CONNECTION

Connection
Connections are parts of the component used to join
one element or member to other. Code of Practice
gives relatively little guidance on connection design as
compared to members design.

Thus there is wide variety of acceptable methods of

design and details to transfer shear, axial and bending
forces from one member to another.
Connection is important element in the design process,
thus it is necessary to identified load path throughout a
framework.
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Compare to
the concrete
Frame
In concrete frame
connection formed
monolithically

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Connections in building
1

. Connections between
members of roof truss
1

2. Truss to column

3. Beam to column
4. Column to base

6
5

5. Splice joint beam to

beam

6. Splice joint column to

column.

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 Why we need connection?

Limited length and size.

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Connection Function
To transfer various loads and
moment between members
without any structural failure.

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Connection
Normally considered as pinned or
fixed.
Current research considered semi-rigid
joint in which partial continuity is
assumed between members.
Connections may used bolts or/and
weld. Sometimes need to include steel
plate in the design.
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Connection
Examples

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Connection
Examples

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10

Connection
Examples

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11

Bolted Connection
Bolts mainly used in connections

-to resist shear on the surface of

plates and
-tensile force along the axis of the
bolts.

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Shank

length
Bolt
diameter
(size)

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Thread
(tensile area)
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Commonly used bolt

(1)Black hexagon bolt ( common bolt).
Specified in two strength grades:
(a)Grade 4.6 (mild steel) yield stress 240 N/mm2
(b)Grade 8.8 (high strength steel) yield stress 640
N/mm2
(2)HSFG bolt (High strength friction grip)
Specified in Grade 8.8 and Grade 10.9
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14

TABLE 3.1

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 The most commonly used bolt diameter

d are: 16, 20, 24 and 30 mm.
Diameter of 22mm and 27 mm are also
available, but are not preferred.

Generally for standard clearance holes:

27mm
+ 2mm

27mm
+ 3mm
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Types of Bolted Connections

(a)Single Shear Lap Joint

(b)Double Shear Butt Joint
(c)Bolt in Tension
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Types of Bolted Connections

Truss Joint

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Types of Bolted Connections

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(f) Beam-to-Column Connection

(g) Beam-to-beam Connection
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Types of Bolted Connections

(h) Stanchion Splice

(i) Bracket Connection
(j) Stanchion Base
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Bolt Spacing and Edge Distances (Cl

3.5 BS EN 1993-1-8)
The maximum spacing requirement is
to ensure that the section of plate
between bolts does not buckle when it
is in compression.
The requirement for minimum spacing
is to ensure that local crushing in the
wake of a bolt does not affect any
adjacent bolt.
Lifting of the edges are prevented by
specifying a maximum edge distance.
Specifying minimum edge distance may
prevent edge splitting or tearing.

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Bolted joints
Spacing requirements

Minimum bolt spacing and edge and end

distances are as below, where d0 is the
fastener (bolt) hole diameter. These values
are defined in Table 3.3 of EN 1993-1-8.
Minimum spacing of bolts in the direction of
load transfer p1 = 2.2d0
Minimum end distance in the direction of
load transfer e1 = 1.2d0
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Bolted joints

Minimum spacing of bolts perpendicular to

the direction of load transfer p2 = 2.4d0

Minimum edge distance perpendicular to the

direction of load transfer e2 = 1.2d0

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Direct Shear Connections

There are several modes of failure includes:

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Bolt shear
Bolt bearing
Plate bearing
Plate tension resistance
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Modes of Failure for Bolted

Connection

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 Two types of direct shear connection:

Single shear

Double shear

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Design Resistance
Bolted joints:
Shear resistance Fv,Rd
Bearing resistance Fb,Rd
Tension resistance Ft,Rd
Combined shear and tension

Bolt
spacing
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Design Resistance
Bolt shear resistance per shear plane

Fv , Rd

f A

v ub
M2

Where,

= 0.6 for class 4.6 and 8.8

= ultimate bolt strength as per Table 3.1

A = As (tensile area at thread)

= As = A (shank) i.e
M2
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d2

= normally taken as 1.25

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Bolted joints
Bearing resistance Fb,Rd
Bearing resistance is governed by the projected contact area
between a bolt and connected parts, the ultimate material
strength (of the bolt or the connected parts), and may be
limited by bolt spacing and edge and end distances.
From EN 1993-1-8, bearing resistance is given by:

Fb , Rd

k1

f dt

b u
M2

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Bolted joints
Definitions of terms:
d is the bolt diameter
t is the minimum thickness of the connected parts

M2 may be taken as 1.25

fu is the ultimate tensile strength of the connected

parts

b is the smallest of: d; fub/fu or 1.0, and accounts

for various failure modes

d and k1 relate to bolt spacing and edge and end distances.

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Bolted joints

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Bolted joints
Bolt in tension;

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Bolted joints
Combined tension and shear

In some situations, bolts may experience tension and shear in

combination. In general, bolt capacities would be expected to
reduce when high values of shear and tension are coexistent.
EN 1993-1-8 provides the following interaction expression to
deal with such cases:

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Fv,Ed

Ft ,Ed

Fv,Rd

1.4 Ft ,Rd
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1. 0
35

Example 1
Description
Calculate the strength of the bolts in the lap splice
shown below assuming the use of M20 Grade 4.6
bolts in 22 mm clearance holes and Grade S275
plate.

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Shear resistance:
Bolts are in single shear, and it is assumed that the shear plane
passes through the threaded portion of the bolts:
fub = 400 N/mm2,

= 0.6,
M2= 1.25
v

A = As = 245 mm2,

Shear resistance per bolt Fv,Rd:

Fv , Rd

f A

v ub

M2

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0.6 400 245

1.25

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47040 N

47 .0 kN

37

Bearing resistance:
Bearing resistance per bolt Fb,Rd:

Fb , Rd

k1

f dt

b u
M2

From geometry: p1 = 60 mm, e1 = 40 mm, e2 = 40

mm, d0 = 22 mm.

From EN 10025-2, fu of plate (Grade S275, t > 3

mm) = 410 N/mm2.

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e1
For end bolts, d =
= (40/66) = 0.61
3d 0
p1
For inner bolts, d =
= (60/66 0.25) = 0.66
3d 0
For edge bolts, k1 is the smaller of
(2.8 (40/22) 1.7) =

(2.8

3.4.

e2
1.7) or 2.5
d0

k1 =

2.5

fub/fu = 400/410 = 0.98

b

is the smaller of:

For end bolts

April 2012

d, fub/fu

or 1.0

= 0.61, and for inner bolts

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= 0.66

39

Therefore, for end bolts,

Fb , Rd

k1

f dt

b u
M2

2.5 0.61 410 20 16

1.25

160 .1 kN

2.5 0.66 410 20 16

1.25

173 .2 kN

And, for inner bolt,

Fb , Rd

k1

f dt

b u
M2

Clearly the resistance of the joint is controlled by the

strength in shear. Therefore, the resistance of the tension
splice as governed by the shear resistance of the bolts = 3
47.0 = 141 kN.

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Example 2
Bolt in double shear

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41

Shear resistance:
Bolts are in double shear. It is assumed that two
shear plane passes through the threaded portion
of the bolts:
av = 0.6, fub = 400 N/mm2, A = As = 245 mm2,
M2= 1.25
Shear resistance per bolt Fv,Rd:

Fv , Rd
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f ub A
M2

0.6 2 x 400 245

1.25
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94 .0 kN
42

Bearing resistance:
Bearing resistance per bolt Fb,Rd:

Fb , Rd

k1

f
dt
b u
M2

From geometry: p1 = 60 mm, e1 = 40 mm, e2 = 40 mm, d0 = 22 mm.

From EN 10025-2, fu of plate (Grade S275, t > 3 mm) = 410 N/mm2
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43

For end bolts,

For inner bolts,

e1
3d 0

= (40/66) = 0.61

p1
= (60/66 0.25) = 0.66
3d 0

For edge bolts, k1 is the smaller of (2.8

(2.8 (40/22) 1.7) =

3.4.

e2
1.7) or 2.5
d0

k1 =

2.5

fub/fu = 400/410 = 0.98

is the smaller of:

For end bolts

April 2012

d, fub/fu

or 1.0

= 0.61, and for inner bolts

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= 0.66

44

Therefore,

Fb , Rd

k1

for end bolts,

f dt

b u
M2

2.5 0.61 410 20 16

1.25

160 .1 kN

And, for inner bolt,

Fb , Rd

k1

f dt

b u
M2

2.5 0.66 410 20 16

1.25

173 .2 kN

Clearly the resistance of the joint is

controlled by the strength in shear.
Therefore, the resistance of the tension
splice as governed by the shear resistance of
the
bolts = 3 94.0 = 282DRASkN.SAB3233
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45

Splice plate 95x10

2 Nos 100x65x8
Bolt 20mm diam Grade 4.6
Bolt holes 22mm dia
Steel Grade S275

Permanent load (tension) 85 kN

Variable load (tension) 95 kN

Check the connection is adequate.

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47

Eccentric connections
(Bracket Connections)
Generally these types of connections are used to resist applied
moment and shear. Usually these kinds of connection are
commonly used when the applied load is not located in the column
axis.
There are two principal types of eccentrically loaded connection:
(i) Moment in plane of connection

(Direct shear and torsion)

(ii) Moment at 90o to plane of connection

(Direct shear and tension)

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48

Eccentric connections
(Bracket Connections)
Generally these types
of connections are
used to resist applied
moment and shear.
Usually these kinds of
connection are
commonly used when
the applied load is
not located in the
column axis.

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49

There are two principal types of

eccentrically loaded connection:

(ii) Moment at 90o to

plane of connection
(Direct shear and
tension)

(i) Moment in plane of

connection
(Direct shear and torsion)
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50

Moment in plane of connection

(Direct shear and torsion)
e

Consider a bolt group as

shown in FIGURE

Suppose force in each

bolt due to moment is
F1, F2, F3, Fn with
the distances of
r1,r2,r3.rn
respectively.

y
-y

-z

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51

Applied moment Mi = P e
Resistance Moment of bolts Mr = F1r1 + F2r2 + F3r3(1)
But
F1 r1, F2 r2, .
F1r 3
F 2 Or
F1 = k r1
r1

F1
r1

F2

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F2
r2

Fn
..............
rn

F1r 2
r1

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From eq(1)

Mr

F1.r 2 2
F1r1
r1

F1.r 3 2
r1

Fn.rn 2
.......
r1

F1
r1

F1 2
r1
r1

r22

r 32

.......rn 2

r2

However

r2
Mi

Mr

P.e

F1
r1

y2

z2 )

for no failure taking place.

y2

z2
therefore

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P.e.r1
y2
z2

F1 FT

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53

Ft , Ed

Load due to Torsion

Load due to Shear

v , Ed

P.e.r
z

P
number.of .bolt

P
n

Resultant

Fr , Ed

Fv , Ed

F t , Ed

2 Fv , Ed Ft , Ed cos

The bolt size is then determined from the maximum load on

bolt.

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54

EXAMPLE
(Shear and Torsion
155
mm

P =100kN

200kN

3@100
mm

2@70mm

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55

Load due to direct shear Fv,Ed = P/n

= 100/8 = 12.5kN
Load due to moment

r=

70

April 2012

150
2

8x70

P.e.r1

Ft , Ed

y2

165.53mm

39200
2

4x150

4x50 100000
100x155x165.53
Ft , Ed
18.43kN
139200
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Resultant Load

Fr , Ed

Fv , Ed
12.5

2 Fv , Ed Ft , Ed cos

F t , Ed
18.43

70
2 12.5 x18.43x
165.53

= 26.28kN
Try bolt 16mm dia class 4.6 bolt;

Use bolt of 16mm dia.

April 2012

( Fv,Rd = 30.1kN 26.28kN)

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Other checks if necessary:

Limit shear force;

F v,Rd = 30.1kN 12.5 kN
Limit bearing
strength

Fb , Rd

k1

ok

f u dt

M2

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58

Moment at 90o to the plane of

connection
( Bolt in Shear and Tension)

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59

Bolt in Shear and Tension

There are several methods of analysis and solution to this
type of connection depending upon the method of
assumption.
e

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60

For this kind of connection there are several checks need

to be carried out to ensure the adequacy of the
connection.

(1) Ft,Ed Ft ,Rd

f ub A
M2

(2) Fv,Ed Fv , Rd

f ub A
M2

(3)

April 2012

Fv,Ed

Ft ,Ed

Fv,Rd

1.4 Ft ,Rd
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1.0
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61

Approximate Method of Analysis

Assumptions:
Centre of rotation is assumed at the
bottom bolt of the group
The tension force vary linearly
The applied shear is distributed equally
to each bolt
e

y1

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y2

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62

Direct Shear Force

Applied moment

P
n

Fv, Ed

Mi

P.e

Resistance moment
MR

2 FT y1

FT y 2
y1

FT y 3
y1

2 FT
2
y1
y1

y2

2 FT
.
y1

y2

for no failure condition,

Mi

y3

MR

P.e. y1
2 y2

FT

The bolt size can then be estimated and check

the combination effect of shear and tension.
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63

Note:
For more accurate method of analysis, the applied
moment is assumed resisted by the bolt in tension
as well as by an area at the bottom of the bracket
in compression. The area approximately covers
about h/7 from the bottom of the bracket.

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64

Example: Eccentricity connection ( Bolt in shear

and tension)
300mm

138kN

4@1
00m
m

Determine the suitable bolt size.

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65

Force due to direct shear

P
n

Fv , Ed

138
13.8kN
10

Force due to moment

Ft , Ed

P.e. y1
2 y2

138 x300 x 400

2(100 2 ) 2(200 2 ) 2(300 2 ) 2(400 2 )

= 27.6 kN
Try bolt 20mm dia. Grade 4.6

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66

Carry out the verification:

Ft ,Rd

f ub A
M2

Fv , Rd

f ub A
M2

(i)

Ft,Ed

Ft,Rd

(ii)

Fv,Ed

Fv,Rd

(iii)

Fv, Ed

Ft , Ed

Fv, Rd

1.4 Ft , Rd

April 2012

0.9 x400x245
1.25

i.e.
i.e.

70.5kN

0.6 x 400 x 245

1.25
27.6kN

70.5kN

13.8kN

13.8
27.6
47 1.4 x70.5

DRAS

47 kN

47 kN
OK!
OK!

0.3 0.28 0.58 1.0.........OK!

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67

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69

BLANK

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70

WELDED CONNECTION

INTRODUCTION
Welding is the process of joining metal parts
by fusing them and filling in with molten
metal from the electrode.
It usually carried out in fabrication shop under
close supervision.
Site welding is more costly and defects are
more likely.

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72

INTRODUCTION
Advantages of welding:
Neat
More efficient
No holes to be punched or drilled
Etc

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73

INTRODUCTION
Methods:
A.C Welding
Gas Welding
Electron beam and laser beam welding
Spot welding

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74

TYPES OF WELD
Fillet Weld (kimpal kambi)

Butt Weld (kimpal temu)

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75

TYPES OF WELD: Fillet Weld

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76

FILLET WELD: Terminology

Weld size (leg

length), s

Throat
thickness, a

Note: a = 0.7s
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77

TYPES OF WELD: BUTT WELD

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78

BUTT WELD: Terminology

Surface angle

Throat
thickness, a

Gap

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79

WELD DEFECTS

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80

TEST ON WELD
Observation of weld uniformity
Surface Test for cracks Usually applying dye
penetration test
Ultrasonic
This lecture only concentrated to the fillet weld

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81

DESIGN OF FILLET WELD

General guidelines are given in Cl. 4: BS EN
1993-1-8: 2005.
Generally intermittent and small size weld are
seldom used because of corrosion problem
and the possibility of dynamic load which may
cause failure due to fatigue or brittle fracture.

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DESIGN OF FILLET WELD

Some important details of fillet weld:
i.

Fillet welds may be use for connecting parts where the

fusion faces form an angle of between 60 and 120 . For
angle less than 60 welds should be considered to be partial
penetration butt weld. If greater than 120 the resistance of
fillet weld should be determined by testing.
ii. Fillet welds finishing at ends or sides of parts should be
returned continuously around the corner at least twice the
leg length of the weld unless if it is impractical.
iii. End returns should be indicated on the drawing.

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83

DESIGN OF FILLET WELD

iii. Intermittent fillet welds should not be used in corrosive
condition.
iv. The effective length of a fillet weld, l should be taken as the
length over which the fillet is full-size. This may be taken as
the overall length of the weld reduced by twice the effective
throat thickness, a. Provided that the weld is full size
throughout its length including starts and terminations, no
reduction in effective length need be made for either the
start or the termination of the weld.
v. A fillet weld with an effective length less than 30 mm or less
than 6 times its throat thickness, whichever is larger, should
not be designed to carry load.
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84

DESIGN RESISTANCE OF FILLET WELD

Method 1: Directional method, in which the
forces transmitted by a unit length of weld are
resolved into parallel and perpendicular
components
Method 2: Simplified method, in which only
longitudinal shear is considered

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85

DESIGN RESISTANCE OF FILLET WELD:

Simplified Method
Cl. 4.5.3.3, check Fw,Ed Fw,Rd

where;
Fw,Ed is the design value of the weld force per
unit length
Fw,Rd is the design resistance of the weld per
unit length
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86

DESIGN RESISTANCE OF FILLET WELD:

Simplified Method

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87

DESIGN RESISTANCE OF FILLET WELD:

Simplified Method
where;
fu is the minimum ultimate tensile strength of
the connected parts (Table 4.1)
w is a correlation factor that depends on the
material grade (Table 4.1)
M2 may be taken as 1.25

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88

DESIGN RESISTANCE OF FILLET WELD:

Simplified Method
Table 4.1
Steel Grade

S235

S275

S355
April 2012

Thickness of the
Jointed Part
Weaker (mm)

Ultimate Strength, fu
(N/mm2)

tp 3

360

3 < tp 100

360

tp 3

430

3 < tp 100

410

tp 3

510

3 < tp 100

470
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Correlation
Factor, w
0.80

0.85

0.90
89

Example 1

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90

TYPES OF WELDED CONNECTION

i. Direct Shear
ii. Shear and Torsion
iii. Shear and Bending

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91

EXAMPLE 2 (from Nethercott)

A 150 20 mm thick tie in Grade S275 steel carrying
factored load of 400 kN require a splice within its
length. Design a suitable arrangement using single
sided cover plate and fillet weld.
Cover plate
400 kN

400 kN

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92

EXAMPLE 2: Solution

Cover plate used should be less than 150 mm

Given Fw,ED = 400 kN
Try cover plate 100 20 mm
Try size 8 mm weld
Throat thickness, a = 0.7s = 0.7

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8 = 5.6 mm

93

EXAMPLE 2: Solution

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94

EXAMPLE 2: Solution
Minimum length required = 400/1.25 = 320 mm
The required length = 320 + (2 8) + (2 8) = 352 mm
(let say 360 mm)

Total resistance of weld = 1.25

kN) OK !!

360 = 450 kN (> 400

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95

EXAMPLE 3
Design fillet welds for direct shear connection.
Use steel grade S275.
50

6 mm

P = 500 kN

yt = 43.9 mm

65 mm

2 nos 65

yb = 21.1 mm
50 mm

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50 mm

96

EXAMPLE 3: Solution
Load for 1 angle section, Fw,Ed = 500/2 = 250 kN
Try size 8 mm fillet weld
Throat thickness, a = 0.7s = 0.7

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8 = 5.6 mm

97

EXAMPLE 3: Solution

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98

EXAMPLE 3: Solution
The weld length may be arranged in two ways:
(1) Balanced the weld on each sides:
Length = 200 43.9/65 = 135 mm
Add 2s = 16 mm; Required length = 135 + 16 = 151
mm, say = 155 mm
The other side length = 200 135 = 65 mm
Add 2s = 16 mm; Required length = 65 + 16 = 81 mm,
say = 85 mm
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99

EXAMPLE 3: Solution
85 mm

155 mm

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100

EXAMPLE 3: Solution
(2) Weld placed across the end of angle:
Total required length of weld = 200 mm

65 mm

L1

L2

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101

EXAMPLE 3: Solution
Taking moment about L2;
ML2 = (L1 65) + (65 32.5) = 200 21.1
L1 = 32.4 mm + 2s = 48.4 mm, say = 50 mm
L2 = (200 65 32.4) + 2s = 118.6 mm, say = 120 mm

65 mm

50 mm

120 mm
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ECCENTRIC CONNECTION OF FILLET

P
WELD
(1) Shear and Torsion
Load acted at the plane of weld group

(2) Shear and Bending

Load acted perpendicular to weld group
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SHEAR AND TORSION

z

P
e

P
90

FtEd
t
y

FvEd

Bracket
z

z
Weld Group
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Torsional Moment Vector Diagram of

Forces
Force

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SHEAR AND TORSION

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SHEAR AND TORSION

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EXAMPLE 4
y

P = 185 kN
e

300 mm

Determine the size of the fillet

weld. Use steel Grade S275
and Electrode E35.
Design at critical position, A.

150 mm
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EXAMPLE 4: Solution

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EXAMPLE 4: Solution

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EXAMPLE 4: Solution

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EXAMPLE 4: Solution

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EXAMPLE 4: Solution

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EXAMPLE 4: Solution
The design resistance of the weld per unit length (i.e.
per mm run):
Fw,Rd = fvw,d a = 223 3.5 = 780.5 N/mm
= 0.78 kN/mm > 0.439 kN/mm OK !!
Note:
For structural use of steel minimum size of 6 mm is
normally used

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EXERCISE
P = 185 kN

If only three sided are

weld to the previous
example, calculate the
suitable weld size.

e
A

300 mm

x
K

150 mm
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EXERCISE

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SHEAR AND BENDING

Load 90 to the plane of weld group, i.e. Bracket
connection
P
e
Avg.

x1
Bracket

Max

FT

FS

Fw,Ed

x1
Actual stress

B
Weld Group

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Shear Stress
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Stress

Vector
Diagram
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SHEAR AND BENDING

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SHEAR AND BENDING

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EXAMPLE 5
DL = 80 kN
LL = 110 kN

x1

364.6

173.2

280

250

x1

A cut from
356 171 65 UB

Determine the suitable size of weld.

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EXAMPLE 5: Solution

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Example 5: Solution

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EXAMPLE 5: Solution

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Example 5: Solution
The design resistance of the weld per unit length (i.e.
per mm run):
Fw,Rd = fvw,d a = 223 5.6 = 1248 N/mm
= 1.25 kN/mm > 0.873 kN/mm OK !!

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END OF
CHAPTER 5
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