2) Just-in-time manufacturing was a concept introduced to the United

States by the Ford motor company. It works on a demand-pull basis,

contrary to hitherto used techniques, which worked on a production-push
basis.
To elaborate further, under just-in-time manufacturing (colloquially
referred to as JIT production systems), actual orders dictate what should
be manufactured, so that the exact quantity is produced at the exact time
that is required.
Just-in-time manufacturing goes hand in hand with concepts such as
Kanban, continuous improvement and total quality management (TQM).
Just-in-time production requires intricate planning in terms of
procurement policies and the manufacturing process if its implementation
is to be a success.
Highly advanced technological support systems provide the necessary
back-up that Just-in-time manufacturing demands with production
scheduling software and electronic data interchange being the most
sought after.a
a) Acceptance sampling is an important field of statistical quality control
that was popularized by Dodge and Romig and originally applied by the
U.S. military to the testing of bullets during World War II. If every bullet
was tested in advance, no bullets would be left to ship. If, on the other
hand, none were tested, malfunctions might occur in the field of battle,
with potentially disastrous results.
b) It is an unfortunate but inevitable fact that computer software has bugs.
ocPortal is no exception, and although we work to make sure every single
bug gets fixed, we aren't able to make sure every past version ever
released is kept bug-free. It is essential that users understand our
maintenance policy, and perform upgrades as we suggest.

In logistics, spare parts can be broadly classified into two groups,

repairables and consumables

Repairable

Repairable parts are parts that are deemed worthy of repair, usually by
virtue of economic consideration of their repair cost. Rather than bear the
cost of completely replacing a finished product, repairables typically are
designed to enable more affordable maintenance by being more modular.
This allows components to be more easily removed, repaired, and
replaced, enabling cheaper replacement. Spare parts that are needed to
support condemnation of repairable parts are known as replenishment
spares.
A rotable pool is a pool of repairable spare parts inventory set aside to
allow for multiple repairs to be accomplished simultaneously. This can be
used to minimize stockout conditions for repairable items.
Consumable

Parts that are not repairable, are considered consumable parts.

Consumable parts are usually scrapped, or "condemned", when they are
found to have failed. Since no attempt at repair is made, for a fixed mean
time between failures (MTBF), replacement rates for consumption of
consumables are higher than an equivalent item treated as a repairable
part. Because of this, consumables tend to be lower cost items.
Because consumables are lower cost and higher volume, economies of
scale can be found by ordering in large lot sizes, a so-called Economic
order quantity.