WAHAR NAVODAYA VIDYALAYA, KAGAL DIST: KOLHAPU

BY:-PRATIK SHIVAJI KHATKAR

CLASS: XII SCIENCE
ROLL NO. 18

Guided by:

2015-16

MR. G.R.CHOPADE
(PGT BIOLOGY)

SR.NO.

SUBJECT

PAGE
NO.

1.

AIM

3.

2.

MATERIAL REQUIRED

3.

3.

INTODUCTION

4.

4.

PROCEDURE

5.

OBSERVATIONS

6.

RESULT/CONCLUSION

7.
8.

PRECAUTIONS
REFERENCE

14.
15.

9.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

16.

It was Gregor Mendel, an Augustinian friar and scientist, who

first

discovered in the 1860's that some traits are passed down from
generation to generation, in very clear and predictable patterns.
Today we know that offspring inherit half of their

DNA from

each parent. This results in two copies of every gene. Many genes
come in several different versions, called alleles. Alleles are changes
in the actual DNA sequence of the gene. When you have two
identical alleles you are said to be homozygous for that gene. People
with two different alleles are heterozygous for that gene. Whatever
set of alleles a person has is called their genotype. The actual
trait, such as red, black,

or blond hair, which results from a

combination of alleles, is referred to as the phenotype.

 Mendelian Traits: Some of such a gene's alleles are

dominant, meaning that if you have even one copy of that allele,
you will display that trait. Mendel took pea plants, which bred

true, meaning for generation after generation they had the

same phenotypes. He took a true-breeding purple flowered
plant and crossed it to a true-breeding white flowered plant
and saw that the offspring all had purple flowers. The purple
allele was dominant a single copy of that allele was sufficient.
He then took these offspring and crossed them to one another.

This crossing is shown in Figure 1 below, where the top

flowers ("Aa") are these heterozygous parents. He found that
their offspring occasionally had white flowers. That is because
the white allele was recessive, which means you need two
copies of that allele to display a certain trait. The offspring
that inherited the white allele from both parents displayed the
white phenotype.

Figure 1. Two heterozygous parents displaying the dominant phenotype can give
rise to offspring with either the dominant or the recessive phenotype depending
on which alleles the offspring inherit.

Two pedigree examples are shown in Figure 2 below. In

order for scientists to understand each other's
pedigrees, they use a standard set of symbols and
notations. For example, males are always designated by a
square.
.

Figure 2. Here are two pedigrees showing the same three generations of a family. A
specific trait is shown as a solid black circle or square. The pedigree on the left is an
example of a dominant trait in this family. The pedigree on the right depicts a recessive
trait.

In this genetics and genomics science project, you will create

pedigrees for four human physical traits to determine which
phenotypes are dominant and which are recessive. While it has
been recently found that these four traits may not be
Mendelian traits (meaning they may be caused by more than

one gene, based on more than two alleles, or affected by

factors other than genetics).

They are still considered to be primarily based on genetics and

you can investigate them to try and determine which are
dominant and which are recessive. Here are the four traits you
will investigate: Do you have attached earlobes or detached earlobes? See Figure 3
below for an example of each.

Figure 3. This diagram shows the difference between detached earlobes and attached earlobes.

Some people's hairlines come to a V-shaped point above their forehead. This is called a
widow's peak. See Figure 4 below for an example. Do you have one or not?

Figure 4. Here is an example of a straight hairline versus one with a widow's peak.

Take a look at your hands. Do you have little hairs on your second joints, also called the middigits? Some people have hair on their mid-digits, called mid-digit hair, and some people do
not have any hair there, as shown in Figure 5 below.

Figure 5. This photograph shows where mid-digits on a hand are. Some people have tiny mid-digit
hairs while other people have no hairs on their mid-digits. This person has no mid-digit hair.

Make a fist with your thumb sticking up. Is your thumb straight or curved? A curved thumb is
also known as a hitchhiker's thumb. A slightly curved thumb is shown in Figure 6 below.

Figure 6. This photograph shows a slightly curved thumb. Some people have thumbs that are much
more curved, while other people have straight thumbs.

1.

Choose
one of
the
traits given in the

theory part for selected

family.
2. Record the observations according to the
trait.
3. Draw the Pedigree chart according to
observations taken.
4. Observe the heredity and variations in the
family taken for observation.
5. Draw your conclusion on the basis of your
observations.

Case: 01 ATTACHMENT OF EARLOBES:

Name of the family members:
1. SULAKSHANA R.PATIL
2. SUMATI D.PATIL
3. DHARMANAND R.PATIL
1. RUPA D.PATIL
2. RAM D.PATIL

Case: 02 Hitchhiker's Thumb:

Name of the family members:
1.DINKAR D.KHATKAR
2. KAMALA D.KHATKAR
1. SHIVAJI D.KHATKAR
2. UJWALA S.KHATKAR
1. PRATIK S.KHATKAR
2. PRATIKSHA S.KHATKAR
3. PRASHANT S.KHATKAR

Certificate
This to certify that this biology
project is done by Mast.
PRATIK SHIVAJI KHATKAR
of class XII(SCI.) under the
guidance of Mr.
G.R.CHOPADE (PGT BIO) for
the academic year 2015- 16.
Subject Teachers sign.
Date:

Sign. Of External Examiner

sign.

Principals
Date:

 CASE 1. :
1.
Free earlobe is a dominant trait in the PATILS family.
2.
Attached earlobe is a recessive trait and is expressed in 3rd
generation.

CASE 2. :
1. The bending of thumb is inherited by 3rd generation from
their mother in KHATKARS family.

1. Most human genes are inherited in Mendelian manner.

2. Recessive trait can be expressed in any generations {e.g. in 3 rd
generation in first case}.
3. On the basis of Pedigree analysis we can find heredity and
variation in the family

1. Dont guess the characteristic of any individual if the

information is unavailable.
2. Draw the Pedigree chart in a correct sequence of
generations.
3. The order of arrangement of offspring should be
decreasing [by age] from left to right.
4. History [characteristic trait] of observable family should
be well known to you.

BIBLIOGRAPHY:
1. NCERT Textbook(Class:12)
2.
www.google.com
3.
www.sciencebuddies.org

4.www.rajkumarbiology.com/investigatory
project.html

ACKNOWLEDGE

MENT
I acknowledged with
best of my knowledge &
Deep sense of research
that useful guidance is
given
by
Mr.G.R.CHOPADE. Also I
must be thankful to
respected
principal
Mr.R.T.LAD
for
encouragement to this

work. Finally I must be

thankful
to
all
my
classmates for their cooperation.

JA

DAYA VIDYALAYA

WAHAR NAVODAYA VIDYALAYA, KAGAL DIST: KOLHAPU

OGY INVESTIGATORY PROJECT

by:-PRATIK SHIVAJI KHATKAR
CLASS: XII SCIENCE
ROLL NO. 18

2015-16

Guided by: G.R.CHOPADE

(PGT BIOLOGY)