Pee eee ae At Zoe Petre (coordonator) os at torie Manual pentru clasa a XIl-a Zoe Petre (coordonator) entra toate fiero ‘Se api ga clasaa Xia tera tehnologes, ruta progresiva de califeae profesional,ial MINISTERUL EDUCATIEI, CERCETARI SI TINERETULUI ere ee ie ee a === OMtorle Cet anal an gaan, cai es Ss an tan Manual pentru clasa a XIl-a abt ni ep. 4850 6669, o092 thee Sn Ae vel] mencepaimmtne tito moana Se migbcyaeemreie eevee eee a 13038 (coordonator) aan reer | Carol Capit Alin Ciupala ah nach aac a | Ecaterina Sténescu Florin Turcanu 5 soe one Ecaterina Lung Laurentiu Vlad sence (eam | Ligia Livad&-Cadeschi Sorin Andreescu stints wen a Ae a na Se er. Hat FEDFUNMT SA. fateconpnen «Chul onoae eeCuvant-inainte ‘ao mah de 8 yt pie is ska ‘ern cnet epean Ebse plc, omc cua iss Torin en ha mentee een ge ‘erent pete poh ran, asa ire ‘fe aman cae rend et ped jo eae eal Soa in ie abst enprceint mosh sh thes Ri ars odie pees emi le hn Ronana att cs npn eae ee ‘obs sa mate etal ms ene Tok eaten oe Dare oxi hte Dey ose Mote Hens sea [Heb tn aco dae som sn Cosanin Banco ‘rol sunk pr ced denna sas ne ek ‘hae eee na peas, Said ct an dnc oe de capt ine ere ae a oa a3 econ mis ole se ee aati spun a arama, ne es, art ta dea ee Face Ow cangte eens es {eal cra ese aay ors Ree ee ‘hymns scntiemsi lcs eens pac | sae acta 0 aS tlt pn pce oe Poh Fete a wecle sdl e esiatomaw | ‘ect sae pe sean, alterna ea na ‘Stes to crete ey ce craeed or Banc me de psn st td So ‘ol ee aa ror 3 ocala peer ee ge ‘esr np wot 9 tela ae ta pbs de tase a dcp soe sae mire cvs dela ch, A epee ole rval leap mid en 9a de eat cee ‘er ern d gpa deen nse Baie 5, Cp, i nate 9 ate cea ea ‘er ere cape Dt cr ta ey geile ray str es ave gt ements eninge tet conc Ge elie a mahioe fbr sete {etoya etl machin ea dracon pn se cst ne urs gee desi sa er cares eo amen xin dren snes lovers neue tose ter ci eset sd Rte elon recor re care Desteapti-te,roméne! enc Acs ea urea fron Fr Deaton, dn sonal ld rate, Thee eas tar dant Da ot nest ae a one, (eae sendhte 9 aut mar) eam rit clin doe ae (a ase mira gen ged oan, Sic a nose pln pte oy abun ane Toor lupe, us ue dF Pi, metus Sen, Cone, Femina raj, ao ee, utr amae, cecal stu ie, Mie ert er meres to,JPRINS eo cl aprena ms ne si ie bce ia rae neh cat gen pete 2 1 ame a pins sma emeorcep ge rs ev ore ge an ents ee creer par [oe ceria Fs rae eis pee! fetes? een Paces oe Lanse ne nse in eg, in cits FOPONRE stare some mantener a nes i ‘Stade Cr Ba Dexoytor de nae ce "Stat eer ca tan ere ‘ia ptt n cy Silateapue on moder ‘Strom ce ane ee ean eae tout ‘OREN, SOCETATE LUMEA non Se ao gdh onde denamlroninee ‘rn dee maser {Ea tl et raped eropeon ‘ec citar sla ree Chest ric onal fsa ple non mont hot eae ore Sco cetera tan, Ito ets pice Intend ph tarp Suc dcr oni dest tected horn. men a i ‘Se tl a ed Bale. ® wae ee 9 Sara 9 POUCA imap one Gea De) ‘etinn mer ea e pie Stare omni Mr cal 09 ‘sande cor” Cort aera bl pie rarest ams le 9 Festina lor al rut souman Sn ons Fema pants, Sanam, Std a eg 914 way emia fi be eae es roan anaes tne shal eet ‘peace saa ‘Siete ce spe er aoe fas oe Se nn ste Peale 9 ie rr » ne elas se ect te Byron locee ote i de steak | ‘a8 Eons rine po ore ee is pba cootita Sud ca ieayms noe “se aml ao Sf ire la conf a eee EEattede ge emt mck no | dancer ance Minhas cotet eryem et ‘eon voter emai ae

Astoria altfel oye, Sa bene 9 racine Se tac trl at re es 4p et soe ose escwld Rae aan ened ace opens weenie ne eae Sosy eae oad Fresnel a ea ce aera! foceeeal sae a nt ee ee Descoperitori de noi spafii si culturi intre secolele al XV-lea gi al XIX-lea a sth up 9 pda se, ool pes {Spntn tpi 3 nla srs, cde oe ln ae fe sh ft ic sea wos de pe fips ori set ee cae cone cae nc Sooper es sei Ee Maks apn ope mere Se ama eg ‘Stet manera ii me eee nna nes tmnwes esa not ite drs psa wep ese mee, lec {fete i cuts © lem namowess bane, anil ‘cite spe aah anrede fal pol ft fb in ‘Seniesa vl we aura ans floss maa conn arr oda oh eh ose su ows oes conte mana rors terre wei cae pun me rae ey {io's patentee on ie ih aera de ‘ei sto ert can ie spe ment de ede ant sate spe are ease resnbasore © ey io! cat hse Sd ‘et rnp cre cane se i ed ap los po ete insmod cnw ar ab ee av nest. et ‘he ascot are dee ne ual 9 pe dae ‘Siena cer some le ae ome pte ‘eta. cracls ae dn Oe etPanose oem oma nae Pn. Descopertile portugheze si spaniole Pug ge put ero esa ete go. pf Saws eet aps fear eva ple, pe royce enum de fst co mre aie io tains oa em ist eee er pant Mine Ei css Bay oo a Sou er Cal Sieg me ep ca 4 Up ra pul 2 cae ae i Seeger ald cu bus Pend ap ca reset hea ae nna gc fe seat endl peng eon ere Eon Stimson crane es "ysl bp. Cond td esp oer oe en 3 ag set yn a ch ee (CJS ener ie ect yen fe inka et in ea 2 pear sre pn pa, earlier ima ne preg ‘Schism ue (Chad ee mtn Sn ein ala i dca, iy vce neds reppin na ce oe Ss Ferengi, mee ‘Sos ruc ors a et a ‘sia, ban pe ne nasamo ene) ‘Sends opto pele ancy ul, ce min ss item cumernpttexpri pt esd nee ope ‘Seca tarsal om san [ie seco ene es Aen tamer 0 Pe egies sxlcnlt perma oak dept Shs tate pte vaso dps does st nt aac lo Fen ns on rng oe on Sra cy et ay en fv are cg ad cee nd inet evo se cet ne arf a ce (Glues re nt vlan tte epee tan, mee en 9 a pp a's ‘Rts ona re spe Spe nee en i he nya el Alte descoperiri Con puna nia ph {hlanes8 ote se runs ree maa pred dren enol Ss Cio Gn Cae ea ae 1437 Hf ena Soh de No spy Nove Capitolat 1 Astoria altfel ‘Se aan un pee ‘ema fo pl ‘emer oa det | Sted dea te gu ‘te mud se gh Sees Se ei xe tos aac ie eon Cronologieote sees, cn gel ronan eae tae gn ese retassapdste mreasiirot eli shomsa sone ee i'n raosont tomer cesses Sone ‘co, a, aba le 1577956 eg on ate aint eng te ae pa pe ‘Sere beeps nga io alee le en br ‘6h, hey Hon © et go owt a a ate cate sumer cae hrs fl can, Inia ibtde ande pe eto ora Mow, pnd ef te (berms oma sgn Taco ets or et kena pt ant sen ar eat 1, a os ed ae, inspec rere re au ta enor, io We nye 1545 197d som 3 oC meen ‘Mga an couacondercatie dnapeees se 1 e's a rs oe sos oes ri ft ha en rh pee tl ean {tet tet) nea doe un Oona, Noun Yet rite ace, serena pl ie ib sisse ean eg pln pce rst as Uh tort a a grt ome sardine. i een el cod en, expel pate se Serpe nap oo tes pn sures er cod Se ima lee, episod an Shen Lo tle ‘Stern aug Occ sO nga eo ¢ am Gh Alot ep pes ise 3 eee ‘nto alr ce ean pe nee stn, ocr eu instar tn, CALATORILS ROPE PINGPALELE DRC SEE VD Ino ce iz dea vue sat aa spa Ne si ve we A agen Shee ele Bel deme aa jut det, MCh, Seams ure ala co Chie sue Se ‘ue ens ren ora gpa late onsen cin rg sc Xe ip ena, ae Sp ge Smoot [Bpoca moderna Ds geyote nepaca med a em a Sis ere gc wre shea ‘ep! 9 feat ped es Yoga Oc maps ‘Mets #2 stint ae cP pea do empl tir 1, ‘Spr ou eft lh ese, Ph ep Fern ely sc pcp Spe se aes ae Dt ‘Sole pe a eh litre sage Top Ever tots dere» mason de exe be, sen pt So Fle 5 isto gas, mall cbs cst te ‘alee or tro np ete se 9 ie ‘res toa owe rope ol ec et ‘tea peucl na easiness Sot ‘Stra rd ns ae apnea ec oe ln > ‘Sejouniepte dane egd te ert pr fp ‘Wala nt Pep el al ck, ed arin cer torr ates ee rs ae ‘honda Gexapete aot eed res taj sn te onan te esate Ura. Pe Eas ee a de repo, alte agra (ir tze pe mete cokes cts, pe ee foc cit eet sara ms tse ce or freeones ng os it pt ab {ity eran pech opts bok neg meh. CConsecingele marilor descoperti geogratice conyers acpi ot ice em Ei pre 9 aime Be umes eo tne Ho sate at, pcm gl vedo ‘Shut eon oe mse et col pour feet tuna oc edn apt eS ‘og ot tran amt dn md tvs co. ieee mason ain epee tn eo ded nlp atr de aes an bale penetra Ira pap sd co ames Nea ‘au ue canes dscls mocban a eh ime co, rw 709 9d pops mages ge {Hoops pe ergo cot nein cs eo e SSmoren pate eco ufone Seve hs nee Me Je ene fr de ar ea i sue) bem Phe cee rears 9 ress psig Et ph Sa, om inves Eee ole pete cme att Sa le es ln i me ie de moratoria nce pecs er srs nti ci, ee er inci ie pe stn ks es if oa tae lun a pet Sinise on Tinks le buon 9 agian nd rset Me dpb ene ps ear hoc ei i en pe rc oh inlA pe ag ete il ee cots ea 9 celina rere ea ee et ois een Gt as ei ce ges dD 0 in eae Fe ce es ce ge onc ais ee st pe nit wo Oa Bs gs tetaparalcue ee stents 8 th ey med cs ora ge a i, el eh sh mb ir shards oe) ‘AD Roa, Ton A ose spa sn ro ae ia eet cana eos aramid a pa ar cao ee goa one Oe fg ea digas hr camer Sse ga ‘esentutl ests sarasota fest ued pp sco eg gn Ive gsm mane cine eign le dh coca se lime emo ron is am mie nse ne a Punches spa {etek pool an tba sae Sides nts pee sol pt pane nape Gant ‘Spl de cata shew itm t Sd waa som cate aera esac prs panes ‘te Onc, Si ce ‘Migrarea vlahilor a nord de Dunire “nae joao ai a tt nt ga ‘ap apiece ne ot el pce ‘Semots crane rps # pent de an ‘rrr fenestra p ‘Gece ces nerves mga tea hen Pink eft gl ae oe Fett er i sss ote we nes Scie ppd ah bp Dien Sip ep ea es ein ‘Saldnec heroine inca ane he ‘so at va ap fe Pi ein etl efter tbs ‘Sotitind wwe wl ee rie, te he ro ea ord Sel a Ta, ‘lhe ee cb Mee steps as {ede ee oy rsd Maa te ere ebay pe {aise inner tne snes peed ‘lc tbat apse ate egie ‘a cre minha ao dene mn rl so Baca" Genet a rrp mi» ee Dies incl an oa fea ts ware {el Gime tens eh ass peat ‘itr moet ern a etn ‘Spas he tae ean nen oy ‘Ab Rent fen sr Se ea ‘See rani ce Pas nye rin pa Dna ene ‘cs ete cal eres ee ‘mei oman i acacia ‘Sipe poet sxe dtp Sona "aes se Perna Duc ss rin em anent ‘bape ma ut bs re ‘tu dec oer Rh el nie amar aera pt ‘nile mrs te oe nd dete ae Pre etre Sr os esas Feud ‘Nomen ‘opm pancreas Hore p ‘et cam a, ar rina 1, es pine se epare i ahi” ese shonin rege, monn keel inna no re anc heen Poin! rw nal imal Henne Pe LECTIE DE SINTEZA erin penitent ae pie ‘eprint dn ee ode Be "etter ce) one my setters un soupch (Schroer rai tate neat da aa a "ure cau ameter ef oo teu ee aces rye ‘jew rr cam bende stared otras Mester myo il dre Serene echo tn ces 8 fea ond a de nt a ‘isd ates eae 9m Pens vi ss un eo cr Biisna date te pnt ce ene sc pn ‘eal a bon 3c sine lt deine slr nee ee eae beh fe wtp tn sn Oe ‘prs a el ed Aron wens a) Deis Ts Mee 88 ang 15 Pace 2.393 aod boron ace dns 2 Gop Re ey > as Pfc ect 4 Baia shmaie acer deat ptr tar ‘orci ptm nee) a at aEVALUARE Sid th (1p) ol nmap Wk ol Sa Seasons mm eon sith ua rin de ta gn ear $m am mes ha reg eta th oc mn in rie me eee ie ld gt _ po" Pecden ts Pregatire se siecle (8 pce) es 0S a (10a) sei et ems ‘aie apeiron et cy cactr ee nhaes ev ens vn ene OAMENII, SOCIETATEA. $1 LUMEA IDEILOR Sate din Europa si din spafiul romanese ‘Lumea rural nage dere, cramer sade ea xc ph renin hein aE We t p cra nf ot ae nt aii irate roma ide Oc th teen treo pasie: ones er 9 eae ‘es cot eg rg pee dec si ne (ahs eyes mena eh ce ptm sou oe ‘mera sca te aeora ted fr ute cea 9 ‘St, pe tt tee oe oom sh wh Hoe this, a ai esr grr ast de eere, ‘ie tnpant vse ecpen mene Ee pee” sate me gee (aie, aed ec one sunpers op Gum) le tea se amie (Sanh ord neo, soe por ene rpc rs ‘oe amr costerda tm cite pes an Senses nce seogeta pang dees an Sete oak one oe Peisajul gi habitatul Lue pan tn ew El et, rch de ep ea cs Se pr set po. Lae ‘Renta yc apie ras up em cet reactant ptoncenses ao ie, sane {FSkNine pelts srt n Cia el Ie at i pam cet Mis arse te “hapten es ir de emt ect sus fe fc pase, Sn tee Se ene © rrr ater tcir hhs ‘nrc re sn wpe sine, a rare ‘Sra aicane jimi smc Ge mre, esi Fak alt onder chnn we moe ea 9 et ‘Bhs "a ranaair ore ye lbs ra a det [a ford 4 Molo. De tle oYasn, und ee ani Sandi Yt Clrite site crema ct rah, fori costs swe, Sard we th ‘ee nn Fre cae are path sant mdr eso opaomieeae {owatinar diem acres apt deed see inva Parind tore ea ch he en Fo toa} ase ago peers ps pete ‘une pc aes de xan eee 9 ate oe {Bn del rae er Sse ens te a eae a mtn da ‘ete deg w9tenpesue nate ol ee ‘Seu, sme, ua spc eos we as ‘er a pi a fe hm, soma ‘se wort eee, cmon ey a se Fae, tie tance cafe Prearet ep d nata ape 9 ‘Stl ete oie Demogratia {a ete Gh Mess un ane ont cosets un errant sb pop ranind rn nad se let se use nun main nog mt oe it ‘als 7s at toy ae tr ea tars, dt oa ‘wc st re ct asl peg see ‘ie sit se 50 mse de ni Rls fees eye, ar pn ela hn ina ne ‘are one tn ea pa sw es ‘br anoure poate. cer i nin doo ue tea nna fori pee aoa one # popu htc ‘octane op mp a a cet tun Gat pte» sb seo 9c ‘act in cl sien Spe ete ct po at 320 ns a et ls on So ec inde wine male yet sec evs rd de eo ocea, MYa porate end, sili ee un de Gee erage ae # sie ‘npn or era pt be lone et isd ess rod seat 0 St ees ‘Ratadceraoaouonrer amano in anges Fei [Capitoia2) Ff sane sk sa 4) ae ane, preccraies Bataan! Eclat Peiraay ceed Beecarieees oneeeare neato megecaua te Eaeeieeens Suneer erties arama ‘East epee uh eouraneed Enetacrerace arene sales tat seins |Snorer cro erence ro a Sart dete ten deal pi Ip ‘man Cann oat say e ene nF Rone peg 3 aya Dc sa ea ne oat no et ie ay mo op eh as Sense pe omen rea) ul je 9 tenick agricole snore ppuneepene lpu suk ae ‘Sots snag puns neo tc pa ee Sree it ein, at ei ae Pe npn ot anes aa rapes [em acer dna gre ope cea a. Repti seca mow Hare saps ha ‘est amen se ag pd reno cy re se wth al eucro (esse oe nee con tere, nas lace re eo ‘pt es tert el pou cals espe ‘Sevnpnues sane rnd hl mrs ra 8h fin opct nos tne sume ea seme gem ‘le cr de rep elec pa ae co ns ‘fie un a men gr cette. Se orca eh fmol age stoner Radar ou be pi ein {rade tines nr de any rts ena ‘Shinar tanga cxset ea ene pct ra ‘Fut eter ps etc 0 en ries ol ‘Svar cumple pie See pote rts Se nae a ae tc ‘om at on ste alot apart omg Se ‘Suen sbi rn as need eae ‘Shelia ss end tn ‘ree np coma ee ge ‘Ree ala paar sm nto Bconomia agrara gi alimentatia st pl at El a ‘Semen ran possi, male ede nD ts Ts he sh ot tm, ‘Gstaiopls Demande Ot bean tram een carers we sa nee Sloane mae coos nese re {ito de apne sl eanena tr ei decane 5 {arin de am cn nol soa ate Cores ‘ets cog earl if spcatour) pei scoops tome rtp he Da shan Seon nes ‘Seta tr, epost ae cc han ah we sta oc stp pr enh ty oppure “ol nes 9 ane senna ear wed esc rol acai p 9 mec, few dea end omemprt onrhtrh ‘eet nu ‘necro hear, id ps Sse ‘i pe cee prt, ot eh male Ste bac eae ‘esi so xt neon al ene tip Socpetce ‘wt ave el, eee, wae ee 9d a ae thee ae as to ent de sah, ese: Sieur. gris nana ke de ep ot ‘thse a ent opr mr ad oe re eget pct al esp igh et 9 ‘st Nid ns moths com sarod no eat {fem ut dnt cones ems tce ss hc Rie fei enn ba mgs see ‘ite ssteg amon oo sep fos ed de ‘nso oka Eai,po, char msec a P {indecent ncaa dee sie. ers as wp ee 1 an. a dn rte re, oun ato ee tear ada poe mat rub ren een fin vate ns ase ee le een eg 3 Inve dean dre ct ingress Sn. ‘Structuri sociale lunes stub mee rominesecien, f de eee em cle dn ncn ie eg es ‘20 ee un omens cam ma cto eS otiinesleaa an name snajrae qdond s Capitotul 2 Garren Astoria altfel + sane ets phn Since a ‘op. Beaton rv ee | [Sime onan na mie oe ‘et cea Sich htengeevaso deena coat eee io aren neertara in he ee ne tio sree) eon ere are 4 nt rea © = fe dn ends pra ccs ut sb oe ers gh sr a ntl ae ‘om enn = deren Yoni ob fe) role na ee Sr nest {ane eo pre str ena se aac ca saan re an ze Yi et bt ee ‘tvs i we nt se peace Ge apa eee ‘owed a oe ae ee tyr yer rn de reste ao mre ati ee ete id nmin omr ese eee ‘iri pond Mb Vcd ‘has Tonto es Bare elon iene ecg pocet de ena {iin hee na ont eit phar prin pee {sk sp en ops fda) Te et Dept eps oman, cn atone Eesha en menace nrc som Sind ep vr an aso af neve tcl en Ons rar Wl ra poe ae Saiaas meg naereageaacrt Siaiceeenragtteee tana cot edamame icifacecat ete pea iar careers fotnceeccameatamheaatae ‘hoe pve nora ha edie ‘serene il eda he pl ne pc ais df ncaa Ses ado, ‘owns dpe ee ‘ah ui Heashnea beri ps te on nto aes ms se bri, I Rn a Co exeniae t a Dh cae s farce vs pac, tes ut el pale ot Seeker cat pean pee arn ae pono a de Cons an ee ah a eer de pnstret sein sp domes: Ans ase ‘Snatch ee ite het tat it ‘eats cums se ene (in Ge ore pl dt {ci dol ec ast gi ne, en pegs ek Suren ree) angen soe ere say rcs ers rae ls er ‘eho crocus npr eect ones espe evn als the Sy mt ee ‘ci fee op bed Inet pn meet] One enue ae pated deaa inc ib ‘ein ros a Gor al XM __£apitotul 2 Dicfionar... ‘See tg el er fete is ns "Sy dud wi kd fa ona sae ‘occ eos dee ih dea cc stn eal eras seh Cina mo ance 9 hie aero pe ‘en whos ns 2 os112 ch woz oe scm au Saree we ements era areata ee saath nee nleercat mimat ul a are ss sae or ‘Targuri si orage din Europa si din spafiul romanese (Caracteristicile oragului medieval beta Gull tn op dete pan Cop sea secs eure ce andes Rowan nose ‘us some on ne et aca asus, Sa ‘di Pc, om, ne a ee. ein ore oon Se et kn Ora ‘pms kaa pie se psn meseiepihds Se Sen, be pn mci come pen: ps san 898 ‘Sin ra a a gee 4 ‘ptranenysa qatar al ti gear ek {Sure pit} bree rps aaa tf oped ‘tmp estate conte soporte, es ant ihe ems gto ode ge ‘sal sesame ape cr San perma pt ch, ria ade sons dh es Viafa urbana in spatial romanese Sore deste de Oe. nsx eins ph cess ‘urn, tnt ape dean beso a tote ron tesa ome dejan nse ‘url gu Pru oon ene tan peo ‘eee wes ope depo ene wa ceeds (gre lence sc eo a rein eee eens harbor uae grb meee ee me tne est nel ae ae seme tne ar ‘Sous Se Chr j'ai rapt nee, ean ‘natn eg mS pare romero ‘ih Reet art ae ppd cee Fret aga dens opr fm Sle os 3 ‘Ena star aaance i et conte ong doa cemotegeh dn cxeune nec spnc lin de Srp evi ve 2 at cen ues ‘sti wi mr puter hom ec oar ‘cnn lt epee ‘rind lire pits pa une sap es enumerator shh ae 9 de semi 9c ‘Seog oonneoan Sen mn oe core eee ern one ode ett ae Mcp an Organizare gi conducere urbana eames amare etm ap (Giro Apel dra unl ed as Opt Moen Se to plied (tle be dans ert ise Nt deo pra rd ce i ede = (Bila dope ese Ge tet ee Fp end poco eeu nr fio hep pac te tees ae dese eid ge re nate Sesto rit Gage, rc set epoca ree nt ale ist pn ere nh te ee ene ris toto, pte omg ns” met on et Se ‘ance, rl ean J Rone as an Fits, tera ute shane am pg ar ‘Steere nin penn tse ch as 2. eu pre sta enc ato ee ‘ir ts una Dmbae eae Caen, Spe ‘pen ln Sap le despre nae et 3 sy ge ‘Som SoD se ner 9 ha ae irl shine cae nena Rage We be Inet ma pres oat ae etm oh oer ak ie os a i cm as uae as Ser sc i i ae ar ct ep ste i hn Wee doce Wor ep pea ae ye pst ps oa en eat co od ‘Ifo on. maj ue sme ciate at Eel caiman mga pen pp oe {Semin momar nro sa nara cs [atags cm ae eraser pt se ene i ie ct cena Dina pnt ae ee eee eee wea cs ina Pe Capitotul 2 (pe sl 107) 2 nega em lo ia pen nth pte i a side eno se Top et Fog pe) eee ne ‘eco so et dba tt de Iason ers pe eee Bin ee ae moines et ‘Bent i eh vacira Sent erate