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t(n+1)
t(n+1/2
t(n )
t(1)
t(1+1/2)
t(0)
x(0)
x(1)
f(i,n)
x(i-1)
f(i+1,n)
x(i)
x(i+1)
x(M)
f=fi
1
2
f
+
t
n+
1
2
(t t
n+
1
2
f
)+ 2
t
n+
1
2
(tt
n+
1
2 2
1
f
)
+
2 ! t3
1
n+
2
(t t
1
n+
2 3
1
f
)
+
3! t 4
1
n+
2
(tt
1
n+
2 4
1
+...
4!
(19.1)
1
n+
f i 2 f n+1
f ni 3 f ( ) t 2 1
= i
3
(
)
t
t
2
24
t
n
n+1
t t
n+
2 f i
x2
1
2
2 n+1
2 f ni
1 fi
= [ 2
+ 2 ]
2 x
x
(19.2)
(19.3)
f
f
2 =0,
t
x
1
n+
n+
fi 2
2 f i 2
2
=0
t
x
n+1
n+1
n+1
f n+1
f ni
f in+1 2f ni + f in1
1 f i+1 2f i + f i1
i
[(
)+(
)]=0
2
2
t
2
( x)
( x)
d n +1
d
d
+1 d
f i1 + f in+1 (1+d ) f ni+1
= f ni1+ f ni (1d )+ f ni+1
2
2
2
2
t
d=
( x) 2
(19.4)
(19.5)
(19.5)
(19.6)
(19.7)
(19.8)
(19.9)
T
T
2 =0,
t
x
n+
1
2
1
n+
2
i
T i
T
2
=0
t
x
n+1
n+1
n+1
T n+1
T ni
T ni+12Tni +T ni1
1 T 2Ti +T i 1
i
[( i+1
)+(
)]=0
2
2
t
2
( x)
( x )
(19.10)
d n+1
d
d n
d
T i 1 +T n+1
(1+d ) T n+1
T i1+T ni (1d )+ T in+1
i
i+1 =
2
2
2
2
(19.11)
(19.12)
t(1)=0,5
t(0)=0
x(0)=0
(19.13)
(19.14)
(19.15)
(19.16)
Ou:
1,08T 110,04 T 12=0,040+0,9250+0,04100+0,040=50
0,04 T 11+1,08 T 12 0,04 T 13=0,0450+0,92100+0,0450=100
0,04T 12+1,08 T 13=0,04100+0,9250+0,040+0,080=50
(19.17)
(1,08)T 110,04 T 12
= 50,0
1
1
1
0,04T 1+(1,08)T 20,04 T 3 =100,0
1
1
0,04 T 2+(1,08) T 3= 50,0
(19.18)
(19.19)
t(1)=1,0
t(1)=0,5
t(0)=0
0,00
0,00
x(0)=0
49,86
96,98
49,86
0,00
50,00
100,00
50,00
0,00
x(1)=0,25 x(2)=0,5 x(3)=0,75 x(4)=1,0
t(n+1)
t(n)
t(n-1)
t(2)
t(1)
t(0)
f(i,n+1)
f(i,n)
f(i,n-1)
f(i-1,n)
x(0)
x(1)
x(i-1)
x(i)
f(i+1,n)
x(i+1)
x(M)
f
f ni+12f in+ f ni1
i
i
[
]=0
2t
( x )2
(19.20)
n1
fi fi
2t
f 2f i + f i1
[ i+1
]=0
( x )2
f ni+12f in+ f ni1
n1
f n+1
=
f
+
2
t[
]
i
i
( x )2
f n+1
= f n1
+2d [ f in+1 2f ni + f in1 ]
i
i
t
d=
( x )2
(19.21)
Relembrando:
f ni = Am e Ii
f ni1=A m e I (i 1)=Am e I i eI = f ni e I
f ni+1= Am e I (i+1)=A m e I i e I = f ni e I
(19.22)
(19.23)
n1
f i = f i +2d [ f i +1 2f i + f i 1 ]
f ni
n
Gf i = +2d [ f ni e I 2f in+ f ni eI ]
G
=K m x
(19.24)
Desenvolvendo (19.24):
1
+2d [e I 2+e I ]
G
1
1
G= +2d [2cos ()2 ]= +4d [cos ()1]
G
G
G=
(19.25)
Ou:
G2 =1+4Gd[ cos ()1]
G2 4Gd [cos()1]1=0
b=4d [cos ()1]
G2 +bG 1=0
(19.26)
(19.27)
Dica
cos ( x+ y )=cos ( x )cos ( y )sen( x) sen( y ) , quando x= y
cos (2x)=cos( x) cos (x )sen( x) sen( x)=cos2 ( x)sen 2 ( x)
2
(19.28)
(19.29)
(19.30)
f
f
2 =0
t
x
(19.31)
Quando discretizada:
n+1
n1
n
n
n
fi fi
f i+12 fi + f i1
[
]=0
2
2t
( x )
f n +1 + f n1
i
fni = i
Valor mdio entre dois passos de tempo.
2
(19.32)
Reescrevendo o mtodo:
f n+1
f n1
f n [ f ni +1+ f in1]+ f ni1
i
i
[ i+1
]=0
2t
( x )2
(19.33)
t(n+1)
t(n)
t(n-1)
t(2)
t(1)
t(0)
f(i-1,n)
x(0)
x(1)
x(i-1)
f(i,n+1)
f(i,n)
f(i,n-1)
x(i)
f(i+1,n)
x(i+1)
x(M)
(19.34)
O mtodo estvel?
Vamos verificar...
(19.35)
Ii
f i = Am e
f ni1=A m e I (i 1)=Am e I i eI = f ni e I
f ni+1= Am e I (i+1)=A m e I i e I = f ni e I
f n+1
= f ni G
i
f ni
f n1
=
i
G
(19.36)
(19.37)
Ou:
f n+1
(1+2d)2d ( f ni+1+ f ni1) f n1
(12d )=0
i
i
(19.38)
n
i
f ni
) (12d)=0
G
n I
i
Gf (1+2d)2d ( f e + f e
(19.39)
(19.40)
(19.41)
G=
G=
2dcos () 1
1
[
(16d 2 cos 2 ()+4(14d 2 ))]
(1+2d)
2 (1+2d)2
G=
2dcos () 1
4
[
(4d 2 cos 2( )+(14d 2 ))]
(1+2d)
2 (1+2d)2
G=
2dcos ()
1
G=
2dcos ()
1
(1+2d)
(1+2d )
G=
2dcos ()
1
(19.42)
(19.43)
1) Se for negativo
Razes complexas.
2dcos ()
1
(1+2d)
(1+2d )
2dcos ()
1
G=
(1+2d)
(1+2d )
G=
(19.44)
Rascunho
a=2dcos()
2
2
b=[ 4d sen ()1]
1
G=
[abI ]
(1+2d)
G=
2
2
(a+Ib)(aIb )
a +b
=
(1+2d )(1+2d)
1+4d+4d 2
G=
G=
4d 1
<1
2
4d +1+4d
2) Se for positivo
G=
2dcos()
1
(19.45)
Sabemos que:
[14d 2 sen 2( )]0
(19.46)
G=
G1 ou G=1
(19.47)
(19.48)
f =f i+
(19.49)
f i+1 :
n
f i+1= f i +
fi
fi
fi
fi
21
31
41
( xi+1 x i )+ 2 ( xi +1 x i )
+ 3 ( x i+1 xi )
+ 4 ( x i +1 x i )
+...
x
2
!
3
!
4!
x
x
x
f i1 :
n
f i1= f i +
n+1
fi
f ni
2 f ni
3 f ni
4 f in
21
31
41
( xi1 x i )+ 2 ( xi 1 x i )
+ 3 ( x i1 xi )
+ 4 ( x i 1 x i )
+...
x
2
!
3
!
4!
x
x
x
f in n +1 n 2 f ni n +1 n 2 1
3 f ni n+1 n 3 1
4 f ni n+1 n 4 1
f =f +
(t t )+ 2 ( t t )
+ 3 (t t )
+ 4 (t t )
+...
t
2! t
3! t
4!
t
f n1
:
i
n1
i
n
i
n1
f i = fi+
(19.50)
f i n 1 n f i n 1 n 2 1
f
f
n1
n 31
n1
n 41
(t t )+ 2 ( t t )
+ 3 i (t t )
+ 4 i (t t )
+...
t
2! t
3! t
4!
t
n
i
(19.51)
(19.52)
(19.53)
f i+1+ f i1=
fn
2 f n
3 f n
4 f n
1
1
1
= f ni + i ( x)+ 2 i ( x )2 + 3 i ( x)3 + 4 i ( x)4 +...
x
2! x
3! x
4!
x
n
2 n
3 n
4 n
f
f
f
1
1 f
1
...+ f ni i ( x )+ 2 i ( x)2 3 i ( x )3 + 4 i ( x )4 +...=
x
2! x
3! x
4!
x
2 n
4 n
f
f
1
1
=2 f in+2 2 i ( x )2 +2 4 i ( x )4 +...
2!
4!
x
x
(19.54)
2d ( f i+1+ f i 1 )=2d ( 2 f i +2
2 f ni
x
( x)
4 f ni
1
41
+2 4 ( x )
+...)
2!
4!
x
(19.55)
f in
3 f ni
2 f ni
4 f ni
1
31
n
21
2
( t)+2 3 ( t )
+...+2d [ 2f i +2 2 ( t)
+2 4 ( t )4 +...]=
t
3!
2!
4!
t
t
t
2 n
4 n
f
f
1
1
=2d( 2 f ni +2 2 i ( x)2 +2 4 i ( x)4 +...)
2
!
4!
x
x
n
3 n
2 n
(19.56)
fi
fi
fi
4 f ni
31
n
21
41
( t )+ 3 ( t)
+...+d [2f i +2 2 ( t)
+2 4 ( t)
+...]=
t
3!
2!
4!
t
t
t
2 n
4 n
fi
fi
n
21
41
=d (2 f i +2 2 ( x)
+2 4 ( x)
+...)
2
!
4!
x
x
(19.57)
(19.58)
1
21
3 i ( t)2 ...
[2
(
t)
+2
( t )4 +...]+
2
2
4
3!
2!
4!
t
( x)
t
t
4 n
fi
1
+[2
( x )2 +...]
4
4!
x
(19.59)
1
21
2 i =
[
2
(
t
)
+2
( t)4 +...]
2
2
4
t
2!
4!
x
( x)
t
t
(19.60)
(19.61)