1

INTRODUCTION

Over the years, a lot of mothers say that their first childbirth was an extraordinary
experience. This made the researchers wonder of the things they went through. For
primigravida mothers who havent experienced childbirth but about to, they face fears
and anxiety in regards to the unknown possibilities that may happen to them or to their
baby. Because of such fears, they find ways to cope up and manage the stress.
Discovering the common fears to this phenomena and coping mechanisms they use, well
help the primigravida mothers to be prepared for childbirth.
Before delivery, many things come to mind to worrying mother. Fear of deformed
babies, surgery itself and other invasive procedure such as episiotomy and anesthesia
administration, afraid of a long labor, afraid that she might not make it. Especially if there
is a friend or relative who tell their birthing experience which gives her undesirable
impression towards labor.
Labor experiences among primigravida mothers are somehow different from
multiparous mother. To multiparous mother labor is not that painful and traumatic
because they already know the feeling and used to it. They got that strength, confidence
and perceive labor pain and discomfort as normal and natural since they already
experience labor and childbirth. In the case of primigravida mothers, everything that a
mother will feel is new. When contraction increased it gradually surges the burden of the
mother, so the apprehension is greatly increased which may lead to panic and
disorientation during delivery.

In normal situation primigravida mothers should be educated about labor and

delivery. Knowledge and facts about labor will help them prepare and understand the
process of childbirth. Family should be supportive especially the partner or husband.
Because in this moment women began to demand attention and assurance that everything
will be alright.
This research intends to find out what are the common fears and coping
mechanisms among primigravida mothers underwent during childbirth. The researchers
also wanted to find ways on how to alleviate discomforts and aim to identify the different
responses by the means of studying their experiences.

Statement of the problem

The purpose of this study is to determine common fears related to childbirth and
coping mechanisms among primigravida mothers admitted at Bago City Health Office,
Bago City of year 2014.
Specifically it will answer the following questions:
1.) Demographic profile of respondents
a) Age
b) Educational attainment
c) Occupation
d) Civil status

2.) What are the common fears experienced by the respondents

a) Pregnancy
b) Labor
c) Delivery
3.) What are the coping mechanisms employed by the respondents
a) Physical
b) Emotional
c) Psychological
d) Social
e) Spiritual

Theoretical framework
This study will be anchored on the theory of Roy Adaptation Model
which explains that human system has the capacity to adjust effectively to changes in the
environment and affects the environment. Promote survival, growth, reproduction &
mastery.
Conceptual framework
Basing in the theory of Callista Roy, the following are the concepts in the study:
A quantitative descriptive design will be conducted in Bago City Health Office,
Bago City to determine common fears related to childbirth and coping mechanisms
among primigravida mothers admitted this year of 2014.
Schematic diagram of the theory and conceptual framework

Roy Adaptation Model Theory

Primigravida mothers 16 to 25 years old of CLMMRH

Bacolod City

Common fears
Labor
Childbirth
Delivery

Coping mechanisms
Physical
Emotional
Psychological
Spiritual
social

Scope and limitation

The purpose of this study is to determine the common fears related to childbirth
and coping mechanisms among primigravida mothers admitted at Bago City Health
Office, Bago City of year 2014.

Significance of the study

The study may be significant to the following:
College of Nursing Administration. The results of the study may help nursing teachers
and clinical instructors update themselves and gain additional information for them to
provide better education to nursing students regarding primigravida mothers.
General Health Professionals. The results of the study may be helpful in rendering
quality care to mothers who undergoing pain, discomfort and anxiety. May help provide
better understanding and support since this study tackles on the experience and the needs
of the mother during labor.
USLS Nursing Students. The results of the study may help enrich the minds of students
and widen their knowledge. Since the study focuses on the needs of the mothers during
labor, it emphasizes better assessment to provide or render effective nursing intervention.
Furthermore, the study can teach nursing students on duty on how to maximize their time
in rendering effective nursing care.

Primigravida Mothers. This study is a way to primigravida mothers to be prepared

before and during labor. This can also give them supplementary knowledge and can help
them anticipate possible circumstances that they may experience.
Future Researchers. This study is an opportunity for them to supplement what they
know about the importance of significant others to the labor experience of the mothers.
This may also offer data for those researchers who may wish to conduct similar study.

Definition of terms
Childbirth. It is an act or process of giving birth to a child (McGraw-Hill, 2005).
Operationally, it refers to a situation where the mother is in the process of giving birth.
Coping mechanism. Are any efforts directed to stress management (Stuart & Lardia,
2005). Operationally, it refers to how ht e mother manage stress.
Fear. It is cause by physical or psychological exposure to a threatening situation (Stuart,
2005). Operationally, it refers to the emotion the mother is experiencing during
childbirth.
Primigravida. It refers to a woman pregnant for the first time (Elsevier, 2009).
Operationally, it refers to the mother who will be sharing her experience about her first
labor.

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

Review of related literature discusses the foreign and local related concepts and
studies. Also a synthesis is made to summarize the related concepts and studies of the
research.

Related Concepts
Foreign
An article by Shelley Albini in (2010) on fears state that many are familiar with the
instinctual response of "fight or flight." As a basic survival instinct, when a person senses a threat,
real or perceived, their body throws out adrenalin so that they can either run for safety or stay and
fight. In fear, blood is sent away from the uterus and to the extremities. Understanding what the
body can do and trusting in the process can take one quite far in allowing a peaceful birth.
Knowledge is power. There is much written to support the fact that the body's natural pain killers
- endorphins - are available to birthing women as they let go of fear. By understanding what their
body can do given the chance, many allow the natural process to occur without suffering.
As stated by Carol Nelson in (2008) the length of labor is extremely variable, with the
average length of active labor being 12 hours. Some labors are "harder" or "easier" than others
due to things like the position and size of the baby, shape and size of the pelvis and a myriad of
other physical, emotional and psychological factors that come into play. Each woman has her own
perceptions about labor as well. It is viewed by some as a necessary evil, a means to an end that
must be endured with the least amount of discomfort possible. Others view it as a natural,
spiritual, miraculous event that they want to experience fully with minimal intervention.

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An article by Expectant Mothers Guide in (2006) states that fear of childbirth is common
among moms-to-be. Most women have concerns about coping with pain, childbirth-related
injuries and the possibility of having a cesarean section. Some moms have additional concerns
due to previous life experiences such as sexual assault, having undergone invasive fertility
treatments, previous traumatic birth experience or pregnancy loss.

An article by Bester & Nolte in (2011) stated that primigravida's experience of

childbirth is influenced by the knowledge and expectations they have of childbirth. Their
expectations of childbirth are based on the information they got from the antenatal clinic, the
nursing staff, her mother, friends and family. From this research it is clear that the respondents
had insufficient knowledge of childbirth and the handling of pain during childbirth. This
insufficient knowledge can mainly be attributed to the poor attendance of antenatal preparation
classes, inadequate professional counseling and the mother of the primigravida as the primary
source of information on childbirth. The group participating in this research is therefore not
adequately prepared for childbirth to have realistic expectations.
According to Minggu in (2012) a primigravida who will first undergo a process of labor
tend to experience anxiety. This is because labor is something new to be experienced.
An article by Midwifery Today in (2004) states that the expulsion of a first baby from a
woman's body is a space in time for much mischief and mishap to occur. It is also a space in time
where her obstetrical future often gets decided and where she can be well served by a patient,
rested midwife. Why do I make the distinction between primip pushing and multip pushing? The
multiparous uterus is faster and more efficient at pushing babies out and the multiparous woman
can often bypass obstetrical mismanagement simply because she is too quick to get any.

Local

An article by Yao in (2010) state that motherhood is a fulfilling experience, many

pregnant women in the Philippines still suffer from pregnancy-related illness and even
death. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), the major direct causes of
maternal morbidity and mortality include hemorrhage, infection, high blood pressure,
unsafe abortion and obstructed labor. The Philippine government, together with nongovernment organizations, private sectors and civil society should take a concerted effort
to promote cost-effective interventions that will minimize maternal mortality. "No
woman should die due to pregnancy and its other related complications. In our society,
the mothers are the primary caregiver of children. A mother's death is more than a family
tragedy -it costs social and economic investment for the community and nation as well.
Pregnant women should have access to affordable health services throughout their
pregnancy and childbirth."
According to Parr in (2010) The birth of a child marks the culmination of a
significantly long period of all sorts of emotions. We experience a whole gamut of major
physical changes and adjustments, which are quite often challenging and demanding.
The experience of giving birth can be a rather stressful experience for women, so this
may account for why some do not cry after delivery. They may be more concerned about
the responsibilities that come with having a child, and not cry with tears of joy.
Therefore, the absence of crying could also just be the bodys reaction to extreme pain
and fatigue. Some mothers just need to take a short break after giving birth.

Related Studies

10

Foreign
A study by Warchief in (2010) of fears of mothers is anxiety / anxiety is a concern,
difficulty, uncertainty / fear of loss resulting from actual or perceived threat and can cause a
person to feel frightened, worried for no apparent reason, difficulty concentrating, tension,
tiredness, restlessness and sleep disturbance. The survey results revealed that as many (50.0%)
respondents experienced anxiety were, (36.4%) respondents experienced mild anxiety and as
many (13.6%) respondents experienced severe anxiety.
According to the study by the University of Skvde in (2012) womens experiences of
being involved in decisions and the relationship to professional and social support during their
first labor can be conceptualized as one main theme: "Most important for first time mothers
during labor is to be respected for their needs, to feel involved in the care, and support from their
partner". This theme contained three categories: "To be respected for their needs", "To be
involved in the care" and "Support from the partner". A safe and calm environment positively
influenced the womens sense of support, and the ability to have her partner physically present
positively influenced the sense of support.
A study conducted by Suddha (2009) explored and assessed the different levels of strees
and its manifestation and different stressors in women with PIH in response to stress. The
research approach for the first phase of the study were corelational and phenomenology. The
subjects were selected by convenience sampling technique. There were 65 women with PIH in
the first phase and the 6 women with PIH during the second phase.

The results found that majority (64.61%) of women had moderate stress levels. The
finding indicated that there were no correlation between levels of stress and use of effectiveness

11
of coping strategies. The association between levels of stress and quality of life of women with
PIH showed that quality of life was independent of levels of stress.
The study concluded that all of the four dimensions depict the importance of holistic and
comprehensive care.
A study by Dawid in (2010) stated that interaction between the women and the nursing
staff was not that sufficient enough, yet we know that rendering quality health care will depend
on good interactions. Impaired nursing care in labor mainly includes poor pain management, lack
of psychological support and explanations, as well as poor communication. Inefficiency of the
abovementioned factors may have bad consequences to the woman like fear and anxiety, which
can adversely affect the labor process.
According to Sadawarte and Bhure in (2007) primigravida mothers who were poorly
informed about the labour pain experienced difficulties. Some may have been informed but lacks
some of the necessary details concerning labour pains such as duration of the pain, pain
expectation and possible pain analgesia. Many of them were highly motivated but due to the lack
of knowledge and preparation, they found labour very challenging.
A study conducted by Subasheni in (2007) had the objectives of assessing the anxiety
related to the onset of labour and delivery among primigravida mothers and determining the
association between the levels of anxiety with selected variables. The approaches used in the
study were descriptive survey approach and descriptive exploratory survey design with a
purposive sampling technique in selecting their respondents. 50 primigravida mothers were
selected in the clean labour ward at Vani Vilas Hospital, Bangalore. The tool consisted of 65 items
to assess the level of anxiety.
The overall findings of the study showed that higher the age of the mothers, higher was
the anxiety level. The anxiety among primigravida mothers obtained were approximately 80%

12
low to moderate level of anxiety basis of different variables of social aspects. It revealed that
mothers with anxiety are higher in number than the mothers without anxiety. Providing
psychological and physical comfort will minimize the anxiety level and will promote safe labour
and delivery.
A study of Sauls in (2004) primigravida mothers, especially the young adolescent
mothers, needs the help of any support system during labor since they are less prepared compared
to adults. These mothers apparently have less mental preparation. The presence of support system
and understanding the needs of these young adolescents is crucial for them to in order to endure
labour and childbirth.
As stated by Bahri Binabaj, Latif Nejad and Taffazoli in (2003) primigravida mothers
who received continuous professional support during labour expressed that they felt more
satisfied with their labour experience. Satisfaction of their labour experience is a good indication
that these mothers are psychologically healthy and could possibly cope up better with
motherhood.
According to RAJIV in (2007) women in labor not only have discomfort, they also have
signs of pain such as facial tenseness, flushing or paleness of the face, and hands are fist, rapid
breathing or rapid pulse rate. Other signs and symptoms of onset of labor are lightening, increase
in level of activity, uterine contractions, ripening of the cervix involve uterine cervical changes.
More women especially primigravida women, dont know the signs of true labor. All women
response to labor also may be reflect in the vital signs and blood pressure, fear, anxiety and
fatigue can cause alteration in baseline findings.
A study by Bhure in (2008) reveals that in qualitative analysis of data obtained from
semi-structured interviews of 100 primigravida attending antenatal care and previous painful
experiences, knowledge and expectation of labour pain, attitude towards labour pain. Many were

13
highly motivated to deal with labour pain, although some were anxious, and a few women
expressed fear. None of the patients knew about adverse effects of labour pain and why it should
be relieved. The fact that some informants in this study considered pain a positive feature of
labour and that a few opposed the idea of relieving labour pain, may reflect traditional social
values, according to which labour pain is welcomed, and successful bonding is seen to depend on
the experience of pain in labour.
A study by Linthoingambi Chanu in (2013) stress is common during pregnancy. But too
much of stress can make pregnant women uncomfortable. Research has shown that pregnant
women undergo psychological, physical and social changes during pregnancy. Stress can make
trouble sleeping, headaches, lose appetite or overeat. High levels of stress that continue for a long
time may cause health problems, like high blood pressure and heart disease. During pregnancy
this type of stress can increase the chances of having a premature baby or a low-birth weight
baby, may lower baby's IQ, etc.
A study conducted by Panthumas (2012) investigated the predictive factors of the selfcare behaviours among Thai teenagers with primigravida pregnancy. The samples of 206
primigravida teenagers attending ANC clinics of six hospitals in the North-Eastern region of
Thailand were included. Data collection was done through self administered-questionnaire.
The results of the yielded that these teenage pimigravida mothers needed education on
self-care since the majority of the respondents of the study attained the secondary level of
education. They proposed that their local centers should provide health teaching that may provide
them a better of knowledge on self-care during pregnancy.
A study conducted by Sadawarte in (2007) analysed the knowledge and expectations of
pain of labour and knowledge of labour analgesia methods among primigravida women attending

14
an antenatal care clinic in a teaching hospital in a rural part of central India. The results of this
study were aimed to be utilized to improve the analgesic care of women.
The results were showed that patients were poorly informed about pain of labour. Many
women appeared highly motivated concerning their ability to cope with labour. All the patients
expected pain, many of them expected pain to be severe but had no concept of duration of the
pain, and knew very little concerning methods available for pain relief in labour.
They concluded that women attending antenatal care clinic in teaching hospital in rural
part of central India were poorly prepared for the experience of delivery. Antenatal programmes
should incorporate education concerning pain of labour and methods available to alleviate pain.
A research by Bharathi in (2010) during labour, the woman experiences some degree of
stress as her system responds to the physical changes that prepare her to give birth. Nearly every
woman in labour experiences some degree of discomfort. Perception of pain is highly unique and
differs from one individual to another though the intensity of pain stimuli is same. An
appreciation of each womans unique experience of pain is possible when perinatal nurses
understand the physiological basis of pain, physiological responses to pain, and psychosocial
factors influencing pain perception.
A study conducted by Duman in (2012) aimed at determining the effect of sociodemographic and obstetric factors during pregnancy period on depression levels of the pregnant
women was a descriptive research. The results found out in the study that most of the women
experienced depression (75.0 %). However; a statistically significant difference was found
between mean depression scores and family type, number of the pregnancy, spontaneous
abortion, desired pregnancy and harmony between spouses. They conclude that there was a
positive correlation between some socio-demographic and obstetric factors and depression during
pregnancy.

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The basis of childbirth preparation is the belief that pain during childbirth is a vicious
cycle. As fear and massage, and positioning are also widely used ways of handling the
discomfort.
A study by Adin, Leena in Karnataka,Bangalore (2007) labour process more painful
situation of the every primigravida women. They will have stress and anxiety during the labour &
some will have knowledge of their past experience about the labour and studies have proven if
women have support from the family members and partner, the labour becomes shorter. Planned
teaching programme prior to the labour is one of the most effective teaching strategies which can
be used for improving the coping strategies for the primigravida women during birth process.
Objectives of the study:1. To identify the coping strategies adopted by the primigravida women in
the experimental group after planned teaching on birth process. 2. To identify the coping
strategies of women in the control group during the birth process. 3. To compare the coping
strategies adopted by the primigravida women between experimental and control group. 4. To
find out the association between the copings strategies adopted by the primigravida in the
experimental and control group with the selected demographic variables. Methods Post-test
control group design was used for the study. Interpretation and conclusion finding of the study
showed that the planned teaching for primigravida women was effective with the positive coping
strategies during birth process which was evident in post-test scores. Hence planned teaching was
an effective method for providing the information and improving their confidence and knowledge
and reduce stress and anxiety which made primigravida with positive ability to cope with during
labour.

Local
A study by NCRFW in (2010) state that three of the four women interviewed chose the
modern day approach of giving birth in a hospital setting, while the fourth woman opted for a

16
home birth with the guidance of a lay mid-wife and other female family members. One woman
stated that she remained silent throughout her labor and delivery, and also endured the pain
naturally, while the others received the epidural. These women stated that although they chose the
modern day approach, they still carried on some of the Filipino traditions.
A research by Bono, Pastrano, Ladonga, Ramirez, Laureano, Sellote and Navotas in
(2010) states that pain interventions, especially non-invasive interventions, are crucial for
primigravida mothers in enduring labour. The application of visual biofeedback with the use of
mirrors during labour shortens the duration of the second stage of labour reduces its time span.
The reduction in time span during labour means that primigravida mothers will endure less. The
pain they experience during labour may affect their perception of their labour experience.
According to Ysmael, Elizon, Bejoc, Gonzaga and Caneda in (2010) music therapy
during labour for primigravida mothers are also found to be beneficial in hastening the second
stage of labour. The playing fast music during this stage of labour hastened the time duration
compared to those who used normal and paced music. The hastening of the time duration during
the second stage of labour means that woman has less to endure. This could possibly affect the
perception and interpretation by women of their labour experience.

A study conducted by James Abas et.al. in (2007) pregnancy and childbirth are a
happy and joyous time for some women , but for others the experience can be one of
anxiety , fear, and confusion. Due to the fact that our society holds pregnancy and
motherhood in high regard, many women suffer in silence when their experiences is
anything less than sublime, fearing they will be negatively judged. Some women may
feel very anxious. This is postpartum anxiety, and/or panic, and it is characterized by
intense anxiety and/ or fear etc.

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Synthesis

Primigravida refers to a woman pregnant for the first time (Elsevier, 2009). All
the experience that they will encounter is new to them. According to the studies most
primigravida mothers, experienced anxiety and fear. Lack of knowledge regarding labor
process was one of the factors that contributes to the anxiety and fears among
primigravida mothers.
The related studies included in this review lead the researchers to conduct
a research about the Common Fears during childbirth and the various Coping
Mechanisms utilize by Primigravida Mothers. The studies are very useful for the
researchers in conducting the study, gathering of relevant information, and proper
interpreting of data that are to be collected. It will also serves as a guide in gathering
relevant data from the selected respondents specifically from primigravida mothers who
are admitted at Bago City Health Office, Bago Cityduring summer 2014.
METHODOLOGY

Methodology deals with the research design used the subject and respondents of
the study, the instrument used for gathering data, the analytical procedures and the
statistical tools employed.

Research Design

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Quantitative research is the investigation of phenomena that lend themselves to

precise measurement and quantification, often involving a vigorous and controlled design
(Polit & Beck, 2004).
Descriptive research studies are that have as their main objective the accurate
portrayal of the characteristics of persons, situations, or groups, and /or the frequency
with which certain phenomena occur (Polit & Beck, 2004).
In this study purposive method a non-probability sampling will be use. A type of
data collection in which the researchers will choose a respondents for the study in their
own convenience.

Respondents of the Study

The research respondents of this study will be 30 primigravida mothers who are in
labor admitted at Bago City Health Office, Bago Cityduring summer 2014, who will be
chosen purposively with the following criteria:
a) Primigravida
b) Admitted at CLMMRH, Bacolod City
c) Live anywhere in Negros Occidental
d) 16-25 years of age

Research instrument

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The research instrument to be use will be instrument schedule. A formal

instrument, used in structured self-report studies that specify the wording of all questions
to be asked of respondents (Polit & Beck, 2004).

Validity of the instrument

It is the degree to which an instrument measures what is intended to measure
(Polit & Beck, 2004).
The interview schedule instrument will be validated by 3 experts, which are 2
Clinical Instructor and a Statistician with the use of The Good & Scates validation form.

Reliability of the instrument

The researchers will conduct a pilot study a dry run once to 10 respondents, which
will not be included in the actual study using a reliability test Cronback Alpha Reliability
Index.
Data gathering procedure
Letter to CLMMRH
It is a formal letter address to the affiliating Hospital for the researchers to be
given access to the CLMMRH OB Gyne department, it is crucial for the researchers to
properly conduct their study.

20

Respondents consent
It is a waiver with the respondent signature as an approval that she is willing to
participate in the study. It is essential to gain the full cooperation of the interviewee.
Interview schedule
It is a formal questionnaire that will serve as a guide for the researchers during the
interview of the respondents. It will help in ensuring the consistency of the interview.

Statement Treatment
In analyzing the data according to the research design, appropriate tools were
employed depending on the nature of specific questions.
For specific question number 1, on what is the demographic profile of the
primigravida mothers admitted at Bago City Health Office, Bago City year 2014 in terms
of personal variables such as: age, educational achievement, occupation, and civil status,
necessitated the use of frequency and percentage distribution.
For specific question number 2, on what are the common fears related to
childbirth among primigravida mothers admitted at Corazon Locsin Montelibano
Memorial Hospital, Bacolod City year 2014, necessitated the use of mean, frequency, and
percentage. The mean is equal to the sum of all values divided by the number of
respondents which is referred to as the average. The frequency is a symmetric
arrangement of numeric from the lowest to the highest together with a count (or
percentage) of the number of times each value was obtained (Polit & Beck, 2010)

21

For specific question number 3, on what are the coping mechanism employed by
the primigravida mothers admitted at Bago City Health Office, Bago Cityyear 2014,
necessitated the use of mean, frequency, and percentage.

The formula to be used for computing the mean:

xx = x/n
xx - mean
Summation
x sum of all weighted mean
n number of respondents

The formula to be used for computing the frequency:

rf = f/n
rf relative frequency
f frequency
n number of respondents

The formula to be used for computing the percentage:

22

Percent = rf x 100

REFERENCES

A First-Time Mother's Labor and Delivery. (n.d.). Retrieved from

http://www.firstbabymall.com/expecting/childbirth/labor2.htm
Retrieved from http://www.scribd.com/doc/78119650/a-study-to-assess-theknowledge-regarding-newborn-care
A Peaceful Birth? Considering Natural Childbirth. (n.d.). Retrieved from
http://www.firstbabymall.com/expecting/childbirth/peaceful_birth.htm

23

Retrieved from http://www.scribd.com/doc/78119650/a-study-to-assess-theknowledge-regarding-newborn-care

Do All Moms Shed New Mommy Tears? - Labor and Childbirth | SmartParenting.com.ph.
(n.d.). Retrieved from http://www.smartparenting.com.ph/pregnancy/labor-andchildbirth/do-all-moms-shed-new-mommy-tears/page/2
Retrieved from http://www.scribd.com/doc/78119650/a-study-to-assess-the-knowledgeregarding-newborn-care
Does Induced Labor Put First-Time Moms and their Babies at Risk? - Labor and
Childbirth | SmartParenting.com.ph. (n.d.). Retrieved from
http://www.smartparenting.com.ph/pregnancy/labor-and-childbirth/does-inducedlabor-put-first-time-moms-and-their-babies-at-risk/page/2
Indonesian-Style Health: Facing anxiety primigravida Labor Process / Delivery. (n.d.).
Retrieved from http://indonesian-style-health.blogspot.com/2012/02/facinganxiety-primigravida-labor.html
Retrieved from http://wwwisis.unam.na/theses/dawid2003.pdf
Knowledge and expectations of childbirth in prim... [Curationis. 1992] - PubMed NCBI. (n.d.). Retrieved from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1301309
Retrieved from http://aboutphilippines.ph/filer/Filipino_BeliefsPregnancy_and_Childbirth.pdf
Retrieved from http://aboutphilippines.ph/filer/Filipino_BeliefsPregnancy_and_Childbirth.pdf
Retrieved from http://wwwisis.unam.na/theses/dawid2003.pdf

24

Retrieved from http://aboutphilippines.ph/filer/Filipino_BeliefsPregnancy_and_Childbirth.pdf

Labor and Delivery: Pushing. (n.d.). Retrieved from
http://www.firstbabymall.com/expecting/childbirth/labor.htm
Retrieved from http://www.scribd.com/doc/78119650/a-study-to-assess-theknowledge-regarding-newborn-care
Pregnancy Fears - Expectant Mother's Guide. (n.d.). Retrieved from
http://www.expectantmothersguide.com/articles/pregnancy-fears/
Pushing for First-Time Moms - by Gloria Lemay. (n.d.). Retrieved from
http://www.midwiferytoday.com/articles/pushing.asp
TNAI JOURNAL. (n.d.). Retrieved from http://www.tnaionline.org/june-10/9.htm
Traditional Health Beliefs: Filipino: Pregnancy &childbirth. (n.d.). Retrieved from
http://www.hawcc.hawaii.edu/nursing/RNFilipino_04.html

APPENDICES
A. Letters

University of St. La Salle

Bacolod City
College of Nursing
January 29, 2014
Jocelyn Mae Flor Cadena RN, MN, PhD
Dean of the College of Nursing
University of St. La Salle

25
Dear Dr. Cadena:
Greetings!
In line with the requirements in Nursing 3 Introduction to Nursing Research under Dr. Merle
Salvani, we the Group 2, BSN-3B students will be conducting a research study entitled Common
Fears related to Childbirth and Coping Mechanisms among Primigravida Mothers. The group
will conduct this study to Corazon Locsin Montelibano Memorial Regional Hospital. We hereby
assure you that the data that we will be gathering will be kept confidential and for research
purpose only.
Thank you for your great support.
In St. La Salle,
Christy Jane Rasimo
Group Leader
Approved By:
Mrs. Merle Salvani RN, MN,PhD
Nursing Research Instructor
Noted By:
Mrs. Ida Amor Cuenca RN, MN
Level 3 Chairperson
University of St. La Salle
Bacolod City
College of Nursing

January 29, 2014

Head of Hospital
Corazon Locsin Montelibano Memorial Regional Hospital
Dear Dr. Julius Drillon:
Greetings!

26
In line with the requirements in Nursing 3 Introduction to Nursing Research, we the Group 2,
BSN-3B students would like to ask for your approval to allow our group to conduct our research
entitled Common Fears related to Childbirth and Coping Mechanisms among Primigravida
Mothers. The group is to distribute questionnaires to our selected respondents that are
primigravida patients admitted at the maternity ward. We will be choosing 30 primigravida
patients aging from 16-25 years old. The sampling design is a non-probability and is purposive,
therefore we are asking for your help to allow our group to conduct our study in your institution.
This will be of great help for us in accomplishing our tasks in doing our research study.
Thank you so much.
In St. La Salle,
Christy Jane Rasimo
Group Leader
Approved By:
Mrs. Merle Salvani RN, MN,PhD
Nursing Research Instructor
Noted By:
Mrs. Ida Amor Cuenca RN, MN
Level 3 Chairperson

University of St. La Salle

Bacolod City
College of Nursing

January 29, 2014

Chief Nurse
Corazon Locsin Montelibano Memorial Regional Hospital
Dear Mrs.:
Greetings!

27
In line with the requirements in Nursing 3 Introduction to Nursing Research, we the Group 2,
BSN-3B students would like to ask for your approval to allow our group to conduct our research
entitled Common Fears related to Childbirth and Coping Mechanisms among Primigravida
Mothers. The group is to distribute questionnaires to our selected respondents that are
primigravida patients admitted at the maternity ward. We will be choosing 30 primigravida
patients aging from 16-25 years old. The sampling design is a non-probability and is purposive,
therefore we are asking for your help to allow our group to conduct our study in your institution.
This will be of great help for us in accomplishing our tasks in doing our research study.
Thank you so much.
In St. La Salle,
Christy Jane Rasimo
Group Leader
Approved By:
Mrs. Merle Salvani RN, MN,PhD
Nursing Research Instructor
Noted By:
Mrs. Ida Amor Cuenca RN, MN
Level 3 Chairperson

B. Interview Schedule

University of St. La Salle

College of Nursing
Research Instrument

Common Fears Related to Childbirth and Coping Mechanism among Primigravida

Mothers

Instruction: Put a mark on the blank provided. Choose the ones that apply to you.

28

I. Demographic Profile of Respondent

Name:
Age:
Civil Status:
Occupation:
Income per Month:

II. Common Fears of Primigravida Mothers

A. What are your common fears related to your childbirth?
1) Pregnancy
__ Misscariage
__ Morning sickness
__ Not eating or drinking the right thing
__ Stress
__ Birth defects
__ Premature labor
__ Complications
__ Not knowing how to care of the baby

2) Labor
__ Episiotomy
__ Loss of sexual enjoyment
__ Stillbirth
__ Accidental body function
__ Forceps delivery
__ Meconium complications
__ Cord around babys neck
__ Premature birth
__ Pain
__ Not knowing what to do if something goes wrong
__ Not making it to the hospital
3) Delivery
__ Not making it to the hospital

29

__ Not being able to handle the pain

__ Having a ceasarean
__ Dying
__ Pooping on the floor
__ The epidural
__ Episiotomy
__ Complications
__ Pain
__ Health of the baby
III. Coping Mechanisms
A. What are your coping mechanisms related to your fear?
1) Physical
__ Walking
__ Breathing excercises
__ Grooming

2) Emotional
__ Crying
__ Shouting
__ Displacement
3) Psychological
__ Visualization of positive outcomes
__ Diversion of attention
__ Health conscious
4) Social
__ Expressing fears to others
__ Recreational activities

30

__ Seeking medical advices

5) Spiritual
__ Praying
__ Reading the Bible
__ Attending mass

THANK YOU!

_____________________
Signature of Respondent

C. Validation Tool

Evaluation Form by Good and Scates

To prove researchers validation of questionnaire, indicate your agreement in each

criterion for evaluation by using the following scale:
4 - Very Good
3 - Good
2 - Fair

31

1 - Poor
NA - Not applicable
Encircle only one option for each item
Criterion for evaluation
1. The questionnaire is short enough such that the

NA

it.
2. The questionnaire has a face appeal such that the

NA

respondents will be inclined to accomplish it fully.

3. The questionnaire can obtain some depth to responses

NA

and avoid superficial answer or information.

4. The items and their alternative responses are too

NA

suggestive or too stimulating.

5. The questionnaire can elicit responses which are

NA

definite but are mechanically forced.

6. The items are stated in such that responses will not be

NA

embarrassing the person concerned.

7. Item are framed in such manner as to allay suspicion

NA

purposes in the questionnaire.

8. The questionnaire is not too narrow, not too restrictive

NA

in its scope or philosophy.

9. The responses to the questionnaire when takes as a

NA

respondents will not have a hard time accomplishing

on the part of the respondent concerning hidden

whole could answer the basic purposes for which the

questionnaire is designed and therefore are considered
valid.

32

D. Reliability Tool

Chronbachs Alpha

Cronbach's alpha is the most common measure of internal consistency

("reliability"). It is most commonly used when you have multiple Likert questions in a
survey/questionnaire that form a scale and you wish to determine if the scale is reliable.

The formula to be used for computing Chronbachs alpha:

Reliability = N / ( N - 1) x (Total Variance - Sum of Variance for Each Question )

/ Total Variance

Where:
N the number of questions

33

34

E. Schedule of Activities

NOVEMBER
2013
Sunday

Monday

Tuesday

Wednesday

Thursday

Friday

Saturday

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

21

22

23

Making of
Chapter 1
28

Finalizing
Chapter 1
29

30

17

18

19

Making of
Chapter 1
20

24

Making of
Chapter 1
25

Making of
Chapter 1
26

Making of
Chapter 1
27
Chapter 1
presentation;
Making of
Chapter 2

35

DECEMBER
2013
Sunday

Monday

Tuesday

Wednesday

Thursday

Friday

Saturday

Revision of
Chapter 1
10

Making of
Chapter 2
11

Making of
Chapter 2
12

Finalizing
Chapter 1& 2
13

14

Chapter 2
presentation;

Making of
Chapter 3

Making of
Chapter 3

Making of
Chapter 3

17

Making of
Chapter 3
18

19

20

21

Submission of
Chapters 1,2 & 3
25

26

27

28

Wednesday

Thursday

Friday

Saturday

15

16

Finalizing
Chapters 1,2& 3
22

23

24

29

30

31

JANUARY
2014
Sunday

Monday

Tuesday

36

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

21

22

Submission of
Chapters 1,2 & 3
23

24

25

28

Revision of
Chapters 1,2& 3
29

30

Revision of
Chapters 1,2& 3
31

Revision of
Chapters 1,2& 3

Finalizing
research study;

Submission of
research study

19

26

20

27

Revision of
Chapters 1,2& 3

Printing of hard
copy

FEBRUARY
2014
Sunday

Monday

Tuesday

Wednesday

Thursday

Friday

Saturday

37

1
2

10

11

Mock defense
12

13

14

15

Revision of
research study

Revision of
research study

Revision of
research study

Revision of
research study

Finalizing
research study

16

17

18

19

20

21

23

24

25

26

27

28

Monday

Tuesday

Wednesday

Thursday

Friday

22

APRIL 2014
Sunday

Saturday

38

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

Gathering of
data
21

Gathering of
data
22

Gathering of
data
23

Gathering of
data
24

Gathering of
data
25

26

Gathering of
data
29

Gathering of
data
30

Gathering of
data

Gathering of
data

27

Gathering of
data
28

Monday

Tuesday

Wednesday

Thursday

Friday

MAY 2014
Sunday

Saturday

39

10

Tallying of data

Tallying of data

11

12

13

Interpretation of
data
14

Interpretation of
data
15

Revision of
research study
16

17

Finalizing
research study
20

Printing of hard
copy
21

Book binding

18

Finalizing
research study
19

22

Submission of
hard copy
23

24

25

26

27

28

29

30

31

40

F. Budget Estimate

Month

Cost

November
Printing of research study
Internet usage

P _____
P _____

December
Printing of research study
Internet usage

P _____
P _____

January
Printing of research study
Materials used for the research study
Internet usage

P _____
P _____
P _____

February
Printing of research study
Photocopy of research study
Internet usage

P _____
P _____
P _____

April
Printing of interview schedule

P _____

41

Photocopy of interview schedule

P _____

May

Statistician
Book binding
Printing the hard copy
Internet usage

Total Cost

P _____
P _____
P _____
P _____

P _____

University of St. La Salle

Bacolod City
College of Nursing

42

January 29, 2014

Head Nurse
Bago City Health Office
Dear Ms. Nona Obando:
Greetings!
In line with the requirements in Nursing 3 Introduction to Nursing Research, we the Group 2,
BSN-3B students would like to ask for your approval to allow our group to conduct our research
entitled Common Fears related to Childbirth and Coping Mechanisms among Primigravida
Mothers. The group is to distribute questionnaires to our selected respondents that are
primigravida patients admitted at the labor room. We will be choosing 30 primigravida patients
aging from 16-25 years old. The sampling design is a non-probability and is purposive, therefore
we are asking for your help to allow our group to conduct our study in your institution.
This will be of great help for us in accomplishing our tasks in doing our research study.
Thank you so much.
In St. La Salle,
Christy Jane Rasimo
Group Leader
Approved By:
Mrs. Merle Salvani RN, MN,PhD
Nursing Research Instructor
Noted By:
Mrs. Ida Amor Cuenca RN, MN
Level 3 Chairperson