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Volume. Apart from the slight increase in loudness to indicate stress, volume is generally
used to show emotions such as fear or anger. In writing, it can be shown by the use of an
exclamation mark, or typographically with capitals or italics (or both).
Tempo. Tempo, or speed, is to some extent a matter of idiolect. Whilst its use is not wholly
systematic, it can indicate the difference between, for example, impatience and
reflectiveness. It can be shown in writing only through unspoken words, e.g. Certainly
not,
he
snapped.
CD Selwyn-Jones