HALAMAN PERSETUJUAN

Judul Karya Tulis Ilmiah

: Hubungan antara jenis kelamin dengan Ekspresi

Bcl-2 pada Blok Paraffin Pasien Karsinoma
Nasofaring

Nama Mahasiswa

: Muhammad bagus syaiful chaeruddin

Nomor Mahasiswa

: H1A 013 040

Fakultas

: Kedokteran

Karya Tulis Ilmiah ini telah diterima sebagai salah satu syarat meraih gelar
Sarjana pada Fakultas Kedokteran Universitas Mataram.

Mataram,16 November2016
Pembimbing Utama

Pembimbing Pendamping

dr.Hamsu Kadriyan, SpTHT.,M.kes

NIP. 19730525 200112 1 001

dr. mochammad alfian sulaksana, SpTHT-KL

NIP.198001282006041006

DAFTAR ISI
Halama
n
HALAMAN PERSETUJUAN............................................................................
i
DAFTAR ISI.......................................................................................................
ii
DAFTAR TABEL................................................................................................
iv
DAFTAR GAMBAR..........................................................................................
v
DAFTAR LAMPIRAN.......................................................................................
vi
DAFTAR SINGKATAN DAN LAMBANG.......................................................
vii
BAB I PENDAHULUAN...................................................................................
1
1.1 Latar Belakang..............................................................................................
1
1.2 Rumusan Masalah.........................................................................................
4
1.3 Tujuan Penelitian...........................................................................................
4
1.4 tujuan khusus..................................................................................... 4
1.5 Manfaat Penelitian........................................................................................
5
1.5.1 Manfaat bagi Peneliti..............................................................................
5
1.5.2 Manfaat bagi Pengetahuan dan Penelitian..............................................
5
BAB II TINJAUAN PUSTAKA.........................................................................
6
2.1 Anatomi dan Histologi Nasofaring................................................................
6
2.2 Karsinoma Nasofaring..................................................................................
7
2.2.1. Epiedmiologi Karsinoma nasofaring.........................................................
7
2.2.2. Etiologi dan faktor resiko Karsinoma nasofaring.....................................
7
2.2.3. Patogenesis Karsinoma nasofaring...........................................................
8
2.2.4. Histopatologi Karsinoma nasofaring.........................................................
9
2.2.5. Klasifikasi Karsinoma Nasofaring............................................................
11
2.2.6. Manifestasi Karsinoma Nasofaring..........................................................
13
2.2.7. Diagnosis Karsinoma Nasofaring.............................................................
11
2.3 Bcl-2 (B Cell Lymphoma 2)..........................................................................
14
2.3.1. Peranan Bcl-2 pada Apoptosis sel normal..................................................
14
2.3.2. Hubungan Karsinoma Nasofaring dengan ekspresi Bcl-2.........................
16
Bab III Kerangka konsep dan Hipotesis..............................................................
17
3.1. Kerangka konsep..........................................................................................
17
3.2. Hipotesis.......................................................................................................
18
BAB IV METODOLOGI PENELITIAN...........................................................
19
4.1 Design Penelitian..........................................................................................
19
4.2 Tempatdan Waktu Penelitian.........................................................................
19
3.2.1 Tempat Penelitian.......................................................................................
19
3.2.2 Waktu Penelitian........................................................................................
19
4.3 Populasi dan subjek Penelitian......................................................................
19
4.4 Variabel Peneltian dan Definsi Operasional..................................................
20
4.4.1 Variabel Peneltian.......................................................................................
20
4.4.2 Definisi Operasional...................................................................................
21
2

4.5Prosedur Penelitian.........................................................................................
22
4.5.1.Alat.......................................................................................................
22
4.5.2.Bahan....................................................................................................
22
4.5.3.Prosedur Kerja......................................................................................
22
4.6Metode Analisis Data.....................................................................................
25
4.7 Bagan Alir Penelitian....................................................................................
26
4.8 Jadwal Rencana Kegiatan dan Waktu Pelaksanaan Penelitian......................
27
DAFTAR PUSTAKA..........................................................................................
28

DAFTAR TABEL
Halaman

Tabel 2.1

Tabel klasifikasi stadium sistem tumor kelenjar -

Tabel 4.1

metastasis................................................................................................
Definisi operasional dari masing masing variabel

Tabel 4.2

penelitian.................................................................................................
21
Interpretasi kuat ekspresi Bcl-2 berdasarkan jumlah sel

Tabel 4.3

yang terpulas...........................................................................................
25
Rencana dan waktu Pelaksanaan penelitian............................................
27

12

DAFTAR GAMBAR
Gambar 2.1
Gambar 2.2
Gambar 2.3
Gambar 2.4

Halaman
Anatomi Nasofaring.................................................... 6
Karsinoma sel skuamosa keratinisasi ........................ 10
Karsinoma non-keratinisasi......................................... 11
Proses apoptosis sel melalui jalur intrinsik dan
15
ekstrinsik......................................................................

DAFTAR SINGKATAN DAN LAMBANG

Lambang/Singkatan
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Arti dan Keterangan

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Lebih dari

Bcl-2

B-cell Lymphoma 2

BH

Bcl-2 Homology

C.elegans

Caenorhabditis elegans

DNA

Deoxyribonucleic Acid

EBER

EpsteinBarr Virus-Encoded Small RNAs

EBNA

EpsteinBarr Nuclear Antigen

EBV

EpsteinBarr Virus

FasL

Fas ligand

HLA

Human Leukosit Antigen

KNF

Karsinoma Nasofaring

LMP

Latent Membrane Protein

Pembesaran total pada Mikroskop cahaya

mRNA

Messenger Ribonucleic Acid

RSUP NTB

Rumah Sakit Umum Provinsi Nusa Tenggara

Barat

T dan N

Ukuran Tumor (T) dan Metastasis Setempat

(N)

THT

Telinga Hidung Tenggorokan

TNF

Tumor Necrosis Factor

WHO

World Health Organization