Академический Документы
Профессиональный Документы
Культура Документы
1/2, 1988
Possible Generalization of
Boltzmann-Gibbs Statistics
C o n s t a n t i n o Tsallis 1
Received November 12, 1987, revision received March 8, 1988
With the use of a quantity normally scaled in multifractals, a generalized form
is postulated for entropy, namely Sq==-k[1-Zwt pq]/(q-1), where q e ~
characterizes the generalization and {Pi} are the probabilities associated with W
(microscopic) configurations (WE N). The main properties associated with this
entropy are established, particularly those corresponding to the microcanonical
and canonical ensembles. The Boltzmann-Gibbs statistics is recovered as the
q ---, 1 limit.
KEY W O R D S :
ensembles.
Generalized
statistics;
entropy;
multifractals;
statistical
Sq~k 1 - E w ' p]
q-1
(qE~)
(t)
1 Centro Brasileiro de Pesquisas Fisicas-CBPF/CNPq, Rua Xavier Sigaud 150, 22290 Rio de
Janeiro, R J, Brazil.
479
480
Tsallis
Sq=k lira 1 - Z w l
&exp[(qq-1
q~l
1)ln & ]
= - k p~lnp~
(1')
i=1
w
~. p i ( l _ p q
q-li=l
1)
(2)
Sq=k
H/q-q- 1
1 -q
(3)
Sq
k
15
'~
0.5
0.5
0.5
p"
Fig. 1. Plot of Sq({Pi} ) for W=2 and typical values of q (numbers on curves). Notice the
monotonic influence of q, a fact that reappears in a variety of properties.
481
k In W
(Y)
e (1
q) S l / k - - 1
(4)
1-q
Concavity.
Let us extend here a property already mentioned,
namely that q > 0 (q < 0) implies that the extremum of S u is a maximum
(minimum). Let {Pi} and {p~} be two sets of probabilities corresponding
to a unique set of W possibilities, and 2 such that 0 < 2 < 1. Define an intermediate probability law as follows:
pT==_2pi+(1-2)p;
(Vi)
(5)
Sq
m
2_
0.5
0
i
Fig. 2.
Value of the entropy at its extremum for typical values of q (numbers on curves). The
dashed line indicates the W--, oo asymptote of S2/k.
482
Tsallis
and also
(6)
Aq :
E
i,j
(pJ)~
(pT) ~
1
(additivity)
(7)
with
Sq = k ln[1 + (1 - q)Sq/k]
1-q
(8)
rq({pJ~e})
--A ~ B ({p~
A w B })-s~
--A
sq
pj~e
\kj=l
Sq
PA~e
u
-- -e
483
ditions Z ~ I Pi
Ensemble.
=
1 and
w
(9)
2 Pi~i : Uq
i=l
where {e~} and Uq are known real numbers (the same value ei might be
associated with more than one possible configuration); they will be referred
to as generalized spectrum and generalized internal energy. I introduce the
and fl Lagrange parameters and define the quantity
Sq
(10)
i=1
which is written this way for future convenience. Imposing O~q/~Pi = O, Vi,
one obtains picc [ 1 - f l ( q - 1 ) e i ] I/(q 1); hence,
Pi-
(11)
with
W
Zq ~- Z E1 - - f l ( q -
1 ) ~ 1 ] 1/(q
1)
(12)
l=1
fl~i/Z1
(11')
with
l,v
Z1- ~ e -~
(12')
l=1
[1-fl(q-
1)eA][1--fl(q-- 1)ST]
(13)
484
Tsallis
or equivalently
eo-A,~B=gA+gff
(14)
(15)
with
g-
(16)
with
Uq-
(17)
485
Zq Pi
<.
q-- 9
-'
z pEi
Fig. 3. The distribution law of Eq. (11 ) as a function of/~i. The curves are parametrized by
q: q = 1, standard exponential law; q > 1, the distribution pressents a cutoff at ]~ei= 1/(q- 1)
(with a slope of 0, -1, and - ~ for q<2, q=2, and q>2, respectively) and diverges for
/~et~ - ~ ; q < 1, the distribution diverges at /3e~= - 1 / ( 1 - q) (the dashed line indicates the
asymptote for q ~ 0) and vanishes for/3e~ +co.
probabilities successively vanish while 1//3 decreases. One eventually arrives
at ( q - 1)g~ < 1//~ < ( q - 1)g2, which implies p~ -- 1. Finally, the temperatures 1//3 in the interval [0, ( q - 1 ) e l ] are physically unaccessible, thus
generalizing the nonaccessibility of 1//3--0 in standard thermodynamics. A
simple example will illustrate this and similar facts.
Application.
486
Tsallis
(o}
(b)
(~:o)
__o ....
(o<~<11
-3 -2 -1Jo| ,: 2 ~l.-x-
-,~
(d)
(c)
E -,- ~'
2~
0
C~- ')
E,-(S
--
~ ....
(~->,.)
Y~T~- CloT- 1
-3 -2 - 1 0 ~
2, 3 X
.,p~/
Fig. 4. The q = 2 reduced internal "energy" as a function of the reduced "temperature" (see
text) for a nondegenerate two-level system and typical values of ~/6. The dashed region in (d)
indicates the unaccessible "temperatures."
Generalization
of Boltzmann-Gibbs
Statistics
487
Yc
(~/i~-- 0 )
-3
-2
-I
X"
-1
Fig. 5. Reduced internal "energy" as a function of the reduced "temperature" (see text) for a
nondegenerate two-level system and typical values of q (numbers on curves).