International Journal of Electrical and

Electronics Engineering Research (IJEEER)

ISSN(P): 2250-155X; ISSN(E): 2278-943X
Vol. 6, Issue 5, Oct 2016, 33-46
TJPRC Pvt. Ltd

PERFORMANCE OF TRANSMISSION SYSTEM USING FIRING

ANGLE MODEL OF SVC BY CONVENTIONAL METHOD
A. HEMA SEKHAR1 & A. LAKSHMI DEVI2
1
2

Research Scholar, Department of EEE, S.V.University College of Engineering, Tirupati, Andhra Pradesh, India

Professor & HOD, Department of EEE, S.V.University College of Engineering, Tirupati, Andhra Pradesh, India

ABSTRACT
In modern power system network , due to continuously increased load demand the transmission losses
reduction and the voltage profiles improvement are the major tasks and moreover the power system networks are imposed
to more stressed. These factors are very much important in analyzing the power system network. With the rapid
improvement of power electronic technology has made FACTS for the solution of future power system. Among these
Flexible AC Transmission Ssystem devices, Shunt device i.e SVC is one of the most effective device for increasing the
transfer capability of the transmission system, voltage profile improvement and transmission losses reduction power
system. However, to achieve the above mentioned advantages, the SVC should be properly located in the network with
suitable parameters. In this present paper Voltage collapse Prediction Index (VCPI) is described for the purpose of
determine the size of the SVC device The proposed work is applied to two test cases which are IEEE 30 and IEEE 118
bus systems
KEYWORDS: Flexible AC Transmission System (FACTS), Voltage collapse Prediction Index (VCPI), Static VAR
Compensator (SVC) and Newton Raphson Method

Original Article

finding suitable placement of SVC in the network and for reducing the losses,, suitable firing angles are calculated for

Received: Sep 08, 2016; Accepted: Sep 30, 2016; Published: Oct 13, 2016; Paper Id.: IJEEEROCT20165

INTRODUCTION
The power demand is substantially increased by day by day. The increase in generation is not only the
solution for reaching the demand but the reduction of losses which are majorly in transmission system also add on
to serve the increase in the demand. The FACTS devices are play the same role to reduce the losses. The reduction
of reactive power losses are improving the voltage profile and increase the stability of the power system. The shunt
compensation play the similar role which is mentioned above. In this paper a firing angle control of the shunt
compensating FACTS device which is called SVC is proposed for reducing the reactive power losses and increases
the stability of the power system.

LITERATURE SURVEY
In the literature [14] several authors presens different concepts about the optimum location of the Static
VAR Compensators.
Hadi Saadat Presented the simple two bus system for the calculating the Real and Reactive Power flow
equations in polar form [1]. Hingorani N.G et.al presented the advancement of power electronics introduces the
uasage of flexible ac transmission system (FACTS) controllers in power systems. [2. Ref[3]-[4] papers proposes
Existing model and the novel Firing angle model for Static VAR Compensator (SVC) FACTS devices. Kumar, G.R
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A. Hema Sekhar & A. Lakshmi Devi

et.al presented about the FACTS controllers in multimachine power systems from different operating conditions view
point. [5] .B. Venkateswara rao et.al explains the Implementation of Static VAR Compensator for Improvement of Power
System Stability[6] Sahoo et.al (2007) proposed the basic modeling of the FACTS devices for improving the system
performance[7]. Gotham.D.J and G.T Heydt (1998) detailed about the optimal location of FACTS devices allows
controlling its power flows and thus enhances the reliability of the power systems [8].Povh.D(2000) proposed the nice
concepts of the modeling of the power systems and the impact of the FACTS devices on the transmission network [9]. Ref
[10] paper presented on prediction and it is is based on voltage collapse prediction index [VCPI] have been used to identify
the bus which is more prone to voltage instability. Ref [11] presented the Modelling of the FACTS devices with various
techniques with complete computer programming and the operating state determine the maximum power carrying
capability of the network elements . Radman.G and R.S Raje presents about the Power Flow Model for Power Systems by
using Multiple FACTS Controllers [12]. Ref [13] explains the important concepts of the power systems with different load
flow. A.Hema sekhar explains the concepts of load flow and advanced SVC models [14].
LOAD FLOW ANALYSIS
Generally power system problems can be easily solved iteratively by several load flow methods in which Newton
Raphson algorithm method is very popular in use. These Newton Raphson equations are the solutions for the non linear
alzebraic equations and it converts into linear alzebraic equations. For a particular load demand, The load flow analysis
gives steady state solutions of voltages at all the busses. For different operating points, different steady steady state
solutions can be obtained. The generators produce power that can be travel in the transmission line and the power
consumed by the loads then power losses are occured and these losses are travel from sending end to receiving end and so
on are solved iteratively by power flow analysis.
The foloowing Figure 1 shows the a simple two bus system of buses k and m. From the Figure it can easily solved
the power equations [14] in polar form.

Figure 1: A Simple Two Bus Power System

The current entering bus k is given by
n

Ik = Vk

ykm -

m 1

ykmVm m = k

(1)

m 1

This equation can be written in terms of the bus admittance matrix as

Impact Factor (JCC): 6.1843

NAAS Rating: 2.40

Performance of Transmission System using Firing Angle Model of SVC by Conventional Method

35

Ik =

Ykm Vm

(2)

m1

In the above equation, m includes bus k. expressing this equation in polar form, we have
n

Ik =

|Ykm| |Vm|km+ m

(3)

m1

The complex power at bus k

Pk-j Qk = Vk* Ik

(4)

Substituting from 2.3 for Ik in 2.4

n

Pk-j Qk =|Vk|

|Ykm| |Vm|km+ m

(5)

m 1

Separating real and imaginary parts

P =

|V | |V ||Y

|Cos(

+ ) = P (|V|, )

(6)

Q =

|V | |V ||Y

|Sin(

+ ) = Q (|V|, )

(7)

The power mismatch equations P and Q are expanded around a base point ((0),V(0)) and, hence, the power
flow equations are expressed by the following relationship.

P
P
Q Q

P
V
V V
Q
V V
V

(8)

Where

P is the change in real power at the bus.

Q is the change in reactive power at the bus.

V is the change of voltage at the bus
is the change of angle at the bus
SHUNT COMPENSATION
Au In shunt compensation, power system is connected in shunt (parallel) with the FACTS. It works as a
controllable current source. Shunt compensation is of two types:
Shunt Capacitive Compensation
By using shunt capacitive compensation the power factor can be improved. Most of the loads are inductive in
nature and due to this voltage are lagging behind the currents. so that poor power factor occurs.To eliminate this problem a
shunt capacitor is connected to transmission line which draws currents leading the sending end voltage.then the power
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A. Hema Sekhar & A. Lakshmi Devi

factor can be automatically improved.

Shunt Inductive Compensation
Normally, the shunt inductive compensation is used when the receiving end voltage is very minimum or when the
trasmission line at charging condition. Because of these problem slow currents are pssed through the transmission line and
due to this receiving end voltage is higher than the sending end voltage . this is called Ferranti effect. To reduce these
problems a shunt inductor is connected across the line.
The Examples of shunt compensation are Thyristor controlled reactor (TCR), Static Synchronous Compensator
(STATCOM), Thyristor Switched reactor (TSR), Thyristor Switched Capacitor (TSC) and etc.
STATIC VAR COMPENSATOR(SVC)
The devices which can receive or produce the outputs for the purpose of controlling the specific parameters in the
Transmission system are called as Static VAR Compensators (SVCs) [3]. These devices are shunt connected devices. Here
the word static means that there are no rotating devices unlike synchronous compensators. Thus an SVC consists of static
VAR generator or absorber devices and a suitable control device. A typical SVC consists of Thyristor-Switched Reactors
(TSRs) and Thyristor-Switched Capacitors (TSCs) or a fixed Capacitor in parallel. By operating the devices TCRs and
TSCs in step wise then the SVC output can be controlled.. The need for harmonic filtering as part of the compensator
scheme could be eliminated by stepwise switching of reactors rather than continuous control.. The figure shows the basic
construction model of SVC device.

Figure 2: The Basic Construction Model of SVC Device

FIRING ANGLE MODEL OF STATIC VAR COMPENSATOR (SVC)
The SVC consists of a group of shunt-connected capacitors and reactors banks with fast control action by means
of thyristor switching. The firing angle model for SVC is shown in figure 3.

Figure 3: The Firing Angle Model of SVC

Impact Factor (JCC): 6.1843

NAAS Rating: 2.40

Performance of Transmission System using Firing Angle Model of SVC by Conventional Method

37

In this advanced model, according to the control algorithm , The firing angles ( 0 to 180 degress) of the thyristors
are controlled the active power flow for the line where the SVC is installed and also to adjust the SVC reactance, then the
net reactance in the transmission line is reduced. As a result the power transfer capability can be increased. Here, in this
case firing angles and SVC reactance are nonlinearly related.
The formula for XLeq,, at fundamental frequency, is given by [14]
=

(9)

Where is the firing angle of Thyristors

The SVC effective reactance Xeq is determined by the parallel combination of XC and XLeq,
=

.
.( (

(10)

))

In general, the transfer admittance equation for the variable shunt compensator is,

I svc (i) jBsvcV (i)

(11)

Where
The SVC equivalent susceptance is given by (4) whilst its profile, as function of firing angle,

Bsvc Bc BTCR

X
1
( X L c [ 2( ) sin 2 ])
XcXL

(12)

Voltage Collapse Prediction Index(VCPI)

The Voltage Collapse Prediction Index (VCPI) was proposed by Balamourougan et al [10] and this is calculated
from network admittance matrix and measured voltage phasor of participating buses in the system. The basic load flow
equation is necessary for obtaining this technique and which can be applied for any no of buses in the system. Newton
Raphson method is best for the solution of these load flow equations ,which create a partial matrix.
By adjusting the determinant of the network admittance matrix to zero, the index at bus j is written as follows
N

V
VCPI

q 1 ,
q p

'
q

Vp

(16)

Where,

(17)
,

Vp is the voltage phasor at bus p

Vq is the voltage phasor at bus q

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A. Hema Sekhar & A. Lakshmi Devi

Ypq is the admittance between bus p and q

Ypj is the admittance between bus p and j
p is the monitoring bus
q is the other bus connected to bus p
N is the bus set of the system
The value of Voltage Collapse Prediction Index (VCPI) varies between 0 and 1. If the VCP Index is zero, the
voltage at bus p is taken as stable and if the VCP Index is 1, a voltage collapse occurs.
SIMULATION RESULTS
The proposed system is applied is two different test cases which are IEEE 30 and IEEE 118 bus systems by using
MATLAB software.
Test Case 1: IEEE 30 Bus System
The single line diagram of IEEE 30 bus system is shown in the Figure 4 and the voltage profile for IEEE 30 bus
system without SVC is shown in Figure 5.

Figure 4: Single line Diagram of IEEE 30 Bus System

Voltage profile without SVC device
1.005
1

voltage magnitude in p.u

0.995
0.99
0.985
0.98
0.975
0.97
0.965
0.96
0

10

15
busnumbers

20

25

30

Figure 5 : Voltage Profile of IEEE 30 Bus System without SVC

Single SVC Placement
The single SVC is placed at optimum location on the highest value of VCPI and this is performed on IEEE 30 bus
Impact Factor (JCC): 6.1843

NAAS Rating: 2.40

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39

system. In this 30 bus system 27th bus having highest value of VCPI so the single SVC is placed on this 27th bus. The real
and reactive power losses are reduced to 1.952 MW and 7.76 MVar. The voltage profile, total real and reactive power
losses without with the placing of single SVC are shown in the figure 6, 7 and 8 respectively.
voltage profile with and without SVC
1.03
without SVC
with SVC

voltage magnitude in P.U

1.02

1.01

0.99

0.98

0.97

0.96

10

15
busnumbers

20

25

30

Figure 6: Voltage Profile of IEEE 30 Bus with and without SVC

TOTAL REAL POWER LOSSES WITH AND WITHOUT SVC

real power losses(Mw) with and without svc

2.5

1.5

0.5

1
without SVC

2
with SVC

Figure 7: Total Real Power Losses of IEEE 30 Bus with and without Single SVC
TOTAL REACTIVE POWER LOSSES WITH AND WITHOUT SVC

reactive power losses(MVar) with and without svc

9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0

1
without SVC

2
with SVC

Figure 8: Reactive Power Losses of IEEE 30 Bus with and without Single SVC
Placement of Two SVCs
By placing two TCScs on IEEE 30 bus system i.e one SVC is at 27th bus and second SVC at 18th bus then the
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A. Hema Sekhar & A. Lakshmi Devi

power system losses and voltage profiles are 1.706 MW and 5.12 Mvar which are shown in the table 1. The voltage profile,
total real and reactive power losses without and with placing two SVCs are shown in the figure 9,10 and 11 respectively.
voltage profile with and without SVC
1.03
without SVC
with SVC

1.02

voltage magnitude in P.U

1.01

0.99

0.98

0.97

0.96

10

15
busnumbers

20

25

30

Figure 9: Voltage Profile of IEEE 30 Bus with and without two SVCs
TOTAL REAL POWER LOSSES WITH AND WITHOUT SVC

real power losses(Mw) with and without svc

2.5

1.5

0.5

1
without SVC

2
with SVC

Figure 10: Total Real Power Losses with and without two SVCs
TOTAL REACTIVE POWER LOSSES WITH AND WITHOUT SVC

reactive power losses(MVar) with and without svc

9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0

1
without SVC

2
with SVC

Figure 11: Total Reactive Power Losses with and without Two SVCs

Impact Factor (JCC): 6.1843

NAAS Rating: 2.40

Performance of Transmission System using Firing Angle Model of SVC by Conventional Method

41

Table 1: Comparative System Parameters of IEEE 30 bus with and without SVC
Parameters
Minimum Voltage(p.u)
Maximum Voltage(p.u)
Real power losses(Mw)
Reactive power losses(Mvar)

Without SVC
0.966 at bus8
1.00 at bus1
2.44
8.99

with Single SVC

0.956 at bus 8
1.005 at bus 1
1.952
7.76

Location of SVC

----------

27th bus

SVC 1firing angle(deg)

SVC2 firing angle(deg)
Size of SVC1(Kvar)
Size of SVC2(Kvar)

--------------------------------------

142.3
------2.82
-------

with Two SVCs

0.964 at bus 8
1.003 at bus 1
1.706
5.12
27th bus
18th bus
144.3
104.8
1.94
1.35

From the above table, it is shown that without SVC the Real and Reactive power losses are 2.44 MW and 8.99
MVar.In case placing single SVC the losses are Reduced i.e Real and Reactive power losses are 1.952 MW and 7.76 MVar
and for two SVCs 1.706 MW & 5.12 MVar.
Test case 1: IEEE 118 bus system
The single line diagram of the IEEE 118 bus system is shown in the figure 12.

Figure 12: Single Line Diagram of the IEEE 118 Bus System
8.2.1 Single SVC Placement
The placement of single SVC by using VCPI is implemented on IEEE 118 bus system. By placing single SVC at
th

113 bus location of the transmission network, the real and reactive power losses are reduced.. The real and reactive power
losses are reduced to 130.631 MW and 778.21 MVar from 132.83 MW and 783.79 MVar. The voltage profile, total real
and reactive power losses without placing of SVC and with the placing of single SVC are shown in the figure 13,14 and 15
respectively.

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A. Hema Sekhar & A. Lakshmi Devi

voltage profile with and without SVC
1.08
without SVC
with SVC

voltage magnitude in P.U

1.06

1.04

1.02

0.98

0.96

0.94

20

40

60
busnumbers

80

100

120

Figure 13: Voltage Profile of IEEE 118 Bus with and without Single SVC
TOTAL REAL POWER LOSSES WITH AND WITHOUT SVC

real power losses(Mw) with and without svc

140

120

100

80

60

40

20

1
without SVC

2
with SVC

Figure 14: Total Real Power Losses of IEEE 118 Bus with and without Single SVC
TOTAL REACTIVE POWER LOSSES WITH AND WITHOUT SVC

reactive power losses(MVar) with and without svc

800
700
600
500
400
300
200
100
0

1
without SVC

2
with SVC

Figure 15: Total Reactive Power Losses of IEEE 118 Bus with and without Single SVC
Placement of Two SVCs
With the inclusion of two SVCs in the bus system i.e one SVC is locate at 113th bus and second SVC is locate at
93rd bus then the power flows are further improved and losses further are reduced which is shown in the table 2.
The voltage profile, total real and reactive power losses without placing of SVC and with the placing of two SVCs are
shown in figures 16,17 and 18 respectively.

Impact Factor (JCC): 6.1843

NAAS Rating: 2.40

Performance of Transmission System using Firing Angle Model of SVC by Conventional Method

43

voltage profile with and without SVC

1.08
without SVC
with SVC

1.06

voltage magnitude in P.U

1.04

1.02

0.98

0.96

0.94

20

40

60
busnumbers

80

100

120

Figure 16: Voltage Profile of IEEE 118 Bus with and without Two SVCs
TOTAL REAL POWER LOSSES WITH AND WITHOUT SVC

real power losses(Mw) with and without svc

140

120

100

80

60

40

20

1
without SVC

2
with SVC

Figure 17: Total Real Power Losses of IEEE 118 Bus with and without Two SVCs
TOTAL REACTIVE POWER LOSSES W ITH AND WITHOUT SVC

reactive power losses(MVar) with and without svc

800
700
600
500
400
300
200
100
0

1
without SVC

2
with SVC

Figure 18: Total Reactive Power Losses of IEEE 118 Bus with and without Two SVCs
Table 2: Comparative System Parameters of IEEE 118 Bus with and without Single & Two SVCs
Parameters
Minimum Voltage(p.u)
Maximum Voltage(p.u)
Real power losses(MW)
Reactive power losses(MVar)

without SVC
0.943 at bus 76
1.05 at bus10
132.83
783.79

with SINGLE SVC

0.957 at bus 55
1.055 at bus 66
130.631
778.21

Location of SVC

----------

113th bus

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with TWO SVCS

0.955at bus 55
1.053 at bus 66
129.515
768.91
113th bus,
93rd bus
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A. Hema Sekhar & A. Lakshmi Devi

SVC 1firing angle(deg)

SVC2 firing angle(deg)
Size of SVC1(kVar)
Size of SVC2(KVar)

Table 2: Contd.,
--------------------------------------

148.3
------4.82
-------

134.3
154.3
2.94
2.18

From the above table, it is shown that without SVC the Real and Reactive power losses are 132.83 MW and
783.79 MVar.In case placing single SVC the losses are Reduced i.e Real and Reactive power losses are 130.631 MW and
778.21 MVar and for two SVCs 129.515 MW & 768.91 MVar.

CONCLUSIONS
In this paper, IEEE 30 and 118 bus systems are used to analyzed the performance of the transmission line with
and without placing single and double Advanced model of Static VAR Compensator (SVC) devices.As compared to
without placing SVC and single SVC , The losses are greatly reduced and voltages are highly improved with placing of
two SVCs which are shown in tables 1 & 2 respectively..thse results are obtained with the help of Newton Raphson
method of load flow. As compared to Reactance method and power injection methods ,The Advanced model of SVC with
N.R method is much easier and it is best for calculating the performance of the transmission line.
REFERENCES
1.

Power System Analysis - Hadi Saadat , Tata MC Graw Hill, Edition 2002.

2.

Hingorani, N.G. and L. Gyugyi. 2000. Understanding FACTS: Concepts and Technology of Flexible AC Transmission
Systems. WileyIEEE Press: New York, NY. ISBN: 0-7803-3464-7.

3.

Amit Debnath, Joseph Rualkima Rante, Champa Nandi, Stability Enhancement with SVC, International Journal of
Computer Applications (0975 8887) Volume 72 No.5, May 2013.

4.

H. Amhriz-PBrez, E. Acha, and C. R. Fuerte-Esquivel, Advanced SVC Models for Newton-Raphson Load Flow and Newton
Optimal Power Flow Studies, IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON POWER SYSTEMS. VOL. 15. NO. 1, FEBRUARY 2000 PP.129136

5.

Kumar, G.R.; Rao, R.K.; Ram, S.S.T., Power Flow Control and Transmission Loss Minimization model with TCSC and SVC
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B. Venkateswara Rao, G.V. Nagesh Kumar, M. Ramya Priya and P.V.S. Sobhan, "Implementation of Static VAR Compensator
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Sahoo, A.K., S.S. Dash, and T. Thyagarajan. 2007. Modeling of STATCOM and UPFC for Power System Steady State
Operation and Control. IET-UK International Conference on Information and Communication Technology in Electrical
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Gotham, D.J. and G.T. Heydt. 1998. Power Flow Control and Power Flow Studies for Systems with FACTS Devices. IEEE
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Povh, D. 2000. Modeling of FACTS in Power System Studies. Proc. IEEE Power Eng. Soc. Winter Meeting. 2:14351439.

10. V. Balamourougan, T. S. Sidhu, M. S. Sachdev, Technique for online prediction of voltage collapse, IEE Proc. on
Generation, Transmission and Distribution, Vol. 151, No. 4, pp. 453-460, Jul. 2004.
Impact Factor (JCC): 6.1843

NAAS Rating: 2.40

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11. Acha, E., C.R. Fuerte-Esquivel, H. Ambriz-Perez, and C. Angeles-Camacho. 2004. FACTS: Modelling and Simulation in
Power Networks. John Wiley and Sons: West Sussex, UK.
12. Radman, G. and R.S. Raje. 2007. Power Flow Model/Calculation for Power Systems with Multiple FACTS Controllers.
Electric Power Systems Research. 77:15211531.
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using Newton Raphson Load Flow, International Journal of Electrical Engineering & Technology (IJEET) Volume 7, Issue
5, SeptemberOctober, 2016, pp.4461

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