Module4 Ce S7eee 2016

Module
11/17/16 04:26:34 AM
COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING
E010 705 (References)
2 hours lecture and 1 hour tutorial per week (Credits:
Text Books (T):

1.
Electronic Communication Systems:

Wayne Tomasi, Pearson Education, LPE.
2.
Radio Engineering:
M.L.Gupta, Dhanpat Rai Publishing Co (P) Ltd.
11/17/16 04:26:35 AM
Reference Books (R):

1.
Electronic Communication Systems:

George Kennedy, TMH.
2.
Monochrome and Colour Television:

R.R Gulati., Wiley Eastern.
3. Satellite Communications:
K.N. Raja Rao., PHI.
4. Satellite Communication:
Manoj Mitra, Khanna Publishers.
11/17/16 04:26:35 AM

5.
Radio Engineering:
Mithal, Khanna Publishers.
6.
Digital Communications:
V. K. Khanna., S. Chand Publishers.
7. Digital and Analog Communication System:

K Sam Shanmugam., PHI
8. Microwave Engineering:
David M Pozar., Wiley.
11/17/16 04:26:35 AM

9.
Microwave and Radar Engineering:

M. Kulkarni, Umesh Publications.
10. Advanced Electronic Communications Systems:

Wayne Tomasi, Pearson Publications.
11/17/16 04:26:35 AM
010 Satellite
705 (Syllabus)
2 hours lecture and 1 hour Tutorial per week (Credits
Communication:
Module 4 (Detailed) (2hrs. Theory & 1 hrs. Tutorial); Mark Weightage: 20%
Satellite
frequency
band-
orbits
&
inclination-
Geostationary orbits-effects of solar eclipse-orbital

height-Apogee
and
Perigee
calculation-Satellite
subsystem-Altitude & orbit controlTracking,
Telemetry
&
command,
Power
System,
Transponder functions: up link/down link converters.

HPA: Antenna subsystem, Satellite link Analysis - Path
losses-Link budget calculation-C/N & G/T-up link down
link modelingMultiple access techniques- TDMA-FDMA-CDMA-DA
FDMA-DA
TDMA-SPADE-Earth
Station
6
Block
Satellite Communication
11/17/16 04:26:35 AM
Ref:R10,
Ch14/Pg565
11/17/16 04:26:35 AM
Ref:R10,
Ch13/Pg565
(Applications)
Ref:R10,
Ch13/Pg565
o Communication
o TV, telephony, data transfer (e-mail and internet )etc..

o Remote sensing and earth observation
o (lower earth orbit satellite).

o Meteorological applications
o weather survey / forecast, environmental study.

o Military applications
o short distance local communication from one camp to

another,
o study the location of the enemy etc.
o Global Command and Control Systems
11/17/16 04:26:35 AM
(Advantages)
Ref:R10,
Ch13/Pg565
o Long distance communication through space.

o Wide area broadcast
o Mobile communication can be achieved.
o Satellites costs are independent of distance.
o Quality of transmitted signal and
o the locations of stations
o are independent of distance.
o Easy to install and shift earth.
11/17/16 04:26:35 AM
10
Ref:R10,
Satellite Communication Ch13/Pg565
(Disadvantages)
o Dificult to repair after launching the
satellite.
o Equipments are subjected to
o extreme environmental stress.
o High free space loss
o the high launching cost can afect
o the total cost for communication.
11/17/16 04:26:35 AM
11
(Frequency Bands)
11/17/16 04:26:35 AM
Ref:R10,
Ch13/Pg565
12
(Frequency Bands)
Ref:R10,
Ch13/Pg565
C band:
(uplink 5.925-6.425 GHz; downlink 3.7-4.2 GHz)
o used for voice and data communications

o as well as backhauling (broadcasting).
o requires a larger antenna,
o usually above 1.8m (6ft).
o performs better under adverse weather
conditions on the ground.

11/17/16 04:26:35 AM
13
(Frequency Bands)
Ref:R10,
Ch13/Pg565
X band:
(uplink 7.9- 8.4 GHz, downlink 7.25 7.75 GHz)
o used for military communications

o and Wideband Global SATCOM (WGS) systems.
o a wider separation between adjacent satellites,
o making it ideal for Comms-on-the Move (COTM)
applications.
o less susceptible to rain fade than the Ku
o (higher performance level under adverse weather
conditions).
11/17/16 04:26:35 AM
14
(Frequency Bands)
Ref:R10,
Ch13/Pg565
Ku band:
(uplink 14 GHz; downlink 10.9-12.75 GHz)
o used for consumer direct-to-home access,
o distance learning applications,
o retail and enterprise connectivity.
o antenna sizes, ranging from 0.9m -1.2m (~3ft),
o higher gain can be achieved with small antenna sizes
o than C-band.
o more susceptible to rain fade, especially in tropical
areas.
11/17/16 04:26:36 AM
15
(Frequency Bands)
Ref:R10,
Ch13/Pg565
Ka band:
(uplink 26.5-40GHz; downlink 18-20 GHZ)
o used for two-way consumer broadband and military

networks.
o Ka band dishes range from 60cm-1.2m (2' to 4') in
diameter.
o Much greater Transmission power is compared to
o the C, X or Ku band beams.
o more vulnerable to signal quality problems caused
by rain fade
11/17/16 04:26:36 AM
16
Ref:R10,
Satellite Communication Ch13/Pg565
(Orbit & Inclination)
o A satellite continues to be in obit
due to
o two opposing forces.
i. centrifugal force,
ii. centripetal force
11/17/16 04:26:36 AM
17
Ref:R10,
Ch13/Pg565
Where:
o m: mass of the satellite
ov: the velocity of the satellite.in orbit
or: radius of the circle in which satellite
moves
11/17/16 04:26:36 AM
oM: mass of the earth (constant).
18
Ref:R10,
Ch13/Pg565
Where:
o G: the gravitational constant
oG.M: KEPLER's constant

(3.986 x 105 km3/sec2)
11/17/16 04:26:36 AM
19
Ref:R10,
Ch13/Pg565
We get:
Orbit Period T is given by:

circumference of the circle , divided, by the velocity:
11/17/16 04:26:36 AM
20
Ref:R10,
Ch13/Pg565
Substituting for v, We get:
i.e.,
11/17/16 04:26:36 AM
21
(Orbit & Inclination: Geo
Synchronous)
Ref:R10,
Ch13/Pg565
o A satellite which moves with the same angular

velocity
o (in the orbit path) as that of revolution of earth
o around its axis of rotation (pitch axis)
o is called geosynchronous.
o A geosynchronous satellite has an orbit period of
24 hours.
11/17/16 04:26:36 AM
22
(Orbit & Inclination: Geo
Stationary)
Ref:R10,
Ch13/Pg565
o A satellite which is geosynchronous in the

o equatorial plane and additionally has
o prograde circular orbit,
o is said to be geostationary.
o The minimum radius of orbit to achieve
condition
42000 km.
oIfthis
direction
ofisrotation
of satellite
w.r.t. earth is:
Same
11/17/16 04:26:36 AM
: Prograde
23
Satellite Communication Ref:R10,

Ch13/Pg565
(Orbit & Inclination: Sub-satellite
point)
o The imaginary point S'
o on the earth's surface created by:
o a normal drawn from
o the centre of the satellite to
o the centre of the earth is called
o sub satellite point
11/17/16 04:26:36 AM
24

Ch13/Pg565
(Orbit & Inclination: Sub-satellite
point)
11/17/16 04:26:36 AM
25
Ref:R10,
Ch13/Pg565
(Uplink Transponder - Downlink)
Transponder
in
pl
in
11/17/16 04:26:36 AM
l
wn
Do
(Respond to
Transmission)
26
Ref:R10,
Ch13/Pg565
(Uplink)
11/17/16 04:26:36 AM
27
Ref:R10,
Ch13/Pg565
(Transponder)
11/17/16 04:26:36 AM
28
Ref:R10,
Ch13/Pg565
(Downlink)
11/17/16 04:26:36 AM
29
Ref:R10,
Satellite CommunicationCh13/Pg565
(Orbit & Inclination: Azimuth & Elevation
Angles)
11/17/16 04:26:36 AM
30
(Orbit & Inclination: Azimuth
Angle)
o Angle made Eastward
Ref:R10,
Ch13/Pg565
o from geographical North

o by an Earth Station
o to the Satellite
o in the horizontal plane.
11/17/16 04:26:36 AM
31
(Orbit & Inclination: Elevation
Angle)
Ref:R10,
Ch13/Pg565
o Angle subtended by an antenna

o looking at the satellite
o from the Horizontal Plane
o in the Vertical Direction
o(Earth Satellite Angle).

11/17/16 04:26:36 AM
32
Ref:R10,
Ch13/Pg565
(Orbit & Inclination: Look Angle)
o Angle subtended and determined by

an Azimuth and
Elevation angles.
o(Vertical & Horizontal

Combined).
11/17/16 04:26:36 AM
33
Ref:R10,
Ch13/Pg565
(Orbit & Inclination: Slant Angle)
o Line of Sight Distance
o from a Particular Point on Earth
o to the Satellite.
11/17/16 04:26:36 AM
34
(Orbit & Inclination: Angle of
Inclination)
11/17/16 04:26:36 AM
Ref:R10,
Ch13/Pg565
35
(Orbit & Inclination: Satellite
Orbits)
11/17/16 04:26:36 AM
Ref:R10,
Ch13/Pg565
36

Ch13/Pg565
(Orbit & Inclination: Apogee &
Perigee)
Apogee
o The point in an orbit around the planet
Earth
o Where the orbiting body is
o farthest from the planet.
Perigee
o The point in an orbit around the planet
Earth
11/17/16 04:26:36 AM
37

Ch13/Pg565
Perigee)
Inclination
o The angle between orbital plane

and
o earths equatorial plane.
11/17/16 04:26:36 AM
38

Ch13/Pg565
Perigee)
11/17/16 04:26:36 AM
39

Ch13/Pg565
Perigee)
Radius Calculation of Apogee Perigee
Where:
o ra Radius of
Apogee
o rp Radius of
rx Radius & hx
11/17/16 04:26:36 AM
Height
Perigee &
40
o re Radius of Earth
Ref:R10,
(Orbit & Inclination: Kepler's Laws of Planetary

Motion)
o the path followed
Kepler's
Law: around the
byFirst
a satellite
primary will be an ellipse
11/17/16 04:26:37 AM
41
Ref:R10,

Motion)
Second
Law:
o for equal Kepler's
time intervals, a satellite will sweep
out equal areas
o in its orbital plane, focused at the
barycenter.
o The center of mass of the two-body system,
termed the barycenter,
o is always centered on one of the foci.
11/17/16 04:26:37 AM
42
Ref:R10,

Motion)
Kepler's Second Law:
11/17/16 04:26:37 AM
43
Ref:R10,

Motion)
Kepler's Third Law:
o
the square of the periodic time of orbit is
proportional to
o the cube of the mean distance between the
two bodies.
o Where:
o A = constant (unitless)
o
= semimajor axis (kilometers)
11/17/16 04:26:37 AM
44
Ref:R10,

Motion)
Kepler's Third Law:
o For an artificial satellite:
o Where:
o
n is the mean motion of the satellite in

radians per second and
is the earths geocentric gravitational

constant.
11/17/16 04:26:37 AM
45
Ref:R10,
Ch13/Pg565
(Orbit & Inclination: Orbital Velocity
of a Geo Synchronous Satellite)
o
Radius of Geosynchronous orbit,
or = 42,164km
o Circumference of Geosynchronous orbit,

oC = 2r = 2 x (42,164km) =
2,64,790km.
o Orbital Velocity, V =
o=
11/17/16 04:26:37 AM
o = 11,033 km/hr
6840
46

Ch13/Pg565
(Orbit & Inclination: Effect of Solar
Eclipse)
11/17/16 04:26:37 AM
47

Ch13/Pg565
(Orbit & Inclination: Effect of Solar
Eclipse)
oSun Rays do not fall on Solar Panel.

oSatellite may breakdown.
oNeither pickup instruction from ground
station,
onor send signal.
oBattery backup required for , at-least,
oTelemetry,
oTracking &
11/17/16 04:26:37 AM
48
Ref:R10,
Ch13/Pg565
(Satellite Sub - system)
oAltitude & orbit control
oTracking,
oTelemetry & command
oPower System
oTransponder- functionsoup link/down link converters.
oHPA-Antenna subsystem
11/17/16 04:26:37 AM
49
Ref:R10,
Ch13/Pg565
(Satellite Sub - system)
oA satellite usually has five major
subsystems:
oattitude and orbit control system (AOCS),

otelemetry,
otracking, command, and Monitoring
(TTC&M),
opower system,
ocommunication subsystems,
oand satellite antennas.
11/17/16 04:26:37 AM
50
Ref:R10,
(Satellite Sub system: Ch13/Pg565
Attitude and orbit control system
(AOCS))
Spin stabilization in the geostationary
orbit
11/17/16 04:26:37 AM
51
Ref:R10,
(AOCS))
Spin stabilization in the geostationary
orbit
o the entire body of the
spacecraft rotates
o at 30-100 rpm to provide
o a powerful gyroscopic action,
o which maintains, the spin axis
o in the same direction.
o Spin stabilization is used for,
o cylindrical shaped satellites.
11/17/16 04:26:37 AM
52

Ch13/Pg565
(Satellite Sub system:
(AOCS))
Spin stabilized satellite
11/17/16 04:26:37 AM
53

Ch13/Pg565
(AOCS))
Spin
stabilized
satellite
A satellite can rotate about the three axes
termed as:
o yaw,
o roll and
o pitch axes;
o When a satellite is stabilized about these

axes,
o it is called three axis body stabilisation
11/17/16 04:26:37 AM
54
Ref:R10,
(AOCS))
Three axis stabilization in Geostationary
Orbit
11/17/16 04:26:37 AM
55

Ch13/Pg565
(AOCS))
Three axis stabilized Satellite
11/17/16 04:26:37 AM
56
Ref:R10,
Ch13/Pg565

Telemetry Tracking & Command (TT&C): Telemetry
System
oTelemetry - measurement at a distance.
oit refers to the overall operation of generating

oan electrical signal proportional to the
quantity being measured
o and encoding and transmitting this to a
distant station,
owhich for the satellite is one of the
earth stations.
11/17/16 04:26:37 AM
57
Ref:R10,
Ch13/Pg565

System
oTelemetry signals include:

o attitude information
o(from sun and earth sensors);

oenvironmental information
o(magnetic field intensity and direction,

the frequency of meteorite impact, and so
on)
oand spacecraft information
58
o(temperatures, power supply voltages, and
11/17/16 04:26:37 AM
Ref:R10,
Ch13/Pg565

System
oThe telemetry subsystem transmits

information
oabout the satellite to the earth station,

owhile
othe command subsystem receives
command signals
ofrom the earth station, often in response
to
11/17/16 04:26:37 AM
59
Ref:R10,
Ch13/Pg565

System
oThe command subsystem demodulates

and
o decodes the command signals and
oroutes these to the appropriate
equipment
oneeded to execute the necessary

action.
11/17/16 04:26:37 AM
60
Ref:R10,
Ch13/Pg565

System
oAttitude changes may be made,
ocommunication transponders switched

oin and out of circuits, antennas
redirected,
oand station-keeping maneuvers
ocarried out on command.
11/17/16 04:26:37 AM
61
Ref:R10,
Ch13/Pg565

System
oto prevent unauthorized commands

o
from being received and decoded,

othe command signals are often
encrypted.
11/17/16 04:26:37 AM
62
Ref:R10,
Telemetry Tracking & Command (TT&C):
Telemetry System
11/17/16 04:26:37 AM
63

Ch13/Pg565
(Satellite Sub (TT&C): Telemetry
System
o Telemetry system collects data from many sensors
o within satellite and sends them to the controlling
earth station.
o E.g.,
o pressure on fuel tanks,
o voltage and current in the power conditioning
unit,
o critical voltage and current in communication
electronics,
o temperature of subsystems,
o status of subsystems,
11/17/16 04:26:37 AM
64

Ch13/Pg565
(Satellite Sub (TT&C): Telemetry
System
o Low data rate allows the earth station

receiver
o to have a narrow bandwidth and
maintain
o high carrier-to-noise ratio (CNR).
11/17/16 04:26:37 AM
65
Ref:R10,
(Satellite Sub (TT&C): Tracking System
oTracking system, at the control earth station,

oprovides information about
othe range, elevation, and azimuth for a
satellite.
oData from velocity and acceleration sensors on
the satellite
oused to establish the change in the orbit
ofrom the last known position by integrating
data.
oDoppler shift observation at the control earth
11/17/16 04:26:37 AM
66
Ref:R10,
(Satellite Sub (TT&C): Tracking System
o Active determination of range can be achieved

by
o transmitting pulses to the satellite from
o the control earth station and
o measuring its
round-trip delay.
o The position of a satellite can be measured by

o triangulation from multiple earth stations.
o The position of a satellite can be determined
within 100 m.
11/17/16 04:26:37 AM
67

Ch13/Pg565
(Satellite Sub (TT&C): Command
System
oMakes changes in:
o the position and attitude of the satellite,

ocontrols antenna positioning and
ocommunication system configuration, and
ooperates switches at the satellite.
oDuring launch it is used to control the firing of
othe apogee kick motor (AKM) and to spin up
oa spinner or extend the solar sails of
oa three-axis stabilization satellite.
11/17/16 04:26:37 AM
68

Ch13/Pg565
(Satellite Sub (TT&C): Command
System
oThe command structure must have safeguards

against
inadvertent operation of a control due
to error.
11/17/16 04:26:37 AM
69
Ref:R10,
Ch13/Pg565
(Satellite Sub system: Satellite Control System

Telemetry System
11/17/16 04:26:37 AM
70
Ref:R10,
Ch13/Pg565
(Satellite Sub system: Receiving Antenna SubSystem
11/17/16 04:26:37 AM
71
Ref:R10,
Ch13/Pg565

o
The receiving antenna is connected to the receiver by

a waveguide.
o Let the waveguide loss (in dB) be equal to -lOlog G1 (dB)

o Where:
o G1 is the ratio of waveguide output power to
input power,
o and hence G1 < 1.
o Ts, The total system noise temperature, of the
antenna and receiver, is given by
11/17/16 04:26:37 AM
72
Ref:R10,
Ch13/Pg565

o
Consider a transmitting source, in free space,
o radiating a total power Pt Watts uniformly in all

directions.
o At a distance R metres from the source,
o the flux density crossing the surface of a sphere
with radius R
o is given by
o If the transmitting antenna has a gain Gt ,
o Then the flux density becomes
o Where
Pt GtAMis called the efective isotropically radiated
11/17/16 04:26:37
73
Ref:R10,
Ch13/Pg565
o If the receiving antenna has an effective aperture Ae ,

o then power received by the receiving antenna is
o Watts
o Gain and area of an antenna are related by
o Where is the wavelength at the frequency of
operation.
o Hence Pr becomes,
o
11/17/16 04:26:37 AM
Watts.
74
(Multiple Access)
Ref:R10,
Ch13/Pg565
oMore than one pair of earth stations

ocan simultaneously use a satellite transponder.
oA multiple access scheme is a method used to
odistinguish among different
osimultaneous transmissions in a cell.
oA radio resource can be:
o a different time interval (TDMA),
oa frequency interval (FDMA) or

oa code with a suitable power level (CDMA).
11/17/16 04:26:37 AM
75
(Multiple Access)
Ref:R10,
Ch13/Pg565
oFDMA:
oif different transmissions are differentiated
ofor the frequency band.
oTDMA:
oif transmissions are distinguished on the
basis of time
oCDMA:
oif a different code is adopted to
11/17/16 04:26:37 AM
76
Satellite CommunicationRef:R3, Chx/Pgx

(Multiple Access: Frequency Division Multiple
Access )
oUsed in multiple access protocols as
oa channelization protocol.
oFDMA gives users an individual allocation
oof one or several frequency bands, or channels.
11/17/16 04:26:38 AM
77
Satellite CommunicationRef:R3, Chx/Pgx

Access )
oAll users share the satellite transponder or
ofrequency channel simultaneously
obut each user transmits at single frequency.
oFDMA:
ocan be used with both analog and
digital signal.
orequires high-performing filters in the
radio hardware.
11/17/16 04:26:38 AM
78
Ref:R10,

Access )
o a predetermined frequency band is
available
ofor the entire period of communication,

ostream data can easily be used with
FDMA.
o(a continuous flow of data that may not

be packetized)
oEach
user AM
transmits and receives at different frequencies
11/17/16 04:26:38
79
(Multiple Access: FDMA)
11/17/16 04:26:38 AM
Ref:R10,
Ch13/Pg565
80
Ref:R10,
(Multiple Access: Time Division Multiple Access

)
oAllows several users to share
othe same frequency channel
oby dividing the signal into different time slots.
oThis allows multiple stations
oto share the same transmission medium
owhile using only a part of its channel capacity.
11/17/16 04:26:38 AM
81
Ref:R10,
(Multiple Access: Time Division Multiple Access

)
oShares single carrier frequency with multiple users.
oSlots can be assigned on demand in dynamic TDMA.
oLess stringent power control than CDMA
odue to reduced intra cell interference
oHigher synchronization overhead than CDMA
oCell breathing is more complicated than in CDMA.
o(borrowing resources from adjacent cells)
oFrequency/slot allocation complexity.
11/17/16 04:26:38 AM
82
(Multiple Access: TDMA)
11/17/16 04:26:38 AM
Ref:R10,
Ch13/Pg565
83
(Multiple Access: CDMA)
11/17/16 04:26:38 AM
Ref:R10,
Ch13/Pg565
84

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Module

E010 705 (References)

2 hours lecture and 1 hour tutorial per week (Credits:

Text Books (T):

Electronic Communication Systems:

E010 705 (References)

2 hours lecture and 1 hour tutorial per week (Credits:

Reference Books (R):

Electronic Communication Systems:

Monochrome and Colour Television:

E010 705 (References)

2 hours lecture and 1 hour tutorial per week (Credits:

Reference Books (R):

7. Digital and Analog Communication System:

E010 705 (References)

2 hours lecture and 1 hour tutorial per week (Credits:

Reference Books (R):

Microwave and Radar Engineering:

10. Advanced Electronic Communications Systems:

Geostationary orbits-effects of solar eclipse-orbital

subsystem-Altitude & orbit controlTracking,

Transponder functions: up link/down link converters.

o TV, telephony, data transfer (e-mail and internet )etc..

o (lower earth orbit satellite).

o weather survey / forecast, environmental study.

o short distance local communication from one camp to

o Long distance communication through space.

o used for voice and data communications

conditions on the ground.

o used for military communications

o used for two-way consumer broadband and military

oG.M: KEPLER's constant

Orbit Period T is given by:

Substituting for v, We get:

o A satellite which moves with the same angular

o A satellite which is geosynchronous in the

Satellite Communication Ref:R10,

Satellite Communication Ref:R10,

o from geographical North

o Angle subtended by an antenna

o(Earth Satellite Angle).

o Angle subtended and determined by

o(Vertical & Horizontal

o from a Particular Point on Earth

Satellite Communication Ref:R10,

Satellite Communication Ref:R10,

o The angle between orbital plane

Satellite Communication Ref:R10,

Satellite Communication Ref:R10,

(Orbit & Inclination: Kepler's Laws of Planetary

(Orbit & Inclination: Kepler's Laws of Planetary

(Orbit & Inclination: Kepler's Laws of Planetary

(Orbit & Inclination: Kepler's Laws of Planetary

= semimajor axis (kilometers)

(Orbit & Inclination: Kepler's Laws of Planetary

n is the mean motion of the satellite in

is the earths geocentric gravitational

o Circumference of Geosynchronous orbit,

Satellite Communication Ref:R10,

Satellite Communication Ref:R10,

oSun Rays do not fall on Solar Panel.

oNeither pickup instruction from ground

oattitude and orbit control system (AOCS),