Seismology and Earthquake

Engineering :Introduction
Lecture 2

Basic Concepts of Seismology

Elastic rebound theory
Plates are in continuous motion
Stresses and strains build up near boundaries
Strain energy stored in crust near faults, then released
Aseismic movement - slow creep in ductile rock
Seismic movement - rupture of brittle rock

Basic Concepts of Seismology

Seismic Gaps

Parkfield

San Juan
Bautista

Loma
Prieta

Portola
Valley

San
Francisco

Loma
Prieta
Gap

1969-89
1969-89seismicity
seismicity

Basic Concepts of Seismology

Seismic Gaps

Loma
LomaPrieta
Prieta
earthquake
earthquakeand
and
aftershocks
aftershocks

Parkfield

San Juan
Bautista

Loma
Prieta

Portola
Valley

San
Francisco

Loma
Prieta
Gap

Basic Concepts of Seismology

Seismic Gaps

Basic Concepts of Seismology

Near-field effects
Directivity

Rupture
Rupturemoving
moving
away
awayfrom
fromobserver
observer

Rupture
Rupturemoving
moving
toward
towardobserver
observer

Basic Concepts of Seismology

Near-field effects
Directivity
Fault
Fault
normal
normal

Fault
Faultnormal
normal
accelerations
accelerations
exceed
exceedfault
fault
parallel
parallel
accelerations
accelerations

Fault
Fault
parallel
parallel

Basic Concepts of Seismology

Earthquake size
Intensity - qualitative measure of observed effects
Modified Mercalli Intensity (MMI)
MMI
MMI IV
IV
During
Duringthe
theday
dayfelt
feltindoors
indoorsby
bymany,
many,outdoors
outdoorsby
byfew;
few;at
atnight
nightsome
some
awakened;
awakened;dishes,
dishes,windows,
windows,doors
doorsdisturbed;
disturbed;walls
wallsmake
makecracking
cracking
sound;
sound;sensation
sensationlike
likeheavy
heavytruck
truckstriking
strikingbuilding;
building;standing
standingmotor
motor
cars
carsrocked
rockednoticeably
noticeably

Basic Concepts of Seismology

Earthquake size
Intensity - qualitative measure of observed effects
Modified Mercalli Intensity (MMI)
MMI
MMI IV
IV
During
Duringthe
theday
dayfelt
feltindoors
indoorsby
bymany,
many,outdoors
outdoorsby
byfew;
few;at
atnight
nightsome
some
awakened;
dishes,
windows,
doors
disturbed;
walls
make
cracking
awakened;
dishes,
windows,
doors
disturbed;
walls
make
cracking
MMI
MMI VII
VII sound;
sensation
like
truck
striking
building;
standing
sound;
sensation
likeheavy
heavy
truck
striking
building;
standingmotor
motor
Everybody
runs
outdoors;
damage
negligible
in
buildings
of
good
Everybody runs
outdoors;
damage negligible in buildings of good
cars
rocked
noticeably
cars
rocked
noticeably
design
designand
andconstruction,
construction,slight
slightto
tomoderate
moderateininwell-built
well-builtstructures,
structures,
considerable
considerableininpoorly
poorlybuilt
builtor
orbadly
badlydesigned
designedstructures;
structures;some
some
chimneys
chimneysbroken;
broken;noticed
noticedby
bypersons
personsdriving
drivingmotor
motorcars
cars

Basic Concepts of Seismology

Earthquake size
Intensity - qualitative measure of observed effects
Modified Mercalli Intensity (MMI)
MMI
MMI IV
IV
During
Duringthe
theday
dayfelt
feltindoors
indoorsby
bymany,
many,outdoors
outdoorsby
byfew;
few;at
atnight
nightsome
some
awakened;
dishes,
windows,
doors
disturbed;
walls
make
cracking
awakened;
dishes,
windows,
doors
disturbed;
walls
make
cracking
MMI
MMI VII
VII sound;
sensation
like
truck
striking
building;
standing
sound;
sensation
likeheavy
heavy
truck
striking
building;
standingmotor
motor
Everybody
runs
outdoors;
damage
negligible
in
buildings
of
good
Everybody runs
outdoors;
damage negligible in buildings of good
cars
rocked
noticeably
cars
rocked
noticeably
design
designand
andconstruction,
construction,slight
slightto
tomoderate
moderateininwell-built
well-builtstructures,
structures,
considerable
ininpoorly
considerable
poorlybuilt
builtor
orbadly
badlydesigned
designedstructures;
structures;some
some
MMI
X
MMI
X
chimneys
broken;
noticed
by
driving
motor
chimneys
broken;
noticed
bypersons
persons
driving
motorcars
cars masonry and
Some
well-built
wooden
structures
destroyed;
Some well-built wooden structures destroyed;most
most masonry and
frame
structures
destroyed
with
foundations;
ground
frame structures destroyed with foundations; groundbadly
badlycracked;
cracked;
rails
railsbent;
bent;landslides
landslidesconsiderable
considerablefrom
fromriver
riverbanks
banksand
andsteep
steepslopes;
slopes;
shifted
shiftedsand
sandand
andmud;
mud;water
watersplashed
splashedover
overbanks
banks

Basic Concepts of Seismology

Seismic waves
p-waves

Body
Body
waves
waves

s-waves

Love waves

Surface
Surface
waves
waves
Rayleigh waves

Basic Concepts of Seismology

Earthquake size
Magnitude - quantitative measure of size of event
Several types
All
Local magnitude
Allbased
basedon
on
instrumental
Body wave magnitude
instrumental
measurements
Surface wave magnitude
measurements

Basic Concepts of Seismology

Earthquake size
Seismic moment - measure of work done by eq.
Mo = A D
where
= shear modulus of rock
A = rupture area
D = average displacement over rupture area
Units = F/L2 x L2 x L = F x L
Work
Work

Energy
Energy

Basic Concepts of Seismology

Earthquake size
Moment magnitude
log Mo - 10.7
Mw = -----------1.5

Magnitude

Ms
M

Mw

ML
mb

Magnitude
Magnitude
saturation
saturation
Moment magnitude

Earthquake Size

Seismic Waves

Arrives first

Sometimes audible

Shakes ground horizontally

and vertically

Wave damages structures

Similar to S wave

Moves ground
horizontally

Like rolling ocean wave

Shakes ground vertically

and horizontally

Seismic Waves

Alcott Elementary, Redmond

Strong motion
seismograph
November 15, 11:10 am

Seismic Waves
Triaxial accelerometers
3 components

Horizontal
Horizontal motions
motions are
are
very
very important
important

So What?
Deaths and injuries
Economic loss