsensitive
Ada,Assembler,ClassicREXX,CommonLisp,CSS,Eiffel,Forth,HTML,Logo,
Pascal,PL/I,Rebol,SGML,SQL92,VisualBasic
casesensitive:
variables
caseinsensitive:
keywords,
functions,
constants...
PHP
casesensitive:
identifiers
caseinsensitive:
keywords
casesensitive:
identifiers
caseinsensitive:
commands
MUMPS
casesensitive:
uppercase
disallowed
GNUbc
whatisthestandardwayforscrunchingtogethermultiplewords
camelCase
CoffeeScript,JavaScript
CamelCaseorcamelCase
C#,E,Haskell,Io,Java,JavaScript,
Mathematica,Pascal,Smalltalk,Tcl,Visual
Basic
underscores
FishShell,GNUbc,merd
dots
Logo
hyphens
CommonLisp,EmacsLisp,Rebol,Scheme
underscoresforfunctions/types,unclearfor
modules/constructors
OCaml
UPPER_CASE
BourneShell
lowercasenoseparator
Matlab
underscores,UPPER_CASEforclassnames
Eiffel
CamelCaseforclasses,underscoresformethods
Python
CamelCasefortypes,underscoresforfunctions,
variables,...
Pliant
CamelCaseformethods,typesandmodules,underscore
forfunctions
F#
CamelCaseformodulesandclasses,ALL_CAPSfor
constants,underscoresforfunctions,variables,...
Ruby
CamelCaseformodulesandclasses,ALLCAPSfor
macros,underscoresformethods,constantsand
variables
Pike
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CamelCaseformodules,ALL_CAPSforconstants,
unclearforfunctions/variables
Perl,Perl6
CamelCaseforvariables,underscoresforpredicates
Prolog
usuallylowercaseorunderscores,ALL_CAPSfor
macros
usuallyunderscores
C++
Camel_Case
Ada
variableidentifierregexp
[azAZ][azAZ09]*
FishShell,Mathematica,PL/I,Smalltalk
[azAZ][_azAZ09]*
Eiffel,Matlab
[azAZ](_?[azAZ09])*
Ada
[_azAZ][_azAZ09]*
Awk,B,C,C#,C++,E,Maple,PHP,Python,Tcl
[_azAZ09]+
BourneShell,Perl,Perl6
[azAZ09]+
FishShell
[_azAZ][_azAZ09]*or'[^']*'
Pliant
[_azAZ$][_azAZ09$]*
Java
[$AZaz_\x7f\uffff][$\w\x7f\uffff]*
[azAZ%][azAZ09]*
MUMPS
[_az][_azAZ09]*
Ruby
[_az][_azAZ09]*[!?']*
merd
[_az][_azAZ09']*
Haskell,OCaml,SML
[_azAZ][_azAZ09']*
F#
[_AZ][_azAZ09]*
Mercury,Prolog
[_azAZ!0&*/:<=>?^][_azAZ!0&*/:<=>?^09.+]*
Scheme
[azAZ!?@#][azAZ09!?@#]*
ClassicREXX
[_azAZ?!.'+*&|=~][_azAZ09?!.'+*&|=~]*or
[^09[](){}":;/][^\n\t[](){}":;/]*
Rebol
[az][az09_]*
GNUbc
anythingwithoutaspaceandisnotanumber
CommonLisp,Forth
functionidentifierregexp(ifdifferentfromvariableidentifierregexp)
[_azAZ][_azAZ09]*[!?]?
Ruby
[_az][_azAZ09]*
Mercury,Prolog
[^\t\n\r\f]+
Tcl
[^\t\n\r\f/]+
FishShell
keywordregexp(ifdifferentfromvariableidentifierregexp)
[AZ]+
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Modula3
typeregexp(ifdifferentfromvariableidentifierregexp)
[_AZ][_azAZ09']*
Haskell
[_az][_azAZ09']*
Mercury,OCaml
constantregexp(ifdifferentfromvariableidentifierregexp)
[AZ][_azAZ09]*
Ruby
[_AZ][_azAZ09']*
Haskell,OCaml
[_az][_azAZ09']*
Mercury
breakinglines(usefulwhenendoflineand/orindentationhasaspecialmeaning)
nothing
needed
Ada,B,C,C#,C++,CommonLisp,Eiffel,EmacsLisp,F#,Forth,Haskell,Java,JavaScript,
Maple,Mathematica,OCaml,Oz,Pascal,Perl,Perl6,PHP,PostScript,Rebol,Scheme,
Smalltalk,SML,XSLT,YCP
Awk,BourneShell,C,CoffeeScript,E,FishShell,GNUbc,Io,Python,Ruby,Tcl
VisualBasic
ClassicREXX
Logo
...
Matlab
variableassignmentordeclaration
assignment
=
Awk,B,Basic,BourneShell,C,C#,C++,ClassicREXX,Erlang,Icon,Io,Java,JavaScript,Lua,
Mathematica,Matlab,Oz,Perl,Perl6,PHP,Pike,YCP,Yorick
:=
Ada,BCPL,Cecil,Dylan,E,Eiffel,Maple,Mathematica,Modula3,Pascal,Pliant,Sather,
Simula,Smalltalk,SML
<
F#,OCaml
_(7)
Squeak
BCPL,Rebol
>(8)
Beta
def
PostScript
setq
CommonLisp,EmacsLisp
setf
CommonLisp
set
CommonLisp,FishShell,Rebol
SET
v=...
MUMPS
set!
Scheme
is
Prolog
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make
"ve
Logo
ev!
Forth
declaration
=
Haskell,Mercury,Prolog
<
Haskell
Prolog
:=
Io
letv=ein
F#,OCaml
letvalv=ein
SML
letv=e(9)
BCPL,F#
defv:=e/varv:=e
my/our/local/usevars
Perl
my/our/temp
Perl6
define
Dylan,Scheme
letlet*
CommonLisp,Scheme
letrec
Scheme
fletlabelsdefundefmethoddefvardefparameterdefsetf..
CommonLisp
localV1=eV2=e2in...end
Oz
globalv1,v2
Python
globalv1v2
Matlab,Scilab
:@
Beta
NEWv
MUMPS
v:t
Ada,Eiffel,Pascal
tv
C,C#,C++,Java
|v1v2|
Smalltalk
autov1,v2;extrnv3,v4;
auto
GNUbc
var
JavaScript,Pliant
gvar
Pliant
variablev(10)
Forth
evaluev
Forth
Module[{x,y=v},...]
Mathematica
Block[{x,y=v},...]
Mathematica
With[{c1=v1,c2=v2,...},...]
Mathematica
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XSLT
<xsl:variablename="v"select="e"/>
both
=
CoffeeScript,GNUbc,merd,Python,Ruby
:=
merd
set,variable
Tcl
groupingexpressions
(...)
Ada,Awk,B,BCPL,Beta,C,C#,C++,ClassicREXX,CoffeeScript,E,Eiffel,F#,GNU
bc,Haskell,Io,Java,JavaScript,Logo,Lua,Maple,Mathematica,Matlab,merd,Modula
3,MSH,MUMPS,OCaml,Oz,Pascal,Perl,Perl6,PHP,Pike,Pliant,Prolog,Python,
Rebol,Ruby,Scilab,Smalltalk,SML,SQL92,Tcl,XPath,YCP,Yorick
[...]
Rebol
indentation
merd
$...
Haskell
begin...
end
F#,FishShell,OCaml,Ruby
space(11)
merd
block(groupingstatements,especiallywhenstatementsarenotexpressions)
{...}
Awk,BCPL,BourneShell,GNUbc,GNUsed,JavaScript,
PHP,Pike,Tcl,Yorick
{...}(12)
B,C,C#,C++,E,Haskell,Java,Modula3,Perl,Perl6,YCP
(...)(12)
BourneShell
[...](13)
Logo,Smalltalk
"..."
Tcl
begin...end(12)
Ada,Pascal
(begin...)
Scheme
BEGIN...END
Modula3
do...end
ClassicREXX
do...end(12)
Lua,PL/I
indentation
CoffeeScript,F#,MUMPS,Pliant,Python
indentation(12)
Haskell,merd
foo...endwherefooin{if,do,
...}
Modula2,Ruby
foo...endwherefooin{if,for,
while,...}
Matlab,Scilab
foo...endwherefooin{if,loop,
...}
Eiffel
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foo...endfoowherefooin{if,
do,...}
Ada,Fortran90
(*...*)(14)
BCPL
(#...#)
Beta
useablockasareturnvalue(whenstatementsarenotexpressions)
valof
BCPL
do
Perl,Perl6
proc()..endproc
Maple
equality/inequality
shallow
==!=
Awk,B,C,C++,CoffeeScript,F#,Io,Java,OCaml,Perl,Perl6,Pike,Yorick
=/=
Eiffel,Fortran90
=<>
Forth,Logo,Maple,Modula2,Pliant,Rebol
=#(15)
Modula2,Modula3
=!=
BourneShell,FishShell
=====!=!==(16)
JavaScript,PHP
===!==
Perl6,PHP5
==~=
Lua
==~~
Smalltalk
==~==
Dylan
='=
MUMPS
=~=neqv(14)
BCPL
f=f<>
Forth
is_equal(17)
Eiffel
eqne
EmacsLisp,PostScript
eq,eql
CommonLisp
eq?eqv?
Scheme
.EQ..NE.
Fortran
is/isnot
Python
deep
==!=
Awk,C#,C++,E,merd,PHP5,Python,Ruby,Tcl,YCP
==<>
Python
==/=
Haskell
==\=
Oz
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==\==
ClassicREXX,Prolog
=/=
Ada
=!=
Maple,XPath
=<>
Beta,F#,OCaml,Pascal,Rebol,SML,SQL92,Visual
Basic
=~=
Dylan,Smalltalk
==~=eqneisequal
isequalwithequalnans
Matlab
==~=eqneisequal
Scilab
=@=\=@=/=\=/=:==\=(18)
Prolog
====!=/==!=(19)
Mathematica
.eq
Logo
equal?
Scheme
equals
Java
equal
CommonLisp,EmacsLisp,Pike
equalp
CommonLisp
eqv
Perl6
deep_is_equal
Eiffel
isEqual
ObjectiveC
comparison
<><=
>=
Ada,Awk,Awk,B,Beta,C,C#,C++,ClassicREXX,CoffeeScript,CommonLisp,Dylan,E,
Eiffel,EmacsLisp,F#,Forth,Haskell,Io,Java,JavaScript,Logo,Lua,Maple,Mathematica,
Matlab,merd,Modula3,OCaml,Pascal,Perl,Perl6,PHP,Pike,Pliant,Python,Rebol,Ruby,
Scheme,Scilab,Smalltalk,SML,SQL92,Tcl,VisualBasic,XPath,YCP,Yorick
<>=<
>=
Mercury,Oz
<>'>
'<
MUMPS
<<>>
<<=>>=
(20)
ClassicREXX
@</@=
</@>
/@>=
Prolog
ltgt
lege
Perl,Perl6,PostScript
ltgt
lege
BourneShell,FishShell,MSH
.LT.
.GT.
Fortran
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.LE.
.GE.
u<u>
u<=u>=
Forth
f<f>
Forth
returns3values(i.e.inferior,equalorsuperior)
a<=>b
merd,Perl,Perl6,Ruby
cmp
Perl,Perl6,Python
compare
F#,Forth,Haskell,Mercury,OCaml,Pliant,Prolog,Smalltalk
strcmp
C,PHP
three_way_comparison
Eiffel
stringcompare
Tcl
compareTo
Java
returns4values(i.e.inferior,equal,superiorornotcomparable)
compare
Pliant
compareTo
min/max(binaryormore)
min/max
Beta,C++,CommonLisp,Dylan,E,Eiffel,F#,Forth,Haskell,Io,Java,Lua,
Maple,Matlab,merd,OCaml,PHP5,Pike,Pliant,Prolog,Python,Rebol,Scheme,
Scilab,Smalltalk,SQL92,Tcl8.5,Yorick
minminstr/max
maxstr(21)
Perl
Min/Max
Mathematica,Oz
MIN/MAX
ClassicREXX,Modula3
measureobject
min/measure
objectmax
MSH
fmin/fmax
Forth
Integer'min/
Integer'max
Ada
runtimeevaluation
eval
BourneShell,CommonLisp,EmacsLisp,FishShell,JavaScript,
Matlab,Perl,Perl6,PHP,Python,Ruby,Scheme,Tcl,YCP
CoffeeScript.eval(22)
CoffeeScript
exec
Python
evstr/execstr
Scilab
dostring
Lua
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doString
Io
evaluate
Forth
Compilerevaluate:
Smalltalk
runtime_compile/compile+
execute
Pliant
Compiler.evalExpressionor
Compiler.parseOzVirtualString
Oz
compile_string
Pike
interpret
ClassicREXX
ToExpression
Mathematica
run
Logo
XECUTE
MUMPS
do/reduce/compose/load
Rebol
[...]
Tcl
=..(23)
Prolog
manualmemoryallocation
allocation
malloc
allocatethrow
Forth
new
Ada
deallocation
free
freethrow
Forth
forcegarbagecollection
doGC
Beta
GC.start
Ruby
gc
Logo,Maple,Pike
System.gc()
Java
System.gcDo
Oz
System.GC.Collect()
C#,F#
gc.collect()
Python
gc_collect_cycles(24)
PHP5
full_collect
Eiffel
garbage_collect
Mercury,Prolog
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collectgarbage
Lua
Collectorcollect
Io
VM.garbageCollect()
JavaScript
Gc.full_major()
OCaml
SmalltalkgarbageCollect
Smalltalk
System.Mem.performGC
Haskell
incrementalgarbagecollection=>notneeded
Perl,Perl6
recycle
Rebol
interp.gc()
(ext:gc)
CommonLisp
Functions
functioncall
f(a,b,...)
Ada,Awk,Awk,B,C,C#,C++,CoffeeScript,CSS,Dylan,
E,Eiffel,Erlang,Io,Java,JavaScript,Lua,Maple,Matlab,
Mercury,merd,Modula3,Pascal,Perl,Perl6,PHP,Pike,
Prolog,Python,Ruby,XPath,YCP,Yorick
fab...
BourneShell,F#,FishShell,Haskell,Logo,Matlab,MSH,
OCaml,Pliant,Rebol,SML,Tcl
f(a,b,...f)orf[a,b,...]dependingon
theversion
BCPL
(fab...)(applyfl)
CommonLisp,EmacsLisp,Scheme
(funcallfab...)
{fab}
Oz
[applyfab]
Tcl8.5
f[a,b,...]
Mathematica
f[a,b,...]orf.call(a,b,...)
Ruby
&$f(a,b,...)or$f>(a,b,...)
Perl
$f.(a,b,...)
Perl6
fa,b,...
CoffeeScript,Perl
f,a,b,...(25)
Yorick
v=f(a,b,...)orcallfa,b,...
ClassicREXX
ab...f
Forth,PostScript
(a,b,...)>&for(a,b,...)>f
Beta
f:a(26)
FL
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f@a(27)
Mathematica
a//f(27)
Mathematica
a~f~b(28)
Mathematica
..[f,A,B,...]
Prolog
<xsl:calltemplatename="f">
<xsl:withparamname="a"select=a/>
XSLT
<xsl:withparamname="b"select=b/>
</xsl:calltemplate>
withnoparameter
f
Ada,BourneShell,Eiffel,Forth,Haskell,Io,Logo,Matlab,Mercury,MSH,Pascal,
Perl,Perl6,Pliant,PostScript,Prolog,Rebol,Ruby,Tcl,Yorick
f()
Awk,C,C#,C++,CoffeeScript,E,Erlang,F#,Java,JavaScript,Lua,Maple,merd,
OCaml,Perl,PHP,Pike,Python,SML,YCP
(f)
(funcallf)
{f}
Oz
f[]
Mathematica
f[]orf.call
Ruby
&$for$f>()
Perl
$f.()
Perl6
v=f()
ClassicREXX
callf
ClassicREXX,Fortran
fvalue(29)
Smalltalk
<xsl:call
template
name="f">/
XSLT
partialapplication(intheexamplesbelow,anormalcallis"f(a,b)")
givethefirstargument
fa
F#,Haskell,OCaml,SML
f(a)
Mercury
f(a,)
merd
&f.assuming(var_name=>a)
Perl6
functools.partial(f,a)(30)
Python
interpalias{}f_a{}fa
Tcl
givethesecondargument
f(,b)
merd
&f.assuming(b=>b)
Perl6
17/112
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flipfb(31)
Haskell
givethefirstargumenttooperator">"
(a>)
Haskell,merd
(>)a
F#,OCaml
givethesecondargumenttooperator">"
(>a)
Haskell,merd
functiondefinition
subf{...}
Perl,Perl6
subf($para1,$para2,...){...}
Perl6
deff(para1,para2,...):...
Python
deff(para1,para2,...)...end
Ruby
deff(para1,para2,...)...{...}
fpara1para2=...
Haskell
letfpara1para2=...
F#,OCaml
f(para1,para2,...)=valof$(...$)
BCPL
f(para1,para2,...)=...
merd
f[para1_,para2_,...]:=...para1...
Mathematica
f...orf:para1...
Smalltalk
f:func[para1para2...]...
Rebol
/f{...}def
PostScript
f:=(para1,para2,...)>...
Maple
f:=method(para1,para2,...,code)
Io
funcf(a,b,c...){...}
Yorick
typ0f(typ1para1,typ2para2,...){...}
C,C#,C++,Pike,YCP
functionf(para1,para2){...}
Awk,JavaScript,PHP5
functionf(para1,para2)...code...end
Lua
functionf;...;end
FishShell
functionf{...}
KornShell
functionf{param(para1,[typ2]para2,...)...}
MSH
(define(fpara1para2)...)
Scheme
(defunf(para1para2)...)
fun{FPara1Para2}...end
Oz
funfpara1para2=...
SML
18/112
9/16/2016
procf{para1para2}{...}
Tcl
functionretval=f(para1,para2)
retval=...
Matlab,Scilab
:funcf(typ1,typ2,...)=typ0.
f(Para1,Para2,...)=...
Mercury
functionf(para1:type1;para2:typ2;...)returnretvalis
begin
Ada
...
endf;
functionfpara1para2>retval
argtyp1para1;argtyp2para2;argrettypretval;
...
Pliant
functionf(para1:typ1,para2:typ2,...):retval;
varretval:typ0;
begin
...
end
Pascal
f(para1:typ1;para2,para3:typ2;...):rettypis
do
...
end
Eiffel
<xsl:templatename="f">
<xsl:paramname="para1"/>
<xsl:paramname="para2"/>
XSLT
...
</xsl:template>
Functionf(para1,para2)...EndFunction
VisualBasic
:f...;
Forth
f(){...}
BourneShell,KornShell
f:procedure
...
returnretval
ClassicREXX
tof:para1:para2
...
end
Logo
procedures
proceduref(para1:typ1;para2,para3:typ2);
begin
...
end
Pascal
f(para1:typ1;para2,para3:typ2;...)is
do
...
end
Eiffel
proceduref(para1:typ1;para2:MODEtype2;...)is
begin
...
endf;
Ada
MODE::=|OUT|INOUT
voidf(typ1para1,typ2para2,...){...}
C,C#,C++,Pike
19/112
9/16/2016
letf(para1,para2,...)be$(...$)
BCPL
proc{FPara1Para2}...end
Oz
f:=proc(para1,para2,...)...endproc
Maple
Subf(para1,para2)...EndSub
VisualBasic
functionf(para1,para2)
...
Matlab,Scilab
f:procedure
...
return
ClassicREXX
variablenumberofarguments
onecanuseoverloadingondifferentnumberofarguments
C++,Java
subf{...@_}
Perl
subf;...$argv;end
FishShell
f(){...$@}
BourneShell
f:=...##&
Mathematica
f[params___]:=...params...
Mathematica
functionf(varargin)
fori=1:nargin
...(varargin{i})
end
Matlab
functionf(varargin)
fore=varargin
...(e)
end
Scilab
(args...)>...
CoffeeScript
(lambdax...)or(32)
Scheme
predicates
f(Para1,Para2,....):....
Prolog
anonymousfunction
sub{my($a,$b)=@_;...}
Perl
{my($a,$b)=@_;...}(33)
Perl
{...}(argumentsareinthestack
PostScript
[...]
Logo
{param(para1,[typ2]para2,...)...}
MSH
{|a,b|...}(34)
Ruby
[:a:b|...]
Smalltalk
[list{ab}{...}]
Tcl8.5
20/112
9/16/2016
lambdaa,b:...
Python
lambda(typ1para1,typ2,para2,...){...};
Pike
(a,b)=>...
C#3,CoffeeScript
(a,b)>...
CoffeeScript,Maple
a,b>...
merd
>$a,$b{...}
Perl6
\ab>...
Haskell
:noname...
Forth
fn(a,b)=>...
SML
funab>...
F#,OCaml
(func(A,B)=C:...)
Mercury
function(a,b){...}
JavaScript,PHP5
function(a,b)use(&$v1,$v2){...}(35)
PHP5
function(a,b)...end
Lua
Function[{a,b},....](36)
Mathematica
fun(a,b)>...end
Erlang
fun{$AB}...end(37)
Oz
func[ab...]...
Rebol
def_(para1,para2,...)...{...}
proc{|a,b|...}
Ruby
lambda{|a,b|...}
Ruby
(lambda(ab)...)
inline('...x...y...')(38)
Matlab
method(a,b,...)
Io
method(a,b)...endmethod(39)
Dylan
create_function(',','...')
PHP
delegate(taa,tbb){...}
C#2
[](taa,tbb){...}
C++0x
[](taa,tbb)>typ{...}
C++0x
functionreturnvalue
breaksthecontrolflow
return(40)
Ada,Awk,B,BCPL,BourneShell,C,C#,C++,ClassicREXX,CoffeeScript,Common
Lisp,E,FishShell,Io,Java,JavaScript,Lua,Maple,Matlab,Perl,Perl6,PHP,Pike,
Pliant,Python,Rebol,Ruby,Tcl,YCP,Yorick
Return
Mathematica,VisualBasic
21/112
9/16/2016
RETURN
Modula3
resultis(41)
BCPL
returnfrom
xxx
CommonLisp
Smalltalk
Exit
Function/
ExitSub
VisualBasic
exit
Forth
output
Logo
functionbodyistheresult
nosyntax
needed(42)
CoffeeScript,CommonLisp,Dylan,EmacsLisp,Erlang,F#,Haskell,Io,Maple,
Mathematica,Matlab,OCaml,Oz,Perl,Perl6,Rebol,Ruby,Scheme,SML,Tcl
settingtheresult
Result:=val
Eiffel
<functionname>=val
VisualBasic
<functionname>:=val
Pascal
<retvarname>=val;
Ada,Matlab
functioncalledwhenafunctionisnotdefined(indynamiclanguages)
AUTOLOAD
Perl
AUTOSCALAR,AUTOMETH,AUTOLOAD...
Perl6
__autoload
PHP5
__getattr__
Python
method_missing
Ruby
doesNotUnderstand
Smalltalk
__noSuchMethod__(43)
unknown
Tcl
noapplicablemethod
CommonLisp
doesNotRecognizeSelector
ObjectiveC
TryInvokeMember(44)
C#
match[name,args]{...}
thepredicatefail
Prolog
forward
Io
runtimeinspectingthecallerinformation
22/112
9/16/2016
caller
Perl,Perl6,Ruby
call
Io
inspect.stack()[1]
Python
backtrace
Pike
debug_backtrace
PHP5
trace'I'
ClassicREXX
evalin('caller',...)
Matlab
current_predicate
Prolog
thisContextsender
Smalltalk
where(2)
Maple
infolevel
Tcl
functioncomposition
.
Haskell
merd
SML
Maple
compose
Dylan
Composition
Mathematica
<<
F#
>>
F#
identityfunction
id
Haskell
identity
CommonLisp
Identity
Mathematica
yourself
Smalltalk
ControlFlow
sequence
,
C,C++,JavaScript,Matlab,Perl,Pike,Prolog,Scilab
Smalltalk
Ada,Awk,B,Beta,BourneShell,C,C#,C++,E,F#,FishShell,GNUsed,Haskell,Io,
Java,JavaScript,Maple,Mathematica,Matlab,merd,Modula3,OCaml,Pascal,Perl,
23/112
9/16/2016
Perl6,PHP,Pike,PL/I,Pliant,Python,Ruby,SML,Tcl,YCP
:
Maple
nothing,
optionally;
ClassicREXX,Lua
space
Eiffel,Rebol
endofline
Assembler,Awk,Basic,BourneShell,CoffeeScript,E,F#,FishShell,Fortran,GNUsed,
Haskell,Io,JavaScript,Lua,Matlab,merd,Pliant,Python,Ruby,Tcl
(begin...)
Scheme
(progn...)
(prog1...)
(prog2...)
>>
Haskell
if_then
ifcthen...
CoffeeScript,F#,merd,OCaml,Pascal,Tcl
ifcthen...end
Eiffel,Lua,Oz,Ruby
ifcthen...endif
Ada,Maple
ifcthen...fi
Maple
ifc;then...fi
BourneShell
if(c)then...end
Dylan
ifcdo...
BCPL
IFcTHEN...END
Modula2,Modula3
if(c)...
Awk,B,C,C#,C++,Java,JavaScript,PHP,Pike,YCP
ifc:...
Python
ifc...
Pliant,Rebol,Tcl
if(c):...endif
PHP
ifc{...}
Perl6
ifc[...]
Logo
if(c){...}
E,Perl,Yorick
IFc...
MUMPS
c>...
FL
c...if
PostScript
...ifc
Perl,Ruby
cifb1then
Forth
(ifc...)
CommonLisp,Scheme
(whenc...)
EmacsLisp
cand...
Perl,Ruby
24/112
9/16/2016
if(c,...)
Io
If[c,...]
Mathematica
if(c)then(...)
Io
cifTrue(...)
Io
cifTrue:...
Smalltalk
<xsl:iftest="c">...</xsl:if>
XSLT
IfcThen...
VisualBasic
Ifc
...
EndIf
VisualBasic
ifc;...end
Ruby
ifc;...;end
FishShell
ifc,...,end
Matlab
ifc
...
end
Matlab,Ruby
ifcthen;...
ifcthen
...
ClassicREXX
ifcthendo
...
end
cand...
Perl
tlabel
GNUsed
ifc
...
CoffeeScript
if_then_else
ifcthenb1elseb2
CoffeeScript,F#,Haskell,merd,OCaml,SML
ifcthenb1elseb2end
Eiffel,Lua,Ruby
ifcthenb1elsifc2thenb2elseb3
endif
Ada
ifcthenb1elseifc2thenb2elseb3
end
Eiffel,Oz
if(c)thenb1elseif(c2)thenb2else
b3end
Dylan
IFcTHENb1ELSIFc2THENb2ELSEb3
END
Modula3
IfcThenb1ElseIfc2Thenb2Elseb3
EndIf
Modula2
if(c)b1elseb2
Awk,B,C,C#,C++,Java,JavaScript,Pike,YCP
ifcb1elsifc2b2b3
Tcl
25/112
9/16/2016
ifcthenb1elseifc2thenb2elseb3
Tcl
ifcthenbeginb1endelsebeginb2
end
Pascal
ifcb1eifc2b2elseb3
Pliant
ifcthenb1elifc2thenb2elseb3
endif
Maple
ifc;thenb1;elifc2;thenb2;else
b3;fi
BourneShell
ifc;b1;elseb2;end
FishShell
ifc1,b1,elseifc2,b2,else,b3,end
Matlab
if(c)b1elseif(c2)b2elseb3
PHP
if(c):b1elseif(c2):b2else:b3
endif
PHP
if(c){b1}elsif(c2){b2}else{b3}
Perl
if(c){b1}else{b2}
E,Yorick
(ifcb1b2)
CommonLisp,Scheme
(ifcthenb1elseb2)
Mercury
(c>b1;c2>b2;b3)
Mercury
c>b1;b2
FL
if(c,b1,b2)
Io
If[c,b1,b2]
Mathematica
if(c)then(b1)else(b2)
Io
cifTrue:b1ifFalse:b2
Smalltalk
ifelsec[b1][b2]
Logo
shuntcb1c2b2b3
Pliant
eithercb1b2/if/elsecb1b2
Rebol
(cond(cb1)(c2b2)(tb3))
(cond(cb1)(c2b2)(elseb3))
Scheme
Which[c,b1,c2,b2,True,b3]
Mathematica
c>b1;c2>b2;b3
Prolog
casewhenc;b1whenc2;b2elseb3end
Ruby
testcthenb1orb2
BCPL
e|c=b1|c2=b2|otherwise=
b3(45)
Haskell
cb1b2ifelse
PostScript
cifb1elseb2then
Forth
c?b1:b2
Awk,B,C,C#,C++,Java,JavaScript,Perl,PHP,Ruby,
Tcl,YCP,Yorick
26/112
9/16/2016
c??b1!!b2
Perl6
b1ifcelseb2(30)
Python
$SELECT(c:b1,c2:b2,1:b3)
MUMPS
c>b1,b2
BCPL
(ifcthenb1elseb2fi)
Beta
<xsl:choose>
<xsl:whentest="c">b1</xsl:when>
<xsl:whentest="c2">b2</xsl:when> XSLT
<xsl:otherwise>b3</xsl:otherwise>
</xsl:choose>
IfcThenb1Elseb2
VisualBasic
Ifc
b1
Else
b2
EndIf
VisualBasic
ifc:
b1
elifc2:
b2
else:
b3
Python
ifc
b1
elsifc2
b2
else
b3
end
Ruby
ifc
b1
elseifc2
b2
else
b3
end
Matlab
ifcthen;b1;else;b2
ifcthen
b1
else
b2
ifcthendo
b1
...
end
elsedo
b2
...
end
ClassicREXX
IFc...
ELSE...
MUMPS
ifc
b1
27/112
9/16/2016
elseifc2
b2
else
b3
CoffeeScript
ifnot_then(unless)
unless
CoffeeScript,EmacsLisp,Perl
ifFalse
Smalltalk
if(c)notthen(...)
Io
multipleselection(switch)
switch(val){
casev1:...;break;
casev2:casev3:...;break;
default:...;
}
C,C++,Java,JavaScript,PHP,Pike
switchval{
casev1:...;gotodone;
casev2:casev3:...;gotodone;
}
...;
done:
switch(val){
casev1:...;break;
casev2:casev3:...;break;
default:...;break;
}
C#
(46)
switch(val){
matchv1{...}
matchv2{...}
match_{...}
}
switchonval
casev1:...
casev2:...
default:...
BCPL
switchval
casev1
...
casev2v3
...
case'*'
...
end
FishShell
switchval
casev1
...
case{v2,v3}
...
otherwise
Matlab
28/112
9/16/2016
...
end
casevalof
v1:...;
v2,v3:...
else...
end
Pascal
switchval{
v1{...}
v2v3{...}
default{...}
}
Tcl
casevalin
v1)statement1;;
v2|v3)statement23;;
*)statement_else;;
esac
BourneShell
(ifval
//v1then...
//v2then...
else...
if)
Beta
matchvalwith
|v1>...
|v2|v3>...
|_>...
F#,OCaml
casevalof
v1=>...
|v2=>...
|_=>...
SML
CASEvalOF
v1=>...
|v2=>...
ELSE=>...END
Modula3
casevalof
v1>...
v2>...
_>...
Haskell
valcase
v1of...endof
v2of...endof
...
endcase
Forth
val.
v1>...
v2>...
_>...
merd
(caseval
((v1)...)
((v2)...)
(otherwise...))
CommonLisp
(caseval
((v1)...)
((v2)...)
(else...))
Scheme
29/112
9/16/2016
casevalis
whenv1=>...
whenv2|v3=>...
whenothers=>...
endcase;
Ada
caseval
whenv1;...
whenv2,v3;...
else...
end
Ruby
inspectval
whenv1thenstatement1
whenv2,v3=>statement23
elsestatement_else
end
Eiffel
select(val);
when(v1)statement1;
when(v2,v3)statement23;
otherwisestatement_else;
end;
PL/I
X=val,
(X=v1,...;X=v2,...;...)
Mercury,Prolog
my%case=(
v1=>sub{...},
v2=>sub{...},
);
if($case{val}){$case{val}>()}else{...}
Perl
useSwitch;
switch($val){
casev1{...}
casev2{...}
else...
})
Perl
(47)
given$val{
whenv1{...}
whenv2{...}
default{...}
}
Perl6
Selectval
Casev1
...
Casev2,v3
...
CaseElse
...
EndSelect
VisualBasic
switch(val){
v1{...}
v2{...}
default{...}
}
MSH
switchval[
v1[...]
v2[...]
]
Rebol
30/112
9/16/2016
switch/default[
v1[...]
v2[...]
][...]
valcaseOf:{[v1]>[...].[v2]>[...]}otherwise:...
Squeak
Switch[val,v1,...,v2,...,_,...]
Mathematica
select
whenv1...
whenv2|v3...
otherwise...
end
ClassicREXX
CASEval
WHENv1THEN...
WHENv2THEN...
ELSE...
END
SQL92
loop
foreverloop
loop
CoffeeScript,merd,Perl6,PostScript,Ruby
loop(...)
Io
loop...endloop
Ada
LOOP...END
Modula3
(loopdo...)
CommonLisp
cycle(#do...#)
Beta
repeat
Squeak
begin...again
Forth
forever
Logo,Rebol
Do
...
Loop
VisualBasic
doforever
...
end
ClassicREXX
whileconditiondosomething
while(c)...
Awk,B,C,C#,C++,E,Java,JavaScript,Perl,PHP,Pike,
Ruby,YCP,Yorick
whilec...
CoffeeScript,Perl6,Tcl
whilecloop...endloop
Ada
whilecdo...
BCPL,Pascal,SML
whilecdo...done
F#,OCaml
whilecdo...enddo
Maple
whilecdo...end
Lua
31/112
9/16/2016
WHILEcDO...END
Modula3
whilec:...
Python
whilec;do...;done
BourneShell
whilec;...;end
FishShell
whilec,...,end
Matlab
while[c][...]
Rebol
whilec[...]
Logo
while(c,...)
Io
While[c,...]
Mathematica
do.while[...]c
Logo
cwhileTrue:...
Smalltalk
(loopwhilecdo...)
CommonLisp
loop(#while::<(#doc>value#)
do...#)
Beta
begincwhile...repeat
Forth
fromuntilnotcloop...end
Eiffel
whilec
...
Pliant
whilecdo
...
F#
DoWhilec
...
Loop
VisualBasic
dowhilec
...
end
ClassicREXX
dosomethinguntilcondition
do...untilc
Perl6
do{...}untilc
Perl
do...while(!c)
Awk,C,C#,C++,Java,JavaScript,Pike,Yorick
begin...enduntilc
Ruby
begin...cuntil
Forth
REPEAT...UNTILc
Modula3
loop(#until::<(#doc>value#)do...#)
Beta
loop...exitwhenc;endloop
Ada
(loopdo...untilc)
CommonLisp
...repeatuntilc
BCPL
repeat...untilc
Lua,Pascal
32/112
9/16/2016
repeat...until(c)
YCP
repeat,...,c
Prolog
until[...c]
Rebol
untilc[...]
Logo
do.while[...]c
Logo
While[...;c]
Mathematica
[...]whileFalse:[c]
Smalltalk
Do
...
LoopUntilc
VisualBasic
foreachvalueinanumericrange,1increment(seealsotheentriesaboutranges)
for(inti=1;i<=10;i++)...
C,C#,C++
for(i=1;i<=10;i++)...
Awk,JavaScript
for($i=1;$i<=10;$i++)...
PHP
foreachmy$i(1..10){...}
Perl
foreach($iin1..10){...}
MSH
for(1..10)>$i{...}
Perl6
fori=1:10,...,end
Matlab
fori=1,10do...end
Lua
fori:=1to10do...
Pascal
fori=1to10do...done
F#,OCaml
Fori=1To10...Next
VisualBasic
foriin1..10loop...endloop
Ada
foriin1..10do...done
F#
foriin[1..10]...
CoffeeScript
foriinxrange(1,11)
Python
foriin(seq10);...;end
FishShell
FORI=1:1:10...
MUMPS
forifrom1to10do...enddo
Maple
for[i110+1][...]
Logo
for{seti1}{$i<=10}{incri}{...}
Tcl
1110...for
PostScript
111do...loop
Forth
(1..10).each{|i|...}
Ruby
1.upto(10){|i|...}
Ruby
1to(10)foreach(...)
33/112
9/16/2016
Io
1to:10do:[...]
Smalltalk
(loopforifrom1to10do...)
CommonLisp
dolabeli=1,10
Fortran
Do[...,{i,1,10}](48)
Mathematica
doi=1for10
...
end
ClassicREXX
foreachvalueinanumericrange,1decrement
forX:=10downto1do...
Pascal
fori=10downto1do...done
F#,OCaml
foriinreverse1..10loop...endloop
Ada
foriin10..1..1do...done
F#
for(inti=10;i>=1;i)...
C,C#,C++
for(my$i=10;$i>=1;$i){...}
Perl
loop(my$i=10;$i>=1;$i){...}
Perl6
for(i=1;i<=10;i)...
Awk,JavaScript
for($i=1;$i<=10;$i)...
PHP
fromi:=10untili<1loop...i:=i1end
Eiffel
fori=10:1:1,...,end
Matlab
fori=10,1,1do...end
Lua
Fori=10To1Step1...Next
VisualBasic
foriinxrange(10,0,1)
Python
foriin`seq1011`;do...;done
BourneShell
FishShell
forifrom10to1by1do...enddo
Maple
for[i1101][...]
Logo
FORI=10:1:1...
MUMPS
for{seti10}{$i>=1}{incri1}{...}
Tcl
1011...for
PostScript
110do...1+loop
Forth
1to:10by:1do:[...]
Smalltalk
10to(1)foreach(...)
Io
10.downto(1){|i|...}
Ruby
(loopforifrom1to10by1do...)
CommonLisp
dolabeli=10,1,1
34/112
9/16/2016
Fortran
Do[...,{i,10,1,1}]
Mathematica
doi=10to1by1
...
end
ClassicREXX
foriin[10..1]...
CoffeeScript
foreachvalueinanumericrange,freeincrement
for(inti=1;i<=10;i+=2)...
C,C#,C++,Pike
for(i=1;i<=10;i+=2)...
Awk,JavaScript
for($i=1;$i<=10;$i+=2)...
PHP
for(my$i=1;$i<=10;$i+=2){...}
Perl
loop(my$i=1;$i<=10;$i+=2){...}
Perl6
fromi:=1untili>10loop...i:=i+2end
Eiffel
fori=1:3:10,...,end
Matlab
fori=1,10,2do...end
Lua
Fori=1To10Step2...Next
VisualBasic
foriin1..2..10do...done
F#
foriinxrange(1,11,2)
Python
FishShell
forifrom1to10by2do...enddo
Maple
for[i1102][...]
Logo
FORI=1:2:10...
MUMPS
for{seti0}{$i<=10}{incri2}{...}
Tcl
1210...for
PostScript
111do...2+loop
Forth
1to:10by:2do:[...]
Smalltalk
(1..10).step(2){|i|...}
Ruby
1to(9,2)foreach(...)
Io
(loopforifrom1to10by2do...)
CommonLisp
dolabeli=1,10,2
Fortran
Do[...,{i,1,10,2}]
Mathematica
doi=1to10by2
...
end
ClassicREXX
foriin[1..10]by2...
CoffeeScript
for"alaC"(while+initialisation)
35/112
9/16/2016
for
Awk,C,C#,C++,Java,JavaScript,Mathematica,
MSH,Perl,PHP,Pike,Tcl,Yorick
loop
Perl6
for((x=0;x<10;x++));do...;done
BourneShell
frominit_codeuntilcloop...
incr_statementend
Eiffel
(loopwithVAR=INITIALVALUE...while
CONDITIONfinallyINCREMENT...)
CommonLisp
breakingcontrolflow
returningavalue
return(40)
Ada,Awk,B,BCPL,BourneShell,C,C#,C++,ClassicREXX,CoffeeScript,Common
Lisp,E,FishShell,Io,Java,JavaScript,Lua,Maple,Matlab,Perl,Perl6,PHP,Pike,
Pliant,Python,Rebol,Ruby,Tcl,YCP,Yorick
Return
Mathematica,VisualBasic
RETURN
Modula3
resultis(41)
BCPL
returnfrom
xxx
CommonLisp
Smalltalk
Exit
Function/
ExitSub
VisualBasic
exit
Forth
output
Logo
goto(unconditionaljump)
goto
Ada,B,Basic,BCPL,C,C#,C++,Cobol,Fortran,Logo,MUMPS,Pascal,Perl,PHP5,
Yorick
Goto
Mathematica
gothrow
CommonLisp
signal
ClassicREXX
GNUsed
b,bra,
jmp
Assembler
continue/break
continue/break
Awk,C,C#,C++,CoffeeScript,E,FishShell,Io,Java,JavaScript,Matlab,PHP,
Pike,Python,Tcl,YCP,Yorick
Continue/Break
Mathematica
next/last
Perl,Perl6
next/break(49)
Maple,Ruby
36/112
9/16/2016
/break
BCPL,Lua
/break/return
Rebol
/exit
Ada,PostScript
/stop
Logo
restart/leave
Beta,Pliant
/ExitDo,ExitFor
VisualBasic
/returnfromxxx
orreturn
CommonLisp
iterate/leave
ClassicREXX
/leave
Forth
redo/retry
redo/
Perl,Perl6
redo/retry
Io,Ruby
exception
throwing
raise
Ada,Eiffel,F#,merd,OCaml,Python,Ruby,SchemeSRFI34,SML
RAISE
Modula3
raise...end
Oz
Exceptionraise
Io
throw
C#,C++,CoffeeScript,E,Erlang,Forth,Haskell,Java,JavaScript,Logo,
PHP5,Pike,Prolog,Rebol
Throw
Mathematica
throw/name
Rebol
die
Perl,Perl6
returncode
Tcl
error
CommonLisp,Dylan,EmacsLisp,Lua,Lua,Maple,Matlab,Pliant,
Yorick
signal
CommonLisp,Dylan,Smalltalk
signal
predefined_condition_name
ClassicREXX
cerrorwarn
CommonLisp
[NSExceptionraise:name
...]
ObjectiveC
catching
try:aexceptexn:...
Python
tryawithexn>...
F#,OCaml
37/112
9/16/2016
tryacatch(exn)...
C#,C++,Java,JavaScript
trya
...
catchexn
...
CoffeeScript
try{...}catch(t$v){...}
PHP5
tryacatchexnthen...end
Oz
tryacatchexn:...endtry
Maple
try(a);catch(...)
Io
try{aCATCHexn{...}}
Perl6
TRYaEXCEPTexn=>...END
Modula3
ahandleexn=>...
SML
aon:exception_namedo:[:exn|...]
Smalltalk
ifCurtailed
Smalltalk
rescue
Eiffel,Ruby
eval{a};if($@)...
Perl
exceptionwhenexception_name=>
Ada
catcha(\exn>...)
Haskell
catch
Erlang,Forth,Logo,Prolog,Rebol,Tcl
Catch
Mathematica
catch/name
Rebol
catch(...)orcatch{...};
Pike
if(catch(exn)){...}a
Yorick
pcall
Lua
withexceptionhandlerorguard
SchemeSRFI34
blockaexception(exn)...end
Dylan
?,shy,safe
Pliant
handlerbindhandlercaseignoreerrors
CommonLisp
NS_DURINGaNS_HANDLER...NS_ENDHANDLER
ObjectiveC
try
a
catch
...
end
Matlab
signalonpredefined_condition_name
...
predefined_condition_name:
...
ClassicREXX
cleanup:codeexecutedbeforeleaving
38/112
9/16/2016
ensure
Ruby,Smalltalk
finally
C#,F#,Java,Maple,Python
FINALLY
Modula3
unwindprotect
cleanup
Dylan
dynamicwind
Scheme
retrying:aftercatchinganexception,tellthesnippettobererun
retry
Eiffel,Ruby,Smalltalk
restart
Dylan
resumeexecutionwheretheexceptiontookplace
resume
Smalltalk
callwithcurrentcontinuation
callwithcurrentcontinuation(50)
Scheme
callcc
Ruby,SMLNJ
Types
declaration
typedeftn
C,C++,Pike
typenist
Ada
typen...
Pliant
typen=t
F#,Haskell,OCaml,Pascal,SML
TYPEn=t
Modula3
usingn=...
C#
datan=t
Haskell
datatypen=t
SML
newtypen=t
Haskell
n=t
merd,Python
n:t
Beta
(deftypen()'t)
CommonLisp
annotation(orvariabledeclaration)
:
Ada,E,Eiffel,F#,Modula3,OCaml,Pascal,SML
39/112
9/16/2016
::
Dylan,Haskell,Mercury
!!
merd
tv
C,C#,C++,Java,Perl6,Pike,Pliant,YCP
(declare(tv))
CommonLisp
v:@t
Beta
_t(51)
Mathematica
cast
upcast
(t)e
C,C#,C++,Java,PHP
t(e)
Ada,Pascal
[t]e
Pike
static_cast<t>(e)
C++
e:>t
OCaml
e:t
F#
upcaste
F#
CAST(east)
SQL92
typecast(e,t)
Matlab
downcast(needruntimechecking)
(t)e
Java
t(e)
Ada
e:t
[t]e
Pike
dynamic_cast<t>(e)
C++
east
C#
e:?>t
F#
downcaste(52)
F#
v?=e(53)
Eiffel
NARROW(e,t)
Modula3
typecast(e,t)
Matlab
computedconversion(callsaninternalorauserdefinedfunction)
(t)e
C++,Pike
[t]e
MSH
t(e)
C++,Matlab,Python
te
40/112
9/16/2016
F#
e:t
e::t
Haskell
castet
Pliant
...castt
Pliant
makete/tote
Rebol
mutability,constness
typeofamutablevalue
mutabilityisthedefault
C,C#,C++,Java,Matlab
valx:T
Pascal
Tref
F#,OCaml,SML
STRefaT
Haskell
inoutT(54)
Ada
typeofaconstantvalue
constT
C++,C99
constantT
Ada
constx:T
Pascal
constnessisthedefault
F#,Haskell,OCaml,SML
specialcases
"readonly"fields(55)
C#
"final"fields,parameters,localvariables(55)
Java
ObjectOriented&Reflexivity
methodinvocation
object.method(para)
Ada,Beta,C#,C++,Cecil,CoffeeScript,DelphiKylix,E,Eiffel,F#,Icon,
Java,JavaScript,merd,Modula3,MSH,Perl6,Python,Ruby,Sather,Visual
Basic
object#methodpara
OCaml
object:method(para)
Lua
objectmethod(para)
Io
objectmethodpara
Pliant,Tcl
objectmethod:para1
method_continuation:
para2
Smalltalk
41/112
9/16/2016
object<method(para)
(56)
[objectmethod:para
]
ObjectiveC
object>method(para)
C++,Perl,PHP,Pike
object["method"](para)
Pike
object/methodpara
Rebol
methodobjectpara
Haskell,Mercury
(methodobjectpara)
CommonLisp
method(object,para)
Ada,Dylan,Matlab
para>method
Beta
(sendobjectmethod
para)
MzScheme
withnoparameter
object.method
Ada,Eiffel,F#,merd,Perl6,Ruby
object.property(57)
C#
object.method()
C#,C++,CoffeeScript,E,Java,JavaScript,Python
object#method
OCaml
object:method
Pliant
object>method
Perl
object>method()
PHP5,Pike
object/method
Rebol
object["method"]()
Pike
objectmethod
Io,Smalltalk
[objectmethod]
ObjectiveC
methodobject
Haskell,Mercury
(methodobject)
CommonLisp
method(object)
Ada,Dylan,Matlab
(sendobjectmethod)
MzScheme
objectcreation
new
PHP,Pliant,Simula
newclass_name(...)
C#,C++,CoffeeScript,F#,Java,JavaScript,Perl,PHP,Visual
Basic
newclass_name...
CoffeeScript,OCaml
class_name.new(...)
Perl6,Ruby
class_namenew
Smalltalk
42/112
9/16/2016
class_name(...)
F#,Matlab,Pike,Python
class_namev(...)
C++
v:class_name
Ada
class_name.Create
DelphiKylix
!class_name!constructor_name(...)
Eiffel
&
Beta
makeobject
MzScheme
(makeinstanceclass_name...)
CommonLisp
[class_namealloc]
ObjectiveC
makeclass_name!...
Rebol
defobject_name{...}
objectcloning
o.clone
Perl6
o.clone(58)
Eiffel,Ruby
o.deep_clone
Eiffel
o.clone()
Java
o.Clone()
C#
clone$o
PHP5
oclone
Io
clone/copyordeepCopy
Smalltalk
Storable::dclone
Perl
[ocopy]
ObjectiveC
copy.copy(o)(59)
Python
purecopy
EmacsLisp
{<>}orOo.copyo
OCaml
o2=o(60)
C++,Matlab,PHP
$o2=$o
PHP
o2.all:=o.all
Ada
makeo[]
Rebol
o_:T'Class:=o(61)
Ada
manuallycallanobject'sdestructor
delete
C++,JavaScript
destroy
Pike
43/112
9/16/2016
DESTROY
Perl
dealloc
ObjectiveC
Dispose
C#,F#
del,__del__
Python
__destruct
PHP5
RequiresinstantiationofAda.Unchecked_Deallocation
Ada
classdeclaration
class
C#,C++,CoffeeScript,Haskell,Java,Matlab,MzScheme,
OCaml,Perl6,PHP,Pike,Python,Ruby
classcinheritp1p2...feature
decldecl...end
Eiffel
defclassdefstruct
CommonLisp
subclass
Smalltalk
struct
C++
type
Pliant
typecistaggedrecord...end
record(62)
Ada
@interfacec{...}...@end
ObjectiveC
Beta
typec()=class...end
F#
typec()=
...
F#
testingclassmembership
isa
Matlab,Perl
is_a?kind_of?
Ruby
o.meta.isa
Perl6
isKindOf(63)
Smalltalk
isKindOfClass
ObjectiveC
dynamic_cast
C++
instanceof
CoffeeScript,Java,JavaScript,PHP5
isinstance
Python
in
Ada
is
C#
is_a
PHP
:?
F#
44/112
9/16/2016
Program.inheritsorProgram.implements
Pike
entry_type
Pliant
typep
CommonLisp
ISTYPE
Modula3
object##<classname##
Beta
type.accepts(object)/object=~v:type
var?=val(64)
Eiffel
getthetype/classcorrespondingtoanobject/instance/value
class
Matlab,ObjectiveC,Ruby,Smalltalk
__class__
Python
getClass
Java
get_class
PHP
GetType
F#
typeid
C++
typeof
C#,CoffeeScript,JavaScript
typeof
CommonLisp
type
Io
ref
Perl
generator
Eiffel
meta
Perl6
object_program
Pike
getAllegedType
methodsavailable
methods
Matlab,Ruby
get_class_methods
PHP
getMethods
Java
getmember
MSH
indices
Pike
o.meta.getmethods
Perl6
dir
Python
slotNames
Io
o.GetType().GetMethods()
F#
oclassselectors/oclassallSelectors
Smalltalk
45/112
9/16/2016
o.__getAllegedType().getMessageTypes()
inheritance
child:<parent
Beta
classchild:parent
C#,C++
classchild<parentend
Ruby
classchildisparent{...}
Perl6
classchildextendsparent
CoffeeScript,Java,PHP5
classchild(parent):
Python
classchildinheritparentend
Eiffel
parentsubclass:child
Smalltalk
makeparent...
Rebol
inherit
OCaml,Pike
defchildextendsmakeSuperObject(parent,...){...}
typechildisnewparentwithrecord...endrecord
Ada
typechild=
inheritparent
...
F#
(defclasschild(parent)...)
CommonLisp
@interfacechild:parent{...}...@end
ObjectiveC
@ISA=qw(parent1parent2)
Perl
clone,setProtos,setProto,prependProto,appendProto
Io
instanceParentChildwhere...
Haskell
hasthemethod
can
Perl,Perl6
respond_to?
Ruby
respondsTo
E,Smalltalk
respondsToSelector
ObjectiveC
hasattr(obj,"meth")(65)
Python
object>method
Pike
all[inobject'methodfunction?getinobject'method]
Rebol
findmethod
CommonLisp
ismethod
Matlab
hasSlot
Io
tryobj.GetType().GetMethod("meth")with...
F#
46/112
9/16/2016
obj.meth?instanceofFunction
CoffeeScript
method_exists
PHP5
currentinstance
this
Beta,C#,C++,CoffeeScript,Java,JavaScript,PHP,
Pike
THIS
Simula
self
Io,ObjectiveC,Rebol,Ruby,Smalltalk
object_nameifdefinedas:defobject_name{
...}
Current
Eiffel
firstparameter(66)
Matlab,Perl,Pliant,Python
theobjectvariable
F#
dispatchingparameter
Ada,CommonLisp
Me
VisualBasic
Perl6
accessingparentmethod
super
CoffeeScript,E,Java,ObjectiveC,Ruby,Smalltalk
super(Class,self).meth(args)
Python
base
C#
resend
Io
Precursor
Eiffel
$o.SUPER::method(...)
Perl6
$o>SUPER::method(...)
Perl
method(parent(dispatchingparameter))
Ada
parent(dispatchingparameter).method
Ada
parent::method
PHP5
callnextmethod
CommonLisp
typefoo2=
inheritfooasparent
...
member...=...parent.meth
F#
accessingchildmethod
inner
Beta
47/112
9/16/2016
Package,Module
packagescope
.
Ada,C#,CoffeeScript,E,F#,Haskell,Java,Modula3,OCaml,Pascal,Python,Ruby,SML,
Squeak
XML
::
C++,merd,Perl,Ruby,Squeak,Tcl,YCP
:::
(67)
CommonLisp
Maple
'
Perl
Mathematica
__
Mercury
Matlab
declare
packagep;
Java,Perl
namespacep{...}
C#,C++
namespacep...
F#
namespaceP;
PHP5
namespaceevalp...
Tcl
modulepwhere...
Haskell
moduleP...end
Ruby
moduleP=struct...end
OCaml
{module"p";...}
YCP
:module(p)
Prolog
p=module()...endmodule
Maple
(defpackagep...)
CommonLisp
automaticallydonebasedonthefilename
OCaml,Python,Tcl8.5
packagedeclare(68)
Matlab
Begin["p`"]...End[]
Mathematica
BeginPackage["p`"]...EndPackage[]
Mathematica
<nodexmlns="namespace">...</node>
XML
packagepis
Declarepublicpackagemembershere
private
Declareprivatepackagemembershere
endp;
Ada
48/112
9/16/2016
packagebodypis
...Definepackageimplementationhere
endp;
selectiveexport
modulep(name1,name2,...)where...
Haskell
@ISA=qw(Exporter);@EXPORT=qw(name1name2...);
Perl
packagepis...end;packagebodypis...end;
Ada
p=module()exportname1,name2,...;...endmodule
Maple
(export'name1'name2)
Common
Lisp
attachedtoeachname(public,private...)
Java,
Pike
namespaceexportname1
Tcl
namespacep
valname1:type1
...
F#
append_features
Ruby
moduletypePType=sigvalname1:type1...end
moduleP:PType=struct...end
OCaml
allfilesinpackagedirectoryareexported.filesin/privatesubdirectoryare
notexported,butcanbeusedbythepackageitself
Matlab
__all__=[...]
Python
import
everythingintocurrentnamespace
usep(69)
Perl
usesp
Pascal
usingp
C#
usingnamespacep;
C++
(usepackage'p)
CommonLisp
openp
F#,OCaml
import
Pike
importp
Haskell
IMPORTp;
Modula2
importp.*
Java
import"p"
YCP
frompimport*
Python
withp;usep;
Ada
49/112
9/16/2016
namespaceimportp*
Tcl
inheritcexport{NONE}allend
Eiffel
includeorevenextend
Ruby
do
Rebol
addpath
Matlab
.p
BourneShell
sourcep
BourneShell
builtinf/path/to/lib.so
KornShell
<<p`
Mathematica
Get["p`"]
Mathematica
Needs["p`"]
Mathematica
useP1\P;
PHP5
useP1\PasQ;
PHP5
selectively
importp(name1,name2,...)
Haskell
importp.name1;importp.name2
Java
(import'(p:name1p:name2))
CommonLisp
usepqw(name1name2...)
Perl
frompimportname1,name2,...
Python
FROMpIMPORTname1,name2,...;
Modula2
namespaceimportpname1
Tcl
usingp::name1;usingp::name2;...
C++
withp;usetypep.type1;...
Ada
with(p[name1,name2,])
Maple
defname:=<import:p.name>
:use_module(name1,name2,...)
Prolog
package(ie.loadthepackage)
importp
Python
usep;(70)
Perl
requirep
Perl
require"p"
Ruby
require,"p"
Yorick
(require'p)(71)
CommonLisp
withp;
Ada
50/112
9/16/2016
with(p)
Maple
packagerequirep
Tcl
automaticallydone(72)
Java,OCaml
Strings
typename
char[]
charconst[]
C++
string
C#,C++,F#,Maple,OCaml,Pascal,PHP,Pike,SML,YCP
string!
Rebol
String
Ada,C#,CoffeeScript,Haskell,Java,JavaScript,merd,Ruby,Smalltalk,Visual
Basic
STRING
Eiffel
str
Python,YAML
Str
Perl6,Pliant
NSString*
ObjectiveC
CHAR,
VARCHAR(size)
SQL92
Sequence
Io
charactertypename
char
C,C#,C++,F#,OCaml,SML
char!
Rebol
Char
Haskell,merd,Perl6
Character
Ada,Smalltalk
CHARACTER
Eiffel
character"z"
'z'
Ada,B,C,C#,C++,ClassicREXX,E,Eiffel,F#,Haskell,Matlab,OCaml,
Pascal,Pike
"z"
BourneShell,ClassicREXX,Maple,merd
"z
Logo
$z
Smalltalk
#\z
CommonLisp,Scheme
#"z"
Rebol,SML
51/112
9/16/2016
&z
Oz
?z
EmacsLisp,Ruby
charz,[char]
z(73)
Forth
strings
withnointerpolationofvariables
'...'
Beta,BourneShell,ClassicREXX,CoffeeScript,CSS,FishShell,JavaScript,Lua,
Matlab,Pascal,Perl,Perl6,PHP,Prolog,Python,Ruby,Smalltalk,SQL92,XPath,
YAML
"..."
Ada,Awk,C,C#,C++,ClassicREXX,CommonLisp,CSS,Dylan,E,Eiffel,Emacs
Lisp,F#,FL,Haskell,Io,Java,JavaScript,Lua,Maple,Mathematica,Modula3,
MUMPS,OCaml,Oz,Pike,Pliant,Prolog,Python,Rebol,Scheme,SML,XPath,
YAML,YCP
"...
Logo
'''...'''
Python
"""..."""
Io,Python
[[...]]
Lua
R"[...]"
C++0x
<<'MARK'...
MARK
BourneShell,Perl,Ruby
<<<'MARK'...
MARK(74)
PHP5
{...{...}...}
Tcl
(...)
PostScript
q(...(...)...),
q[...],q{...},
q<...>,q/.../
Perl,Perl6
%q(...
(...)...),
%q[...],
%q{...},
%q<...>,
%q/.../
Ruby
q(...(...)...)
merd
@"...""..."
C#
s"..."
Forth
@"..."
ObjectiveC
withinterpolationofvariables
...(75)
Tcl
"...$v..."
BourneShell,FishShell,Perl,Perl6,PHP,
Tcl
52/112
9/16/2016
"...{v}..."
merd
"...#{v}...""...#$v...""...#@v...""...#@@v
..."
CoffeeScript,Ruby
<<MARK...$v...MARK
BourneShell,Perl
<<MARK...#{v}...MARK
Ruby
<<<MARK...$v...MARK
PHP
qq(...(...$v...)...),qq[...],qq{...},qq<...>,
qq/.../
Perl,Perl6
%Q(...(...#{v}...)...),%Q[...],%Q{...},%Q<...>,
%Q/.../
Ruby
qq(...(...{v}...)...)
merd
"...#{v}..."interpolate
Io
"...%(v)s..."%vars()
Python
endofline(withoutwritingtherealCRorLFcharacter)
\n
Tcl
"\n"
C,C#,C++,CoffeeScript,FishShell,Haskell,Io,Java,JavaScript,Lua,Maple,Mathematica,
OCaml,Perl,Perl6,PHP,Pike,Python,Ruby,YCP,Yorick
"*n"
B,BCPL
"%N"
Eiffel
"^/"
Rebol
"~%"(76)
CommonLisp
"[lf]"
Pliant
vb_nl
VisualBasic
<N>(77)
Smalltalk
multiline
allstringsallow
multilinestrings
BourneShell,CommonLisp,E,EmacsLisp,F#,FishShell,Io,Maple,
Mathematica,OCaml,Pascal,Perl,Perl6,PHP,Ruby,Scheme,Smalltalk,YCP
"...",{...}
Tcl
@"..."
C#
'''...''',
"""..."""
Python
[[...]]
Lua
{...}
Rebol
"...\n"
"...\n"
..."...\n\
\...\n"
Haskell
53/112
9/16/2016
"...",
"..."
ClassicREXX
"...%N%
%...%N"
Eiffel
"""..."""
CoffeeScript
convertsomethingtoastring(seealsostringinterpolation)
show
Haskell
to_s,to_str,inspect,String()
Ruby
to_string
merd,Pliant
tostring
Lua,YCP
toString
CoffeeScript,Java,JavaScript
ToString
C#,F#,Mathematica
String
perl
Perl6
Dumper
Perl
"".e
Perl
""~e
Perl6
""+e
CoffeeScript,E,Java,JavaScript
string
Pliant
str,`e`,repr
Python
out
Eiffel
cvs
PostScript
T'Image(e)(78)
Ada
asString
Io,Smalltalk
printString
Smalltalk
as(<string>,e)
Dylan
(string)e
PHP,Pike
convert(e,string)
Maple
(coercee'string)
CommonLisp
prin1tostring
EmacsLisp
tostring!/tostring/to""
Rebol
description
ObjectiveC
pr1
Yorick
unneeded,allvaluesarestrings
Tcl
serialize(marshalling)
54/112
9/16/2016
exportclixml
MSH
serialize
Io,PHP
Marshal.to_string
OCaml
Marshal.dump
Ruby
Data.Binary.encode
Haskell
BinaryFormatter.Serialize
F#
storeBinaryOn
Smalltalk
Storable::store
Perl
pickle.dump(79)
Python
(withstandardiosyntax(writeobjstream))
CommonLisp
T'Output(78)
Ada
unserialize(unmarshalling)
importclixml
MSH
unserialize
PHP
Marshal.from_string
OCaml
Marshal.load
Ruby
Data.Binary.decode
Haskell
BinaryFormatter.Deserialize
F#
readBinaryFrom
Smalltalk
pickle.load
Python
(withstandardiosyntax(readobjstream))
CommonLisp
Storable::store
Perl
doString
Io
T'Input(78)
Ada
sprintflike
sprintf
Awk,C,C++,F#,Maple,Matlab,merd,OCaml,Perl,Perl6,PHP,Pike,Ruby
printf
Haskell
Python,Ruby
format
Java,Lua,Tcl
format(80)
CommonLisp,Erlang,SchemeSRFI28
Format
C#,F#
putFormat
Beta
stringWithFormat
ObjectiveC
55/112
9/16/2016
expandMacrosWith(80)
Smalltalk
Storable::retrieve
Perl
simpleprint
onstrings
puts
C,Dylan,Tcl
print
Awk,Basic,Java,Maple,merd,PHP,SML
write
JavaScript,Pascal,Pike,Yorick
putStr
Haskell
print_string
F#,OCaml
console
Pliant
writeln
JavaScript,Pascal
writestring
CommonLisp
putStrLn
Haskell
Put_Line
Ada
display
Cobol
message
EmacsLisp
put_string
Eiffel
show
Smalltalk
print_endline(81)
OCaml
println(81)
Java,merd
put_chars
Erlang
echo(82)
BourneShell,FishShell,PHP
type
Forth
putText
Beta
say
ClassicREXX
pori
GNUsed
onsimpleobjects
print
Perl,Perl6
say(81)
Perl6
puts(81)
Tcl
putsnonewline
Tcl
onanyobjects
print
Io,Logo,Lua,Ruby
56/112
9/16/2016
print(81)
Dylan,Haskell,Python,
Rebol
Print
Mathematica
printe,
Python
println(81)
Io
prin
Rebol
Put
Ada
p(81)
Ruby
puts(83)
Ruby
display
Scheme
write
CommonLisp,Io,Prolog,
Scheme
writeln(81)
Io
print
CommonLisp
printOn
Smalltalk
princprin1
print_any
F#
WriteLine
C#,F#
nothingjustremove";"attheendoftheexpression,andit
willprintit
Matlab
disp
Matlab
printflike
printf
Awk,C,C++,F#,Haskell,KornShell,Maple,Matlab,merd,OCaml,Perl,PHP,Ruby
write
Pike
WriteLine
C#
putFormat
Beta
format(80)
CommonLisp,Prolog
stringequality&inequality
eqne
Perl,Perl6,Tcl
strcmp
C,Matlab
==!=
CoffeeScript,JavaScript,Pike
==!==
PHP
==~=
Lua
=\=
Prolog
isEqualToString(84)
ObjectiveC
57/112
9/16/2016
==!=
Awk,C#,C++,E,Io,merd,Python,Ruby,YCP
==<>
Python
==/=
Haskell
==\=
Oz
=!=
BourneShell,FishShell,Maple,XPath
=/=
Ada
=\=
ClassicREXX
=<>
Beta,F#,OCaml,Pliant,SML,VisualBasic
=~=
Dylan,Smalltalk
==\==or=<>\=
ClassicREXX
====!=/==!=(19)
Mathematica
==~=
Matlab
equal?
Ruby,Scheme
equals
Java
equal,equalp
CommonLisp
is_equal
Eiffel
isEqual
ObjectiveC
stringsize
length
Awk,Beta,C++,CoffeeScript,CommonLisp,Eiffel,F#,Haskell,Java,JavaScript,
Maple,Matlab,ObjectiveC,OCaml,Perl,PostScript,Prolog,Ruby
LENGTH
ClassicREXX
'Length
Ada
length?
Rebol
size
C++,E,Io,Ruby,Smalltalk,SML,YCP
Length
C#,F#,Modula3,Oz,Pascal
len
Pliant,Python,VisualBasic
strlen
C,PHP
stringlength
Tcl
stringlength
Scheme,XPath
StringLength
Mathematica
sizeof
Pike
count
Eiffel,Logo
byteschars
Perl6
CHARACTER_LENGTH
SQL92
58/112
9/16/2016
atom_length
Prolog
wcc
FishShell
Lua
${#v}
BourneShell
dup(85)
Forth
stringconcatenation
+
C#,C++,CoffeeScript,E,Eiffel,F#,Java,JavaScript,merd,MSH,Pascal,
Pike,Pliant,Python,Ruby,YCP
Perl,PHP
..
Io,Lua
Smalltalk
Perl6
&
Ada,Modula3,VisualBasic
F#,OCaml,SML
MUMPS
||
Cecil,ClassicREXX,Icon,Maple,PL/I,SQL92
++
Haskell
$a$b
BourneShell,FishShell,Tcl
concatenate
CommonLisp,Dylan
stringappend
Scheme
StringJoin
Mathematica
cat
Maple
Cat
Modula3
strcat
concat
XPath
append
Beta,Prolog,Rebol
stringByAppendingString
ObjectiveC
Awk,ClassicREXX
[string1string2]
Matlab
word
Logo
duplicatentimes
*
Ada,E,Pike,Python,Ruby
Perl,Perl6
59/112
9/16/2016
times
merd
repeat
Pliant
repeated
Io
str_repeat
PHP
stringrepeat
Tcl
strrep
Lua
repmat
Matlab
insert/dup
Rebol
COPIES
ClassicREXX
cat(s$n)
Maple
concat$replicate
Haskell
upper/lowercasecharacter
upcase/downcase
EmacsLisp,Ruby
uc/lc
Perl,Perl6
upper/lower(86)
Lua,Matlab,Pliant,Python
toUpper/toLower
Haskell
to_upper/to_lower
Eiffel
To_Upper/To_Lower
Ada
toUpperCase/toLowerCase
CoffeeScript,E,Java,JavaScript
upper_case/lower_case
Pike
uppercase/lowercase
F#,Logo,OCaml
strupper/strlower
Lua
strtoupper/strtolower
PHP
ToUpper/ToLower
C#,F#,Oz
toupper/tolower
Awk,C,C++
stringtoupper/stringtolower
Tcl
asLowercase/asUppercase
Io,Smalltalk
upCase/lowCase
Beta
uppercaseform/lowercaseform
Rebol
charupcase/chardowncase
CommonLisp,Scheme
char_type(C_,to_upper(C)),char_type(C_,to_lower(C))
Prolog
\U/\L/\C
GNUsed
uppercase/lowercase/capitalizedstring
60/112
9/16/2016
upcase/downcase
EmacsLisp,Ruby
upper/lower
Matlab,SQL92
upper/lower/capitalize
Python
uppercase/lowercase
F#,Logo,OCaml,Rebol
upcase_atom/downcase_atom
Prolog
toUpperCase/toLowerCase
CoffeeScript,E,Java,
JavaScript
ToUpperCase/ToLowerCase
Mathematica
ToUpper/ToLower
C#,F#
to_upper/to_lower
Ada,Eiffel
toupper/tolower
Awk,YCP
uc/lc
Perl,Perl6
UpperCase/LowerCase
Pascal
StringTools[UpperCase]/StringTools[LowerCase]/
StringTools[Capitalize]
Maple
uppercaseString/lowercaseString/capitalizedString
ObjectiveC
UCase/LCase
VisualBasic
strtoupper/strtolower
PHP,Yorick
strupper/strlower
Lua
stringtoupper/stringtolower/stringtotitle
Tcl
stringupcase/stringdowncase
CommonLisp,Scheme
asLowercase/asUppercase/asUppercaseFirst
Smalltalk
asLowercase/asUppercase/makeFirstCharacterUppercase
Io
upcase_atom/downcase_atom
Prolog
makeLC/makeUC
Beta
parseuppervarin_varout_var/parselowervarin_varout_var
ClassicREXX
asciitocharacter
chr
F#,Haskell,OCaml,Pascal,Perl,Perl6,PHP,Python,Ruby,SML
chr$
VisualBasic
char
Matlab
format%c$c
Tcl
toChar
strchar
Lua
from_integer
Eiffel
fromCharCode
61/112
9/16/2016
FromCharacterCode
Mathematica
character
Pliant
Charactervalue:c
Smalltalk
asCharacter
Io
codechar
CommonLisp
integer>char
Scheme
'Val
Ada
(char)c
C,C#,C++,Java
tochar!/tochar
Rebol
X2C,D2C
ClassicREXX
$CHAR(s)
MUMPS
char_code
Prolog
ascii
Logo
StringTools[Char]
Maple
charactertoascii
ord
F#,Haskell,Pascal,Perl,Perl6,PHP,
Python,SML
asc
VisualBasic
getNumericValue
Java
charCodeAt
asciiValue
Smalltalk
code
Eiffel,OCaml
charcode
CommonLisp
char>integer
Scheme
s[0]
Ruby
s0get
PostScript
sat(0)
Io
scan$s%c
Tcl
strbyte
Lua
toInteger
'Pos
Ada
number
Pliant
(int)c
C,C#,C++,Java
tointeger!/tointeger
Rebol
62/112
9/16/2016
ToCharacterCode
Mathematica
C2X,C2D
ClassicREXX
$ASCII(s)
MUMPS
(doneautomaticallywhenapplyingmathematicaloperations
onchar,suchas+)
Matlab
char
Logo
char_code
Prolog
StringTools[Ord]
Maple
accessingnthcharacter
s[n]
C,C#,C++,E,Maple,PHP,Pike,Python,Ruby
s(n)
Ada,Matlab
s:n
Pliant
s.[n]
F#,OCaml
s!!n
Haskell
s@n
Eiffel
s/:n
Rebol
stringindexsn
Tcl
sub
SML
char,aref,schar,svref
CommonLisp
GetChar
Modula3
sat(n)
Io
at(87)
C++,Smalltalk
aref
CommonLisp
char(s,i)
charAt
characterAtIndex
ObjectiveC
n>s.inxGet
Beta
stringref
Scheme
StringTake[s,{n}]
Mathematica
$EXTRACT(s,n)
MUMPS
item
Logo
overnchars+c@
Forth
s/.{n}(.).*/\1/
GNUsed
extractasubstring
63/112
9/16/2016
s[n..m]
CoffeeScript,Maple,Pike,Ruby
s.[n..m]
F#
s(n..m)
Ada
s(n:m)
Matlab
s(n,m+1)
s[n:m+1]
Python
s[n,len]
Ruby
snlen
Pliant
strndup(s+n,len)
substring
Eiffel,Java,Scheme,SML,XPath,YCP
Substring
C#
substr
C++,Perl,Perl6,PHP
SUBSTR
ClassicREXX
sub
F#,Lua,OCaml
SUB
Modula3
subseq
CommonLisp
slice
CoffeeScript,Io,JavaScript
mid$
JavaScript
stringrange
Tcl
StringTake[s,{n,m}]
Mathematica
strpart(s,n,m)
Yorick
copy/partatsnlen
Rebol
copy/partatsnatsm
Rebol
scopyFrom:nto:m
Smalltalk
(n,m)>s.sub
Beta
[ssubstringWithRange:NSMakeRange(n,len)]
ObjectiveC
SUBSTRING(sFROMnlen)
SQL92
$EXTRACT(s,n,m)
MUMPS
sub_string/sub_atom
Prolog
(takelen.dropn)s
Haskell
overnchars+len
Forth
s/.{n}(.{len}).*/\1/
GNUsed
locateasubstring
index
Ada,Perl,Perl6,Python,Ruby
64/112
9/16/2016
indexOf
IndexOf
C#,F#
indexOfString
Smalltalk
startOf
search
CommonLisp,Pike,PostScript
StringTools[Search]
Maple
StringPosition
Mathematica
strstrstrchr
find
C++,Logo,Lua,Python,Rebol,YCP
findSeq
Io
findSubstring
Haskell
strfind
Matlab,Yorick
strpos
PHP
$FIND
MUMPS
index_non_blank/find_token
Ada
substring_index
Eiffel
rangeOfString
ObjectiveC
POS
ClassicREXX
POSITION(needleINs)
SQL92
sub_string/sub_atom
Prolog
stringfirst
Tcl
locateasubstring(startingattheend)
rindex
OCaml,Perl,Perl6,Python,Ruby
rfind
C++,Python
find/last
Rebol
strrchr
index(Going=>Backward)
Ada
lastStartOf
lastIndexOf
last_index_of(88)
Eiffel
LastIndexOf
C#,F#
lastIndexOfString
Smalltalk
stringlast
Tcl
(searchsubstringstring:fromendt)
CommonLisp
65/112
9/16/2016
[stringrangeOfString:substringoptions:NSBackwardsSearch]
ObjectiveC
LASTPOS
ClassicREXX
t=strfind(s,p),t(end)
Matlab
strrpos
PHP
StringTools[SearchAll](s,p)[1]
Maple
Booleans
typename
Bool
Haskell,Perl6,Pliant
bool
C#,C++,C99,F#,OCaml,PHP,Python,SML,YAML
Boolean
Ada,Lua,Pascal,Smalltalk,VisualBasic
boolean
CoffeeScript,CommonLisp,Java,JavaScript,Maple,PHP,YCP
BOOLEAN
Eiffel
logic!
Rebol
logical
Matlab
falsevalue
false
Ada,BCPL,Beta,BourneShell,C#,C++,C99,CoffeeScript,E,F#,FL,Forth,Io,
Java,JavaScript,Logo,Lua,Maple,Matlab,OCaml,Oz,Pascal,PHP,Pliant,
PostScript,Rebol,Ruby,Smalltalk,SML,Tcl,YAML,YCP
False
Eiffel,Haskell,Mathematica,merd,Python,VisualBasic
FALSE
Modula3,SQL92
false()
XPath
#f
Dylan,Scheme
YAML
nil
CommonLisp,EmacsLisp,Io,Lua,Ruby
no
CoffeeScript,Tcl,YAML
No
Prolog
none
Rebol
None
Python
null
NULL
C,C++,C99,PHP
off
undef
Perl,Perl6
66/112
9/16/2016
undefined
fail
Prolog
FAIL
Maple
array
containingat
leastonefalse
value
Matlab
exitstatus
differentfrom
0
BourneShell
0(89)
Awk,B,C,C++,C99,ClassicREXX,CoffeeScript,Forth,JavaScript,Matlab,
MUMPS,Perl,Perl6,PHP,Pike,Python,Tcl,VisualBasic,XPath,Yorick
0.0
Matlab,Perl,PHP
NaN
CoffeeScript,JavaScript,XPath
""
Awk,CoffeeScript,JavaScript,Perl,Perl6,PHP,Python,XPath
"0"
Awk,Perl,Perl6,PHP
''
CoffeeScript,Matlab,Perl
'\0'
C,C++,C99
()
Perl,Perl6,Python
[]
Matlab,Python
{}
Matlab,Python
array()
PHP
truevalue
TRUE
Modula3,SQL92
True
Eiffel,Haskell,Mathematica,merd,Python,VisualBasic
true
Ada,BCPL,Beta,BourneShell,C#,C++,CoffeeScript,E,F#,FL,Forth,Io,Java,
JavaScript,Logo,Maple,OCaml,Oz,Pascal,PHP,Pliant,PostScript,Prolog,Rebol,Ruby,
Smalltalk,SML,Tcl,YAML,YCP
true()
XPath
#t
Dylan,Scheme
YAML
yes
Yes
Prolog
on
exit
status0
BourneShell
anything
not
Awk,B,C,C++,CommonLisp,Dylan,EmacsLisp,Matlab,MUMPS,Perl,Perl6,Pike,
67/112
9/16/2016
false
Python,Rebol,Ruby,Scheme,XPath,Yorick
ClassicREXX,MUMPS
nonzero
number
Tcl
non
zero
numbers
VisualBasic
Forth
logicalnot
!
Awk,B,C,C#,C++,CoffeeScript,E,Java,JavaScript,Mathematica,Perl,Perl6,PHP,Pike,
Ruby,Tcl,YCP,Yorick
not(90)
Ada,Beta,CoffeeScript,CommonLisp,Eiffel,EmacsLisp,F#,Haskell,Io,Logo,Lua,
Maple,merd,OCaml,Pascal,Perl,Perl6,Pliant,PostScript,Prolog,Python,Rebol,Ruby,
Scheme,Smalltalk,SML,XPath
Not
Oz,VisualBasic
NOT
Modula3
BCPL,Dylan,Matlab,PL/I
PL/I
'
MUMPS
ClassicREXX
=0
Forth
logicalor/and
shortcircuit
||/&&
Awk,C,C#,C++,CoffeeScript,E,F#,Haskell,Java,JavaScript,Mathematica,Matlab,
merd,OCaml,Perl,Perl6,PHP,Pike,Ruby,Tcl,YCP,Yorick
|/&
B,BCPL,Dylan
or/and
CoffeeScript,CommonLisp,EmacsLisp,Io,Logo,Lua,Modula2,Perl,Perl6,PHP,
Pliant,Python,Ruby,Scheme,Smalltalk
OR/AND
Modula3
or/&(91)
Modula2
any/all
Rebol
orelse/
andalso
SML
orelse/
andthen
Oz
orelse/
andthen
Ada,Eiffel
;/,
Prolog
68/112
9/16/2016
&/!
MUMPS
nonshortcircuit(alwaysevaluatesbotharguments)
|/&
C#,ClassicREXX,Java,Matlab,Smalltalk
or/and
Ada,Beta,Eiffel,Maple,Pascal,PostScript,Rebol,SML,XPath
Or/And(92)
Oz,VisualBasic
\///\(14)
BCPL
?|/
Perl6
BagsandLists
typename
seq
YAML
alist
F#,OCaml,SML
[a]
Haskell
a[]
C#
list
Maple,Python
List
Io,Mathematica,Pliant
ArrayorList
Perl6
ARRAYorLINKED_LIST
Eiffel
ArrayorOrderedCollection
Smalltalk
ARRAY
Perl
array
PHP
cell
Matlab
vector
C++
Containers.Vectors.VectororAda.Containers.Doubly_Linked_Lists.List
Ada
listconcatenation
+
E,Eiffel,merd,PHP,Pike,Python,Ruby
Maple,Matlab,Perl,Smalltalk
F#,OCaml,SML
&
Ada
++
Haskell
|||
Icon
array_merge
PHP
69/112
9/16/2016
merge
YCP
concat
CoffeeScript,JavaScript,Tcl
concatenate
Dylan
nconc
append
Beta,CommonLisp,EmacsLisp,Prolog,Rebol,Scheme
Append
Oz
appendSeq
Io
arrayByAddingObjectsFromArray
ObjectiveC
sentence
Logo
Join
Mathematica
listflattening
oneleveldepth
concat
F#,Haskell,Mercury,SML
flatten
F#,Io,merd,OCaml,Prolog,YCP
Flatten
Oz
evalconcat
Tcl
ListTools[FlattenOnce]
Maple
{*}$l
Tcl8.5
"$l"
FishShell
recursive
flatten
Pike,Ruby
ListTools[Flatten]
Maple
Flatten
Mathematica
listconstructor
[a,b,c](93)
CoffeeScript,E,Haskell,JavaScript,Maple,Matlab,merd,Perl,Perl6,
PHP5,PostScript,Prolog,Python,Ruby,SML,YAML,YCP
(a,b,c)
Perl,Perl6
{a,b,c}(94)
C,C++,Lua,Mathematica
#(a,b,c)
Dylan
#(abc)(95)
Smalltalk
{a.b.c}
Squeak
[a;b;c]
F#,OCaml
[abc]
Logo,Oz,Rebol
70/112
9/16/2016
({a,b,c})
Pike
'(abc)
<<a,b,c>>
Eiffel
list(a,b,c)
Io
list
CommonLisp,Dylan,EmacsLisp,Scheme,Tcl
array(a,b,c)
PHP
newt[]{a,b,c}
C#
new[]{a,b,c}
C#3
newList<t>{a,b,c}
C#3
Array(a,b,c)(96)
JavaScript
[NSArray
arrayWithObjects:a,b,
c,nil]
ObjectiveC
setlabc
FishShell
a
b
c
YAML
list/arrayindexing
a[i]
B,BourneShell,C,C#,C++,CoffeeScript,Dylan,E,FishShell,Java,
JavaScript,KornShell,Lua,Maple,merd,Modula3,MSH,Pascal,Perl,Perl6,
PHP,Pike,Python,Ruby
a*[i]ora!iora*(i)
dependingonthe
version
BCPL
a[[i]]
Mathematica
a[i]:default
YCP
a(i)
Ada,Matlab
a:i
Pliant
a/:i
Rebol
a.(i)
F#,OCaml
a.[i]
F#
a!!i
Haskell,Mercury
a@i
Eiffel
aiget(97)
PostScript
aat(i)
Io
at(98)
C++,Smalltalk
lindex
Tcl
nth
CommonLisp,EmacsLisp,OCaml
71/112
9/16/2016
Nth
Oz
aref
nth0/nth1
Prolog
listref/vectorref
Scheme
element
Dylan
slice
Ruby
node[i]
XPath
objectAtIndex
ObjectiveC
item
Logo
aicells+@(for
writeaccess:oai
cells+!
Forth
addinganelementatthebeginning(listcons)
returnthenewlist(nosideeffect)
:
Haskell,merd
::
F#,OCaml,SML
Oz
[e|l]
Erlang,Prolog
[el[]]
Maple
[el]
Matlab
cons
pair
Dylan
fput
Logo
Prepend
Ada,Mathematica
sideeffect
unshift
CoffeeScript,JavaScript,Perl,Perl6,Ruby
prepend
YCP
push_front
C++
addFirst
Smalltalk
insert
Rebol
put_first
Eiffel
push
CommonLisp,Io
array_unshift
PHP
PrependTo
Mathematica
72/112
9/16/2016
addinganelementatindex
linsertlie
Tcl
Insert
Ada,Mathematica
sideeffect
[ainsertObject:eatIndex:i]
ObjectiveC
a.insert(i,e)
Python,Ruby
ainsertAt(e,i)
Io
aadd:ebeforeIndex:i/aadd:eafterIndex:i
Smalltalk
splice(@a,$i,0,$e)
Perl
addinganelementattheend
[le]
Matlab
push
merd
arrayByAddingObject
ObjectiveC
lput
Logo
linsertlende
Tcl
Append
Ada,Mathematica
sideeffect
push
push_back
C++
append
Io,Pliant,Python,Rebol
AppendTo
Mathematica
lappend
Tcl
+=
Pliant
add
Java,Smalltalk,YCP
put_last
Eiffel
array_push
PHP
addObject
ObjectiveC
firstelement
head
Haskell
Head
F#
hd
73/112
9/16/2016
F#,OCaml
car
first
Eiffel,Io,Logo,Pliant,Rebol,Smalltalk
First(99)
Mathematica
First_Element
Ada
iterator
head
Beta
begin
C++
First
Ada
allbutthefirstelement
tail
Haskell
Tail
F#
tl
F#,OCaml
cdr
Rest
Mathematica
butfirst
Logo
allButFirst
Smalltalk
l[1:]
Python
a(2:end)
Matlab
L=[_|ButFirst]
Prolog
lrangel1end
Tcl
lastelement
last
E,Eiffel,Haskell,Io,Logo,Pliant,Prolog,Rebol,Scheme,Smalltalk
Last
Mathematica,Oz
lastObject
ObjectiveC
a[1]
Perl,Pike,Python,Ruby
a(end)
Matlab
node[last()]
XPath
(car(lastl))
lindexlend
Tcl
Last_Element
Ada
iterator
74/112
9/16/2016
Last
Ada
allbutthelastelement
Most
Mathematica
getthefirstelementandremoveit
shift
shift!
merd
pop
CommonLisp,Logo
removeFirst
Io,Smalltalk
array_shift
PHP
getthelastelementandremoveit
pop
CoffeeScript,E,Io,JavaScript,Perl,Perl6,Python,Ruby
pop!
merd
array_pop
PHP
removeLast
Io,Smalltalk
dequeue
Logo
foreachelementdosomething
each
merd,Pliant,Ruby
forvinl...
CoffeeScript,E,Maple,Ruby
forvinl:...
Python
forvinl;do...;done
BourneShell
forvinldo...
F#
forvinl;...;end
FishShell
for(vinl)...
Awk,Dylan
for(varvinl){...}
JavaScript
ForEachvinl...Next
VisualBasic
forvinrangeloop..endloop
Ada
for
Perl
foreach
Logo,Lua,Perl,PHP,Pike,Rebol,Tcl
foreach(tvinl)...
C#
foreach(vinl)...
C#3
foreach($vinl)...
MSH
75/112
9/16/2016
foreach(tv,l,{...})
YCP
lforeach(v,...)
Io
for_each
C++
foreach
Scheme
forall
PostScript,Prolog
ForAll
Oz
iter
F#,OCaml
do
Smalltalk
do_all
Eiffel
app
SML
mapc
EmacsLisp
mapM_
Haskell
Scan
Mathematica
(dolist(vl)...)(loopforvinldo...)mapc
CommonLisp
list.iterate(#docurrent...#)
Beta
l.Iterate(...)
F#
Iterate
Ada
transformalist(orbag)inanotherone
map
Dylan,F#,Haskell,Io,Maple,Mercury,merd,OCaml,Perl,Pike,
Python,Ruby,Scheme,SML
Map
F#,Mathematica,Oz
mapcar
maplist
Prolog,YCP
sublist
Prolog
map/map.se
Logo
foreach
XSLT
foreachorselected
MSH
collect
Ruby,Smalltalk
transform
C++
array_map
PHP
/@
Mathematica
[fx|x<l](100)
Haskell
[f(x)forxinl](100)
Python
magical:sin(x)computessinon
eachelement
Matlab
76/112
9/16/2016
transformtwolistsinparallel
map2
F#,OCaml
zipWith
Haskell
Zip
Maple,Oz
map
Dylan,Logo,Python,
Scheme
map.se
Logo
mapcar
CommonLisp
maplist2
Prolog
l1with:l2collect:...
Smalltalk
transform
C++
ListPair.map
SML
magical:abinaryfunctionoroperatorisappliiedoneach
element
Matlab
findanelement
find
C++,CommonLisp,F#,Haskell,merd,OCaml,Rebol,Ruby,
SchemeSRFI1,SML,YCP
Find
Ada
find_if
C++
findif
CommonLisp
first(21)
Perl
detect
Ruby,Smalltalk
search
Pike
ListTools[Search]
Maple
lsearchexact
Tcl
index
Python
indexOf
Io
indexOfObject,
indexOfObjectIdenticalTo
ObjectiveC
find(a==3)
Matlab
Position
Mathematica
keepelements
matching
find_all
F#,OCaml,Ruby
F#,Haskell,Mercury,merd,OCaml,Pike,Python,SchemeSRFI1,
77/112
9/16/2016
filter
SML,YCP
filter!
SchemeSRFI1
Filter
Oz
grep
Perl,Perl6
where
MSH
select
Io,Maple,Ruby,Smalltalk
Select/Case
Mathematica
selectInPlace
Io
removeifnotdeleteif
not
CommonLisp
choose
Dylan
array_filter
PHP5
[x|x<l,px](100)
Haskell
[xforxinlifp(x)]
(100)
Python
a(a==3)
Matlab
nonmatching
removeifdeleteif
CommonLisp
reject
Ruby
partitionalist:elementsmatching,elementsnonmatching
partition
F#,Haskell,merd,OCaml,Ruby,SchemeSRFI1,SML
partition!
SchemeSRFI1
Partition
Oz
splitalist
in2basedonapredicate
break
Haskell
span
Haskell
intosublistsdelimitedbyelementsmatchingapredicate
splitsequence(101)
CommonLisp
ListTools[Split]
Maple
intoalistoflistsofsamevalue
group
Haskell
Split
Mathematica
78/112
9/16/2016
intosublistsbasedonapredicate
groupBy
Haskell
Split
Mathematica
isanelementinthelist
member?
Dylan,merd,Ruby
include?
Ruby
mem
F#,OCaml
member
CommonLisp,Prolog,Scheme
Member
Oz
MemberQ
Mathematica
memqmemv
Scheme
memberp/member?
Logo
contains
E,Io,YCP
containsObject
ObjectiveC
in
CoffeeScript,JavaScript,Python,SQL92,Tcl8.5
in_array
PHP
includes
Smalltalk
elem
Haskell,Mercury
has
Eiffel
has_value
Pike
ismember
Matlab
/elt/
GNUsed
isthepredicatetrueforanelement
any(30)
Haskell,Matlab,Mercury,Python,SchemeSRFI1
any?
Dylan,Ruby
anySatisfy
Smalltalk
exists
F#,OCaml,SML
exists?
merd
some
CommonLisp
Some
Oz
ormap
Maple
detect
Io
isthepredicatetrueforeveryelement
79/112
9/16/2016
all(30)
Haskell,Mercury,Python,SML
All
Oz
all?
merd,Ruby
allSatisfy
Smalltalk
every
CommonLisp,SchemeSRFI1
every?
Dylan
for_all
F#,OCaml
andmap
Maple
smallest/biggestelement
min/max
CommonLisp,Eiffel,Io,Java,Maple,Matlab,Perl6,PHP5,Pike,Prolog,
Python,Ruby,Scheme,Smalltalk
Min/Max
Mathematica
minimum/maximum
Haskell,Mercury,merd
minimumof/
maximumof
Rebol
minminstr/max
maxstr(21)
Perl
min_element/
max_element
C++
joinalistofstringsinastringusingagluestring
join(s,l)
Perl,Perl6,PHP
String.Join(s,l)
C#
s.join(l)
Python
l.join(s)
CoffeeScript,JavaScript,Perl6,Ruby
lasStringWith:s
Smalltalk
joinls
Tcl
implode(s,l)
PHP
ListTools[Join]
Maple
rjoin
join
Io
concat
F#,OCaml
strcat
Matlab
concat_atom
Prolog
l*s
Pike,Ruby
(mapconcat'identityls)
EmacsLisp
80/112
9/16/2016
componentsJoinedByString
ObjectiveC
intercalate
Haskell
StringJoin@@Riffle[l,s]
Mathematica
listsize
size
C++,Dylan,E,Io,Java,Matlab,merd,Pliant,Ruby,Scilab,Smalltalk,YCP
sizeof
Pike
length
C#,CoffeeScript,CommonLisp,EmacsLisp,F#,Haskell,Java,JavaScript,Matlab,Mercury,
OCaml,PostScript,Prolog,Ruby,Scheme,SML
Length
Ada,F#,Mathematica,Oz
length?
Rebol
len
Python
llength
Tcl
$LENGTH
MUMPS
elems
Perl6
getn
Lua
count
Eiffel,FishShell,ObjectiveC,PHP,SQL92,XPath
numel
Matlab
scalar
@l
Perl
nops
Maple
Lua
iteratewithindex
each_with_index
merd,Ruby
enumerate(l)
Python
foreach($las$i=>$v)
PHP
aforeach(i,e,...)
Io
fori=>vinl
for(vinl,ifrom0)...end
Dylan
forAllInd
Oz
foreachi
Lua
foreach(l;typ0i;typ1v){...}
Pike
withIndexDo
Squeak
iteri
F#,OCaml
IterateIndexed
F#
81/112
9/16/2016
MapIndexed
Mathematica
(loopforvinlasiupfrom0do...)
CommonLisp
forv,iinl...
CoffeeScript
removeduplicates
uniq
merd,Perl6,Pike,Ruby
uniq!
Ruby
uniq2
Pike
unique(102)
C++,Io,Matlab,Rebol
nub
Haskell
array_unique
PHP
ListTools[MakeUnique]
Maple
deleteduplicates
CommonLisp,SchemeSRFI1
deleteduplicates!
SchemeSRFI1
removeduplicates
CommonLisp,Dylan
lsortunique
Tcl
toset
YCP
distinct
SQL92
set
Python
Union
Mathematica
sort
sort(103)
C#,C++,CoffeeScript,CommonLisp,E,Eiffel,F#,Haskell,Io,Java,
JavaScript,Lua,Maple,Matlab,merd,OCaml,Perl,Perl6,PHP,Pike,
Prolog,Python,Rebol,Ruby,Scheme,XSLT,YCP
sort!
Ruby
sorted
Python
Sort
Mathematica,Oz
sort_by
merd,Ruby
sortBy
Haskell,Io,Smalltalk
orderby
SQL92
lsort
Tcl
asort
Awk
sortobject
MSH
sortedArrayUsingSelector,
sortUsingSelector
ObjectiveC
82/112
9/16/2016
predsort/keysort/
mergesort
Prolog
reverse
reverse
C++,CoffeeScript,CommonLisp,Dylan,EmacsLisp,Haskell,Io,Java,
JavaScript,Logo,Mercury,merd,Perl,Perl6,Pike,Prolog,Python,Rebol,Ruby,
Scheme
Reverse
C#,Mathematica,Oz
reversed
Python,Smalltalk
reverse_copy
C++
rev
F#,OCaml,SML
Reverse_Elements
Ada
lreverse
Tcl8.5
array_reverse
PHP
ListTools[Reverse]
Maple
fliplrflipud...
Matlab
l[::1]
Python
listofcouplesfrom2lists
combine
F#,OCaml
zip
F#,Haskell,Maple,merd,Perl6,Python,Ruby,SchemeSRFI1,SML
pairlis(104)
CommonLisp
transpose
Ruby
Transpose
Mathematica
[ab]
Matlab
2listsfromalistofcouples
split
F#,OCaml
unzip
F#,Haskell,merd,SML
unzip2
SchemeSRFI1
transpose
Ruby
Transpose
Mathematica
zip(*l)
Python
a(1,:),a(2,:)
Matlab
lookupanelementinaassociationlist
83/112
9/16/2016
lookup
Haskell
assoc
CommonLisp,EmacsLisp,F#,OCaml,Ruby,Scheme
assq
EmacsLisp,Scheme
assv
Scheme
get_assoc
Prolog
select
Rebol
a.(e)
Matlab
a[e]
Maple
gprop
Logo
/.
Mathematica
listoutofabag
to_a
Ruby
toArray
Java
asArray
Smalltalk
to_list
merd
list
Python
mapas(<list>,bag)
Dylan
[a.(:)]
Matlab
arrayget
Tcl
f(...f(f(init,e1),e2)...,en)
foldl
Haskell,Maple,Mercury,merd,SML
FoldL
Oz
fold_left
OCaml
fold
F#,SchemeSRFI1
Fold
Mathematica
reduce(105)
CommonLisp,Dylan,Io,Perl,Perl6,Pike,Python
inject
Ruby
injectinto
Smalltalk
f(e1,f(e2,...f(en,init)...))
foldr
Haskell,Maple,Mercury,merd,
SML
FoldR
Oz
84/112
9/16/2016
foldright
SchemeSRFI1
fold_right
OCaml
foldBack
F#
rreduce
Pike
(reducef'(e1e2...en):fromrightt:initialvalue
init)
CommonLisp
reverseReduce
Io
VariousDataTypes
tupletype
typ1*...*typn
F#,OCaml,SML
(typ1,...,typn)
Haskell
typ1,...,typn
merd
tuple
Python
tuple!
Rebol
Tuple[Typ1,Typ2,Typ3]
tuple<typ1,...,typn>
C++0x
tupleconstructor
a,b,c
F#,Lua,merd,OCaml,Python,Ruby
(a,b,c)
Ada,C++0x,Haskell,Perl,Prolog,SML
{a.b.c}
Smalltalk
{a,b,c}
Matlab
[a,b,c]
a.b.c
Rebol
(consab)
CommonLisp
computabletuple(theseareakindofimmutablelistsplayingaspecialroleinparameterpassing)
emptytuple
()
merd,Perl,Perl6,Python
[]
Ruby
{}
Matlab,Smalltalk
#()
Smalltalk
Nothing
Prolog
85/112
9/16/2016
1uple
aor[a]
Ruby
a,
Perl6,Python
tuple([a])
Python
(a)
Perl
((a))
merd
{a}
Smalltalk
usingatupleforafunctioncall
t
merd,Perl
*t
Python,Ruby
t{:}
Matlab
f@@t
Mathematica
L=..[F|Args],call(L)
Prolog
reference(pointer)
creation
&
B,C,C#,C++
Perl
AddressOf
VisualBasic
addr(106)
Pascal
@(106)
Pascal
lv
BCPL
ref
C#,F#,OCaml,SML
newSTRef
Haskell
NewCell
Oz
variable
Forth
'access
Ada
:>:>>
Pliant
''
Maple
dereference
*(107)
B,C,C#,C++
$@%&(107)
Perl
>[...]>{...}>(...)(108)
Perl
>(109)
C,C++
^(108)
Modula3,Pascal
86/112
9/16/2016
!(107)
F#,OCaml,SML
rv
BCPL
readSTRef
Haskell
Access
Oz
.[all]
Ada
Forth
eval
Maple
(reg)
Assembler
assigning(whendereferencingdoesn'tgivealvalue)
writeSTRef
Haskell
Assign
Oz
:=
F#,OCaml,SML
Forth
optionalvalue
nullvalue
0(110)
C++,Forth
0nullptr(110)
C++0x
NULL
C,Maple,SQL92
nil
CommonLisp,EmacsLisp,Io,Lua,ObjectiveC,Ruby,Smalltalk
null
C#,CoffeeScript,Java,JavaScript
Null(111)
Ada,Mathematica
undef
Perl
None
F#,OCaml,Python
NONE
SML
Nothing
Haskell
Void
Eiffel
#f()
EmacsLisp
(empty)/~/null
YAML
value
v
Ada,C#,CoffeeScript,CommonLisp,Eiffel,EmacsLisp,Java,JavaScript,Lua,Perl,Perl,
Python,Ruby,Scheme,Smalltalk
*v(110)
C,C++
Justv
Haskell
Somev
F#,OCaml
87/112
9/16/2016
SML
SOMEv
typename
option
F#,OCaml,SML
Maybe
Haskell
nullcoalescing
COALESCE
SQL92
?:
PHP
||
JavaScript,Perl,Ruby
//(112)
Perl
??
C#
if(a,b)
VisualBasic
or
Python,Scheme
record
typedeclaration
struct{typ1n1;typ2n2;...}
C,C++
typetyp={n1:typ1;n2:typ2}
OCaml,SML
dataTyp=N0{n1,n2::typ1,n3::typ3,...}
Haskell
typeTypisrecord
N1:Typ1;
N2:Typ2:=default_val;
...
endrecord;
Ada
selector
.
Ada,Beta,C,C#,C++,CoffeeScript,E,Eiffel,F#,Java,JavaScript,Lua,Matlab,
Modula2,Modula3,OCaml,Oz,Pascal,Python,Ruby
::
XPath
Fortran90
'(113)
Ada
Mercury
r{field}
merd
r:field
Pliant
fieldr
Haskell
>
C,C++
r[field]
Maple
r["field"]
JavaScript
88/112
9/16/2016
#fieldr
SML
normal
function
call
CommonLisp,Dylan,Haskell,Io,Smalltalk
uniontypedeclaration
union{typ1n1;typ2n2;...}
C,C++
dataTyp=N1typ1|N2typ2|...
Haskell
typetyp=N1oftyp1|N2oftyp2|...
OCaml
datatypetyp=N1oftyp1|N2oftyp2|...
SML
typeTyp(Choice:Discrete_Type)isrecord
caseChoiceis
whenChoice_1=>
N1:Typ1;
...
whenChoice_2|Choice_3=>
...
whenothers=>
...
endcase;
endrecord;
Ada
enumeratedtypedeclaration
enumtyp{n1;n2;...}(114)
C,C#,C++,Java
Enumtyp
n1
n2
EndEnum
VisualBasic
(n1,n2,...)
Pascal
typetypis(115)
Ada
dataTyp=N1|N2|...
Haskell
typetyp=N1|N2|...
OCaml
datatypetyp=N1|N2|...
SML
dictionary
typename
map
YAML
Map
F#,Io
std::map
C++
dict
Python
Dictionary
Pliant,Smalltalk
Hash
Perl6,Ruby
HASH
Perl
89/112
9/16/2016
HASH_TABLE
Eiffel
HashTable
Java
Hashtbl
F#
Hashtbl.t
OCaml
struct
Matlab
table
Maple
array
PHP
Data.Map,Data.HashTable
Haskell
Containers.Ordered_Maps.Map
Ada
constructor
[a=>b,c=>d]
array(a=>b,c=>d)
PHP
{a=>b,c=>d}
Perl,Perl6,Ruby
{a,b,c,d}
Perl,Ruby
{a:b,c:d}
CoffeeScript,JavaScript,Python,
YAML
{a:b;c:d}
CSS
$[a:b,c:d]
YCP
{a>b.c>d}
Squeak
{a=b,c=d}
Lua
@{a=b;c=d}
MSH
([a:b,c:d])
Pike
([a]=b[c]=d)
KornShell
<<abcd>>
PostScript
struct(a,b,c,d)
Matlab
Hash[a,b,c,d]
Ruby
Map.of_list[a,b;c,d]
F#
Hashtbl.of_list[a,b;c,d]
F#
table([a=b,c=d])
Maple
definetablefooa=>b;c=>dend
Dylan
dictcreateabcd
Tcl8.5
newt{{a,b},{c,d}}
C#
fromList
Haskell
[NSDictionarydictionaryWithObjectsAndKeys:b,a,d,c,
nil]
ObjectiveC
a:b
90/112
9/16/2016
a:b
c:d
YAML
access:read/write
h[k]
Awk,C#,C++,CoffeeScript,Dylan,E,JavaScript,Lua,Maple,MSH,PHP,Python,
Ruby
$h{k}
Perl
%h{k}or
%h<s>
Perl6
h(k)
Tcl
h.[k]
F#
h.k
CoffeeScript,JavaScript,Lua,Matlab
h:k
Pliant
h["k"]orh
>k
Pike
(gethashkh)
CommonLisp
access:read
hkget
PostScript
find
F#,OCaml
fetch
Ruby
get
Java
dictget
Tcl8.5
at
Io,Smalltalk
h@korh.at(k)
Eiffel
h[k]:default
YCP
${h[k]}
KornShell
h.get(k,returned_value_when_k_unfound)
Python
objectForKey
ObjectiveC
lookup
Haskell
Element
Ada
access:write
hkoput
PostScript
put
Eiffel,Java
add,replace
F#,OCaml
store
Ruby
dictset
Tcl8.5
h[k]
KornShell,YCP
91/112
9/16/2016
atPut
Io
hat:kput:o
Smalltalk
[hsetObject:oforKey:k]
ObjectiveC
insert
Haskell
Replace_Element
Ada
hasthekey?
exists$h{k}
Perl
exists
Perl6,Pliant
dictexists
Tcl8.5
has
Eiffel
haskey
YCP
hasKey
Io
has_key
Python
has_key?,include?,key?,member?
Ruby
Contains
Ada,C#,F#
containsKey
Java
includesKey
Smalltalk
kinh
CoffeeScript,JavaScript,Python
knotinh
Python
in
Awk
mem
F#,OCaml
member
Haskell
isfield
Matlab
find(116)
C++
h[k]
Pike
(gethashkh)
CommonLisp
maps
known
PostScript
isset(h[k]),array_key_exists(k,h)
PHP
removebykey
delete$h{k}
Perl
delh[k]
Python
unset(h[k])
PHP
remove
Eiffel,F#,Java,OCaml,YCP
92/112
9/16/2016
Remove
C#,F#
dictremove
Tcl8.5
removeAt
Io
removeKey
E,Smalltalk
remhash
CommonLisp
delete
CoffeeScript,Haskell,JavaScript,Perl6,Ruby
Delete
Ada
erase
C++
m_delete
Pike
removeObjectForKey
ObjectiveC
undef
PostScript
rmfield
Matlab
listofkeys
keys
Haskell,Io,Maple,MSH,Perl,Perl6,Python,Ruby,Smalltalk
dictkeys
Tcl8.5
keySet
Java
allKeys
ObjectiveC
AllKeys
C#
indices
Pike
current_keys
Eiffel
getKeys
array_keys
PHP
fieldnames
Matlab
findall(Key,item(Key,_),Keys)
Prolog
${!h[@]}
KornShell
listofvalues
values
Io,Java,Perl,Perl6,Pike,Python,Ruby,Smalltalk
dictvalues
Tcl8.5
getValues
content
Eiffel
array_values
PHP
struct2cell
Matlab
entries
Maple
elems
Haskell
93/112
9/16/2016
KornShell
${h[@]}
merge
merge(117)
Ruby
array_merge(117)
PHP
union(118)
Haskell
update(117)
Python,Ruby
putAll(117)
Java
insert(118)
C++
(%h1,%h2)(117)
Perl
range
inclusive..inclusive
a..b
Ada,E,merd,MSH,Pascal,Perl,Ruby
a:b
Matlab
[a..b]
CoffeeScript,F#,Haskell
to
Io,Smalltalk
seqab/jotab(119)
BourneShell,FishShell
{a..b}
KornShell
range
PHP
range(from:a,to:b,by:step)
Dylan
Range
Mathematica
Rangewith
Io
List.numberABStep
Oz
numlist/between
Prolog
iseq
Logo
inclusive..exclusive
a...b
CoffeeScript,Ruby
a..!b
range
Python
Mathematics
typename
integers
short,int,long
94/112
9/16/2016
C,C#
int
OCaml,PHP,SML,
YAML
Int
Perl6
Int,uInt,Int8,Int16...
Pliant
int,long(120)
Python
integer
Maple,PHP
INTEGER,INT,SMALLINT
SQL92
INTEGER,INTEGER_8,NATURAL_8...
Eiffel
int8,uint8,int16,uint16,...64
Matlab
int8_t,uint8_t,int16_t,uint16_t,...64
C99
int,int8,uint8,int16,uint16,int32,uint32,int64,uint64,
bigint,bignum
F#
Int,Integer,Int8,Int16,Int32,Int64
Haskell
Integer,FixNum,BigNum
Ruby
Integer,SmallInteger,LargeInteger
Smalltalk
Integer
Mathematica
typeTisrangeLow...High;
Ada
floatingpoint
float,double,longdouble
float,double
C#
float
Maple,OCaml,PHP,SML,YAML
Float
Ruby
float,float32
F#
Float,Float32,Float64
Pliant
NUMERIC,DECIMAL,DOUBLEPRECISION
SQL92
Rat
Perl6
DOUBLE,REAL
Eiffel
single,double
Matlab
Float,Double,Ratio
Haskell
Float,Double,Fraction,FixedPoint
Smalltalk
float,decimal.Decimal
Python
Real,Rational
Mathematica
Number
Io
typeTisdigitsNrangeLow..High;
Ada
95/112
9/16/2016
typeTisdeltaSdigitsNrangeLow..High;(121)
Ada
numberssyntax
integers
1000
Awk,B,BourneShell,C,C#,C++,CoffeeScript,E,Eiffel,F#,Forth,Haskell,Io,Java,
JavaScript,Logo,Maple,Mathematica,merd,OCaml,Oz,Pascal,Perl,Perl6,PHP,Pike,
Pliant,Prolog,Python,Rebol,Ruby,Scheme,Smalltalk,SQL92,Tcl,Yorick
1000,
1000.
1000,
1000.,
1000.0
Awk,Matlab
1000,
'1000'D
ClassicREXX
1000,
1E3
Ada
integersinbase2,octalandhexadecimal
0b1,07,0xf(122)
CoffeeScript,Oz,Perl,PHP5,Pike,Ruby
0b1,0o7,0xf
F#,OCaml,Perl6
07,0xf
Awk,C,C++,JavaScript,Python,Tcl
0xf
C#,E,Io,Yorick
07
0o7,0xf
Haskell
1b
Eiffel
2#1#,8#7#,16#f#
Ada
2#{1},#{F}
Rebol
#b1,#o7,#xf
2^^1,8^^7,16^^f
Mathematica
2r1,8r7,16rf
Smalltalk
#2r1,#8r7,#16rf
1b,Fh
Pliant
'1'B,'F'X
ClassicREXX
B'1',X'F'
SQL92
$f
Forth
integerthousandseparator
1_000,10_00,100_0
Ada,E,Eiffel,OCaml,Perl,Perl6,Ruby
1'000,10'00,100'0
Rebol
1_000
merd
96/112
9/16/2016
floatingpoint
1000.,1E3
C,C++,ClassicREXX,CoffeeScript,E,F#,Java,JavaScript,Logo,Maple,OCaml,
Python,Scheme,SQL92,Tcl
1000.,1E3,1,0
Rebol
1000.,1.E3
Eiffel,Oz
1000.0,1E3
C#,CommonLisp,EmacsLisp,PHP,Pike,Prolog,Ruby,Smalltalk
1000.0,1.0E3
Ada,Haskell
1000,1000.0,
1E3(123)
Awk,merd,Perl,Perl6
1000.,1*^3,
1000`
Mathematica
1000e,1e3
Forth
addition/subtraction/multiplication/division
+//*/
/
BourneShell,C,C#,C++,ClassicREXX,CoffeeScript,CommonLisp,Eiffel,Emacs
Lisp,F#,Forth,Haskell,Io,Java,JavaScript,Logo,Maple,Matlab,merd,MUMPS,
Perl,Perl6,PHP,Pliant,Prolog,Python,Ruby,Scheme,Smalltalk,SQL92,Tcl,Yorick
+//*or
nothing//
Mathematica
++./.
/**.//
/.(124)
OCaml
sum/
difference/
product/
quotient
Logo
add/sub/
mul/idiv
div
PostScript
f+/f/f*
/f/
Forth
exponentiation(power)
**
Ada,ClassicREXX,E,F#,Fortran,Io,merd,OCaml,Perl,Perl6,PL/I,Prolog,
Python,Rebol,Ruby,Tcl8.5
Awk,Dylan,Eiffel,Lua,Mathematica,Matlab,Pliant,Yorick
*(125)
APL
**,^
Maple
**,^and
^^(126)
Haskell
f**
Forth
pow
C,C++,CoffeeScript,Java,JavaScript,PHP,Pike,Python,SML,Tcl
Pow
C#,Oz
97/112
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power
DelphiKylix,Logo,Rebol
exp
PostScript
expt
raisedTo
Smalltalk
negation
Ada,Awk,B,BCPL,BourneShell,C,C#,C++,ClassicREXX,CoffeeScript,CommonLisp,
E,Eiffel,EmacsLisp,F#,Haskell,Io,Java,JavaScript,Logo,Maple,Mathematica,Matlab,
merd,MUMPS,Perl,Perl6,PHP,Pike,Pliant,Prolog,Python,Rebol,Ruby,Scheme,
Smalltalk,Tcl,Yorick
OCaml
Oz,SML
neg
PostScript
negate
Forth,Rebol
fnegate
Forth
minus
Logo
random
randomnumber
rand
C,Maple,Matlab,Perl,Perl6,PHP,Ruby,Tcl
random
CommonLisp,Logo,Prolog,Python,Yorick
$RANDOM
MUMPS
randomR
Haskell
Random(127)
Ada
Random.int
OCaml
Random,RandomReal,RandomInteger
Mathematica
Randomvalue
Io
RandomnewnextInteger
Smalltalk
r:RANDOM
creater.make
r.start
r.item
Eiffel
Randomran=newRandom();
ran.Next(...);
C#
letr=System.Random()
r.Next()
F#
mt_rand
PHP
seedthepseudorandomgenerator
srand
C,Perl,Perl6,PHP,Ruby,Tcl
98/112
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set_seed
Eiffel
random.seed
Python
RandomsetSeed
Io
Random.init,Random.self_init
OCaml
rand('state',...)
Matlab
rerandom
Logo
RandomTools[MersenneTwister][SetState]
Maple
RandomnewsetSeed
Smalltalk
SeedRandom
Mathematica
mkStdGen
Haskell
makerandomstate
CommonLisp
Reset
Ada
operatorprioritiesandassociativities
additionvsmultiplication
mathematical
BourneShell,C,C#,C++,ClassicREXX,Eiffel,F#,Haskell,Io,Java,Maple,
Mathematica,Matlab,merd,Perl,Perl6,PHP,Python,Ruby,Tcl,Yorick
same
priorities
MUMPS,Smalltalk
exponentiationvsnegation(is3^2equalto9or9)
mathematical
ClassicREXX,Eiffel,Haskell,Io,Maple,Mathematica,Matlab,Perl,Perl6,Python,
Ruby
negation
first
F#,OCaml
squareroot/eexponential/absolutevalue
sqrt/exp/
abs
Ada,C,C++,CoffeeScript,CommonLisp,E,Eiffel,EmacsLisp,F#,Haskell,Io,
Java,JavaScript,Lua,Maple,OCaml,Pascal,Perl,Perl6,PHP,Prolog,Python,Ruby,
Scheme,Smalltalk,SML,Tcl,Yorick
sqrtrealsqrt
/exp/abs
Matlab
sqrt/exp/
Awk,Logo
Sqrt/Exp/
Abs
C#,Mathematica,Oz
sqrt//abs
PostScript
Sqrt//ABS
Modula3
/exp/abs
Pliant
sqrt//
Pike
squareroot/
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exp/absor
absolute
Rebol
Sqrt/Exp/
ABS
ClassicREXX
sqrt,isqrt/
exp/abs
Tcl8.5
fsqrt/fexp/
abs,fabs
Forth
trigonometry
basic
sin/cos
/tan
Ada,C,C++,CoffeeScript,CommonLisp,E,EmacsLisp,F#,Haskell,Io,Java,JavaScript,
Lua,Maple,Matlab,OCaml,Pascal,Perl,Perl6,PHP,Pike,Pliant,Prolog,Python,Ruby,
Scheme,Smalltalk,SML,Tcl,Yorick
Sin/Cos
/Tan
C#,ClassicREXX,Mathematica,Oz
sin/cos
/
Awk,PostScript
sine/
cosine/
tangent
Eiffel,Rebol
radsin/
radcos/
radtan
Logo
fsin/
fcos/
ftan
Forth
inverse
asin/acos/
atan(128)
Ada,C,C++,CoffeeScript,CommonLisp,F#,Haskell,Io,JavaScript,Matlab,
OCaml,Perl,Perl6,Pike,Pliant,Prolog,Python,Ruby,Scheme,Tcl,Yorick
Asin/Acos/Atan
C#,Oz
ASin/ACos/ATan
ClassicREXX
arcsin/arccos/
arctan
Maple
arcSin/arcCos/
arcTan
Smalltalk
ArcSin/ArcCos/
ArcTan
Mathematica
arcsine/
arccosine/
arctangent
Rebol
arc_sine/
arc_cosine/
arc_tangent
Eiffel
//atan
PostScript
//radarctan
Logo
100/112
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fasin/facos/
fatan
Forth
logarithm
basee
ln
DelphiKylix,Logo,Maple,Pascal,PostScript,Smalltalk,SML
log
Awk,C,C++,CoffeeScript,CommonLisp,E,Eiffel,EmacsLisp,F#,Io,Java,JavaScript,Lua,
Maple,Matlab,OCaml,Perl,Perl6,PHP,Pike,Pliant,Prolog,Python,Ruby,Scheme,Tcl,Yorick
Log
Ada,C#,ClassicREXX,Mathematica,Oz
log
10
Haskell
log
e
Rebol
fln
Forth
base10
log10
C,C++,DelphiKylix,Eiffel,F#,Io,Logo,Lua,Matlab,OCaml,Perl,Perl6,PHP,
Pliant,Prolog,Python,Ruby,Tcl,Yorick
Log10
C#,ClassicREXX
log
PostScript,SML
log:10
Smalltalk
log10
Rebol
log[10]
Maple
Log[10,val]
Mathematica
logBase10
Haskell
Log(X=>val,
Base=>10.0)
Ada
(logx10)
CommonLisp
flog
Forth
base2
log2
Matlab
log10/log2
Rebol
Log(X=>val,Base=>2.0)
Ada
log(val,2)
Python
Log[2,val]
Mathematica
frexp
euclidiandivision(bothquotientandmodulo)
divmod
Python,Ruby
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divMod
Haskell
divldivlldiv
IntInf.quotrem
SML
floor
CommonLisp,Dylan
/mod
Forth
modulo
moduloof3/2is1
%
ClassicREXX,Perl,Perl6,Pike,Python,Ruby,Tcl
%%
\\
Smalltalk
mod
Ada,CommonLisp,EmacsLisp,Haskell,Matlab,Prolog,SML
Mod
Mathematica
MOD
Modula3
modulo
Dylan,Logo,Ruby
rem
Prolog
moduloof3/2is1
%
Awk,B,C,C#,C++,CoffeeScript,E,F#,Io,Java,JavaScript,PHP,Pliant,Yorick
MUMPS
mod
F#,Forth,Lua,OCaml,Oz,Pascal,PostScript,Prolog,XPath
remainder
Logo,Ruby,Scheme
rem
Ada,BCPL,Haskell,Matlab,Smalltalk
//
ClassicREXX,Rebol
\\
Eiffel
truncate/round/floor/ceil
trunc/round/floor/ceil
C,C++,Maple,Matlab
truncate/round/floor/ceiling
CommonLisp,Haskell,Perl6,PostScript,
Prolog,Scheme
int/round/floor/ceil
CoffeeScript,JavaScript,Pike,Python
int/round//
Logo
to_i,Integer()/round/floor/ceil
Ruby
TRUNC/FORMAT/Floor/Ceil
ClassicREXX
Float'Truncation/Float'Rounding/Float'Floor/
Float'Ceiling(129)
Ada
/round/floor/ceil
E,Io,Java,Lua,PHP,SML,Tcl
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/Round/Floor/Ceiling
C#
/Round/Floor/Ceil
Oz
/round/floor/ceiling
Dylan,EmacsLisp,PostScript,XPath
/ROUND/FLOOR/CEILING
Modula3
/rounded/floor/ceiling
Eiffel,Smalltalk
int//floor/ceil
F#,Perl
int_of_float//floor/ceil
F#,OCaml
//floor/ceil
Lua,Yorick
IntegerPart/Round/Floor/Ceiling
Mathematica
/Rounding/Floor/Ceiling
Ada
tointeger///
Rebol
/fround//
Forth
bitwiseoperators
and/or/xor
&/|/^
C,C#,C++,CoffeeScript,E,Eiffel,Java,JavaScript,Perl,PHP,Pike,
Python,Ruby,Tcl
&/|/~
Yorick
&/|
YCP
+&/+|/+^
Perl6
.&./.|./xor(130)
Haskell
&&&/|||/^^^
F#
and/or/xor
Ada,Forth,PostScript,Rebol
land/lor/lxor
F#,OCaml
logand/logior/
logxor(131)
CommonLisp
bitand/bitor/bitxor
Logo,Matlab
BITAND/BITOR/BITXOR
ClassicREXX
BitAnd/BitOr/BitXor
Mathematica
bitAnd/bitOr/bitXor
Smalltalk
bitwiseAnd/bitwiseOr/
bitwiseXor
Io
/\/\//xor
Prolog
bitwiseinversion
~
C,C#,C++,CoffeeScript,Java,JavaScript,Perl,PHP,Pike,Python,Ruby,SML,
Tcl,YCP
~~~
103/112
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F#
not
Ada,Eiffel,PostScript
lnot
F#,OCaml
lognot(132)
CommonLisp
bitnot
Eiffel,Logo
BitNot
Mathematica
complement
Haskell,Rebol
bitcmp
Matlab
bitInvert
Smalltalk
bitwiseComplement
Io
invert
Forth
Prolog
leftshift/rightshift/unsignedrightshift
<</>>/>>>
<</>>
C,C#,C++,Perl,PHP,Pike,Prolog,
Python,Ruby,Tcl,YCP
<<</>>>
F#
|<</|>>
Eiffel
lsl/lsrorasr
F#,OCaml
bitshift
Matlab,PostScript
bitShift
Smalltalk
ashiftlshift
Logo
lshift/rshift
Forth
shiftL//shiftR
Haskell
shiftLeft/shiftRight
Io
Shift_Left/Shift_Right/Shift_Right_Arithmetic/
Rotate_Left/Rotate_Right
Ada
(ashxpositiveinteger)/(ashxnegativeinteger)/
CommonLisp
Threads
threaddefinition
classclass_name(threading.Thread){[overriderunmethod]}
Python
tasktask_nameis[entryentry_name[(parameter...)]...]endtask_name
Ada
tasktypetask_type_nameis[entryentry_name[(parameter...)]...]end
task_type_name
Ada
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classclass_nameextendsThread{[overriderunmethod]}
Java
thread...
Pliant
parallel[threadsnb_threads][minimini_threshold][maximaxi_threshold][active]
...
task
parallel_instructions
Pliant
[post
sequential_instructions]
...
[NSThreaddetachNewThreadSelector:mainFunctiontoTarget:targetwithObject:obj]
Objective
C
threadcreation
objectt=Thread.Thread(f)
Pike
sett[threadcreate{code}]
Tcl
ThreadcreateThread(...)
Io
threadobjectcreation
MyTask:task_type_name;
Ada
class_nameMyThread=newclass_name()
Java
p:=[...]newProcess.
Smalltalk
p:=[...]fork.(133)
Smalltalk
starting/stoppingthreads
start()/stop()(134)
Java
resume/suspend/terminate
Smalltalk
Tasksarestartedwhencreated/callStopentryor"aborttaskobjectname"
Ada
threadsend$t{script}
Tcl
passingdatadirectlybetweenthreads
callanentrywithparameters
Ada
callanypublicmethod
Java
commonvariablesarecopiedatthreadcreation,inabscenceofa"share"statement
Pliant
usemessages,parametersorsharedvariables(135)
Smalltalk
terminatingthreadcommunicationduetoatimeout
selecttask_entry_call;ordelaytimeout_limit;endselect;
Ada
ThreadSynchronization
105/112
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DefiningaSynchronizedSharedResource
Tcl
thread::mutex
protectedObject_Nameis[entryentry_name(Parameter:[inout]istype[...]);
procedureprocedure_name(Parameter:[inout]istype[...]);
functionfunction_namereturntype;
Ada
private
shareddatadeclaration
endObject_Name;
synchronize(this){...}
Java
SharedQueue,Semaphorecritical:[...],Future,LazyValue
Smalltalk
SynchronizedWritingtoasharedresource
Object_Name.Entry_Name(Parms)
Object_Name.Procedure_Name(Parms)
Ada
Object_Name.SetMethod(Parms)
Java
SynchronizedReadingofaSharedResource
Object_Name.Function_Name
Ada
Object_Name.GetMethod()
Java
MonitorSyntax
Ada
Objectg_Name.Entry_Name(Parms)
JoiningAnotherThread
Suspendingathreaduntilanotherthreadcompletes
Calltaskentryservicedjustbeforetasktermination
Ada
OtherThread.join()
Java,Python
SuspendingaThreadUntilAnotherThreadEstablishesAnInternalState
Callataskentryontheotherthread
Ada
ThreadPrioritization
SelectingaPrioritizationModel
pragmaLocking_Policy(Ceiling_Locking);
Ada
Establishingabasethreadpriority
pragmaPriority(expression);
Ada
ChangingTheadPriority
Set_Priority(Priority_Value);
Ada
setPriority(newPriority);
Java
ppriority:n
Smalltalk
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Threadsafesharingofdatawithoutsynchronization
Ensuringaccessisatomic
pragmaAtomic(Object_Name);
Ada
Ensuringaccessisalwaysviaalocalcopyoftheshareddata
pragmaVolatile(Object_Name);
Ada
Remarks
(1)introducedinSchemeinR6RS
(2)whenunused
(3)forC,itisnotastandardconvention,butitisthemorewidespread
(4)anystringliteralwouldwork
(5)seealso=head1,=head2,=over,etc
(6)need"file:%scriptheader.r"infileheader
(7)displayed<withaspecialcharacter
(8)variableontheright
(9)F#:withindentation
(10)thevariablebehaveslikeapointer
(11)cfhorizontallayout
(12)introducescope
(13)Smalltalk:introducescope
(14)asciirepresentation,originalusesaspecialcharset
(15)inModula2,<>and#aresynonyms
(16)===and!==differfrom==and!=whentheobjects'typediffer
(17)forobjects
(18)normal/structural/unification/arithmetic
(19)structural/mathematical
(20)deepcomparison
(21)inList::Util
(22)just'eval'evaluatesJavaScript
(23)Univoperator
(24)startingwithPHP5.3
(25)procedurecall
(26)inPliant,specialsugarforonlyoneparameter
(27)onlyforoneparameter
(28)onlyfortwoparameters
(29)fisablock
(30)Python>=2.5
(31)itdoesnotscaleto3rdargument
(32)lambda(x.y)...
(33)whencalleehasspecial"&"prototype
(34)thisisablock,notpreciselyafunction,butit'salike
(35)manualdeclarationoflocalvariableswantedintheclosure
(36)seealso:#1+#2&
(37)alsoworksforprocedures:proc{$AB}...end
(38)x,y,zaretheparameters
(39)methodisoptional
(40)inLua,"returnxxx"canonlyappearbeforeablockend.inMatlab,onlyininline('...')
(41)"return"isusedwhenthereisnovaluetoreturn
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(42)inMatlab,onlyforanonymousfunction
(43)firefox
(44)C#4,onlyfor"dynamic"objects
(45)theresultgoesto"e"
(46)"break"saremandatory,evenfor"default"!
(47)Perl>=5.8.0
(48)1isoptionalinthisexample,sinceminis1bydefault
(49)inRuby,seealsocatch/throw
(50)oftenprovidedintheabbreviatedformcall/cc
(51)matchesanexpressionoftypet
(52)typeisinfered
(53)expression"e"iscasttothetypeof"v"
(54)forparameters
(55)quitebad:onlythereferenceisnonmutablewhereastheobjectisstillmutable
(56)eventualsend
(57)propertiesaresomethingalikeattributes,butreallyaremethods
(58)oneleveldepth
(59)generaldeepcopyfunction
(60)objectcloningisthedefault,usesthecopyconstructorinC++
(61)orsimplyo_:=ofornonpolymorphicobjects
(62)c'Classistheclassrootedinc
(63)seealsoisMemberOf
(64)assignmentattempt
(65)seealsocallable(obj.meth)forunboundmethods
(66)inPython,usuallycalledself
(67)":"isforexternalsymbolsonly,recommended
(68)directorynameispackagename
(69)ifnamesareexportedusing@EXPORT
(70)ifnamesarenotexportedorareexportedusing@EXPORT_OK
(71)deprecatedinANSICommonLisp,butusedinASDF
(72)usingacorrespondancefromthepackagenametothefilename
(73)insideafunction
(74)sincePHP5.3
(75)nospaces
(76)whenusingformat
(77)needexpandMacros
(78)whereTisthetypeofthevalue
(79)seealsocPickle
(80)butnotusingtheClike%syntax
(81)addinganendofline
(82)inBourneShell,addinganendofline
(83)addinganendoflineunlessalreadynewlineterminated
(84)fasterthanisEqual
(85)thestringisrepresentedonthestackas(addrlen)
(86)inLua>=5.0
(87)inC++,israngecheckedwhereasa[i]isnot
(88)ESIdialect
(89)bewareof0.0whichistrueinPike!
(90)Smalltalk:postfixoperator
(91)inModula2,"&"and"and"aresynonyms
(92)inOz,simplefunctions,notoperators
(93)newinPHP5.4
(94)restrictedtoinitialisationofalocalvariableinCandC++
(95)abcmustbeconstants
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(96)beware,ifyougiveonlyoneintegerargument,itisthesize!
(97)forwriteaccess:aioput
(98)inC++,itisrangecheckedwhereasa[i]isnot.inSmalltalk,forwriteaccess:a:ati:puto
(99)seealsoHead
(100)listcomprehension
(101)notinstandard
(102)inC++,itisdoneinplace
(103)inScheme,notstandard,butnearlystandard
(104)theresultisnotguaranteedtobethesameastheorderintheinput
(105)inPerl,inList::Util
(106)BorlandextensioninPascal
(107)prefix
(108)postfix
(109)infix
(110)optionalvalueisonlyforpointers
(111)onlyfor"access"typesinAda
(112)introducedinPerl5.10
(113)attributeselector
(114)Java:introducedin1.5
(115)n1,n2,...
(116)returnsaniterator
(117)rightbias
(118)leftbias
(119)jotonBSD
(120)longisabiginteger
(121)fixedpoint
(122)0b1newinPHP5.4
(123)integersaredecimals
(124)withmathematicalpriorities
(125)APLusesarealmultiplicationsignformultiplicationfromaspecialcharacterset
(126)foreachvarioustypes
(127)frominstancesofAda.Numerics.Float_RandomorAda.Numerics.Discrete_Random
(128)Ruby>=1.7
(129)replaceFloatwithwhatevertypeyouareusing
(130)inmoduleData.Bits
(131)seealsobitand/bitor/bitxor
(132)seealsobitnot
(133)equivalenttonewProcess+resume
(134)"stop"isnowdeprecated
(135)athreadiscreatedfromablock,whichisaclosureonthevariablesasseenbytheblock
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109/112
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Python,Perl
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References
BCPL
Eiffel
SQL
Credits
Yoann'Pad'Padioleau(Haskelladditions,Beta,variousfixes)
JakubTravnik(Pascal,DelphiKylix)
RobertFeldt(Rubyadditions)
PascalTerjan(PHP)
Carlos'angus'(PostScript)
AxelKittenberger(various)
GuidovanRossum(blockvsscoping)
JeffreyHobbs(Tcl)
MarkJasonDominus(SML,various)
AshSearle(Java,PHP,JavaScript)
MarkS.Miller(E)
PeteJinks(various)
SteveTolkin(various)
FranckArnaud(Eiffel)
TomMurphy(SML)
GuySteele(Fortran,andmanyvarious)
CarlGay(Dylan,CommonLisp)
Jaynop@nop.com(Lua)
PhilippeLhoste(Lua,JavaScript)
JimRogers(Ada,Java,Threadssection)
KetilZ.Malde(Haskell)
MarkCarroll(Modula3)
KeithWansbrough(HaskellandafewSML)
RemiVanicat(OCaml)
MatthieuVilleneuve(CommonLisp)
JoachimDurchholz(Eiffel)
WalterVannini(C,"breakinglines"idea)
PeterLewerin(Tcl)
PatriceOssonadeMendez(Pliant)
BertFreudenberg(Smalltalk&Squeakadditionscorrections)
DennisHaney(Perl,C#)
FergusHenderson(Mercury)
RalphBecket(Mercury)
BillThornton(Java)
NikCrabtree(C#)
NealHoltz(Python)
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DonaldChai(Python)
FredSpiessens(Oz)
MartinNilsson(Pike)
TheodoreEastman(VisualBasic)
GeorgeHerson(Eiffel)
LeeDenison(Tcl)
AntonRolls(Rebol)
Pedro(Lua)
NathanSharfi(C99,C#,C++)
DirkGerrits(CommonLisp,Scheme,EmacsLisp)
TabithaArrowny(Ruby,Python,Perl,...)
PterVarga(BourneShell,CommonLisp,...)
IanHenderson(ObjectiveC)
AnthonyBorla(ClassicREXX,Prolog,Logo)
PaulMcJones(Modula3fixes)
UweKolb(Smalltalkfixes)
CiaranMcNulty(PHP)
DavidB.Nagle(Yorick)
MichaelSchaufelberger(Eiffel)
SamuelCharron(Erlang)
KyleRoss(OCaml)
DamienKrotkine(Ruby)
GuillaumeCottenceau(Java)
David.Whitten(MUMPS)
PhilHoward(various)
AndrzejZawadzki(Ruby)
StuartBrady(VisualBasic)
JorisGillis(Maple)
GarrettWollman(Ruby,BourneShell,C...)
ClausGittinger(Smalltalk)
Bobby'nneonneo'Xiao(Python)
MichaelSchlenker(Tcl)
AlexVondrak(Python)
DanielLaberge(Pascal)
DanielWagner(Haskell)
BobBane(CommonLisp)
AlanHogan(Java)
SteveDavison(C)
KonstantinYegupov(PHP,Python...)
NoRubinstein(Io,CoffeeScript)
FlorentinMillour(Yorick)
AxelLiljencrantz(FishShell)
SanghyeonSeo(Lua)
SzabolcsHorvt(Mathematica)
LaurentLeBrun(F#,GNUsed)
JulienHall(Smalltalk)
IanOsgood(Forth)
DmitryA.Kazakov(Ada)
PeterHermann(Ada)
IanJackson(Tcl,Perl,C,Assembler...)
SteveBreese
NilsMHolm(Scheme,...)
StasMalyshev(PHP5)
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