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Study
f ( x)dx
Hence
)dx
f ( x=
F ( x) + C
Geometrical
Interpretation
The process on indefinite integration is to find
all curves
y = F(x) + C
s.t. their slopes at x are f(x).
Example. f(x) = 2x slope of
F ( x) + C = x + C
2
Integral Formulas
Basic Rules
Example
=
x 9,=
y 4
Riemann integral
10
Riemann Sum =
Area of
1st rectangle
= total area of
rectangles
y = f (x)
f (c1 )x
11
Riemann Sum
The area under the curve from a to b
12
13
Terminology
(dummy )
14
Basic Rules
15
16
How to evaluate
?
By
i.e.,
)dx
a F '( x=
F (b) F (a )
18
Examples
)dx
F '( x=
F (b) F (a )
(cos 2 cos 0) = 0
e 1 dx = ln x]e
1 x
1
= ln e ln 1 = 1.
19
=
y
y=
1 x2
1 x dx =
2
=
y
1 x2
1 x2
1 x 2 ( 1 x 2 )dx
0
1
= 2 1 x 2 dx
y=
1 x2
x = sin
20
Exercises
cos x dx =
t dt =
2
(4-u ) du =
2
21
Then
Proof
t )dt
F '(=
F ( x) F (a)
a
x
d
d
F '(t )dt=
F ( x) F (a=
) F '( x)
dx a
dx
22
Examples
=0
d
dx
( sin
x
t dt
No x involved
= sin x
d
dx
( sin x
x
t dt sin x x
23
f ( x) = 1
4
t
t +2
3
dt
4
df ( x )
4 dx
= f '( x )
dx
dx
dx
dx
24
Exercise
25
26
F ( x)
2 x
x
0
x 2
t f
0
f '(t )dt +
'(t )dt
x 2
t f
0
= x { f ( x) f (0)} +
2
'(t )dt
x 2
dF ( x) d 2
F '( x) =
=
x { f ( x) f (0)} + t f '(t )dt
0
dx
dx
dF ( x) d 2
d x 2
F '( x) =
=
x { f ( x) f (0)} + t f '(t )dt
dx 0
dx
dx
27
dF ( x) d 2
d x 2
=
F '( x) =
x { f ( x) f (0)} + t f '(t )dt
dx 0
dx
dx
d x 2
dF ( x)
2
F '( x) =
= 2 x{ f ( x) f (0)} + x f '( x) + t f '(t )dt
dx 0
dx
= 2 x{ f ( x) f (0)} + x 2 f '( x) + x 2 f '( x)
F '(3)
= 2(3){ f (3) f (0)} + 2(32 ) f '(3)
= 2(3){3 1} + 2(32 )(2)
= 48
28
Other Cases
d a f (t )dt
d
x
=
(
)
f
t
dt
x
dx
dx a
4
d x f (t )dt
dx x 2
29
Notation
d sin x
d sin x
= cos x
dx
d ln x 1
=
dx
x
write
write
1
d ln x = dx
x
d ( x + 2 x + 1)= (3 x + 4 x)dx
3
de
x2
x2
= (e )(2 x)dx
d sin( x 2 + x=
+ 1) (cos( x 2 + x + 1))(2 x + 1)dx
ln 5 x dx =
x
1
(ln x) x dx
5
= ln x d (ln x)
5
31
x
x+e
dx
x
x e
= e e
dx
= e de
e
32
Evaluate
2nd method
= tan x d tan x
1 2
tan x + C
2
1 2
sec x + C1
=
2
1
=(1 + tan 2 x) + C1
2
1
1
2
=
tan x + + C1
2
2
Examples
2
2
(
x
+
2
x
3)
( x + 1)dx
1
2
2
2
=
(
x
+
2
x
3)
d
(
x
+ 2 x 3)
sin
x cos x dx
= sin 4 x d sin x
34
=
sin x
n
=
( sin x )
n
( sin x )
n
2
1
dx =
n +1
(x + x )
partial fraction
1
1
x n 1
=
n
x(1 + x ) x (1 + x n )
35
f ( g ( x))dg ( x)
Let u =
1 x. Then x =
1 u , dx =
du
Then
x 1 xdx =
1
(1 u )u 2 (du ) =
3/2
1/2
(
u
u
)du
36
We may write
37
Integration-by-parts formula
=
udv
d
(
uv
)
vdu
38
Examples
ln xdx
39
Evaluate
1/ e
=
ln x dx
1
1/ e
ln x + ln x dxdx
1
-2
1.5
2.5
3.5
=
ln x dx + ln x dx
1/ e
0.5
Ans:
40
Example
1 x
Prove that e sin xdx
=
e [sin x cos x ] + C
2
x
=
e sin xdx
x
x
e
d ( cos x)
=
e x ( cos x) + e x sin x e x sin xdx
1 x
x
=
e [sin x cos x ] + C
e sin xdx
2
41
42
3.5.2 Exercise
x e dx =
2 x
xe x dx =
Show that
Observe that
44
1 4
2
xf ( x) f '( x)dx = xdf ( x)
2 0
4
1
1 4
2
x( f ( x)) ( f ( x)) 2 dx
0
2
2
0
by integration by parts
1
10
2
4( f (4))=
13
2
2
45
g ( x) f ( x)
dx
46
Next, if powers of y is
even then the curve is
symmetric wrt to x
-2.5
-2
-1.5
-1
-0.5
1.5
2.5
2
y
y2 = x
0.5
y=x
-2
0.5
-0.5
-1.5
-2
-2
-1
0
-2.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
x
-2.5
y= x
-2
-1.5
-1
-0.5
2
-2
0
0.5
1
1.5
y
2
2.5
-4
-2
y = x3
0
-6
-2
47
Example
=
y 2 4 x2 4 x4
0
-1.4
-1.2
-1
-0.8
-0.6
-0.4
-0.2
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.2
1.4
-1
48
Example
<
x2
x
3=
x2
9 < 92 = 81
if 0 x < 1, then
x
>x
1.5
y= x
y = x2
0.5
0
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
x
1.2
1.4
1.6
1.8
49
50
3.6.1 Examples
0
-3
-2
-1
y = x2
-6
-4
-2
-1
-2
-3
y = x2
y= 2 x 2
y= 2 x 2
(1,1)
y = x
y = x
(2, 2)
dx
y
(2 x ( x))dx
2
-6
-4
-2
-2
y 2 = x 2
51
=
y 2 x 1 x2
0
-1.4
-1.2
-1
-0.8
-0.6
-0.4
-0.2
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
method 2
1.2
1.4
y=
2 x 1 x 2
-1
method 1
area = 2 0 2 x 1 x dx = 2 0 (1) 1 x 2 d (1 x 2 ) =
=
area
4
3
2 x 1 x 2 (2 x 1 x 2 ) dx
52
(Ans. 4.5)
(4, 2)
y= x
y =x
2
y= x 2
(1, 1)
y= x
x x dx + x ( x 2 ) dx
0
1
We shall use another method to find the area, see next slide
53
(4, 2)
y
2
y=x =x y22
0
-0.5
0.5
1.5
2.5
3.5
4.5
-1
x= y + 2
-2
(1, (1,1)1)
dy
x= y
x= y + 2
(
y
+
2)
y
dy
1
2
54
4.
(1 + x ) 2
dx
x
0
0
0.5
(1 + x ) 2 1 + 2 x + x
use
=
= 2 x 1/ 2 + 2 + x1/ 2
x
x
x
1.5
2.5
3.5
4.5
5.5
-1
55
0
0.25
0.25
x
0.5
-1
0.75
1.25
Area from 0 to
/4
4
= (cos x sin x)dx + (sin x cos x)dx =
0
/4
2
1505 4
1507 1
1505
=
2
=
2
Area from 0 to 2
2
2
56