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Agenda
Introduction
Tuning Methods
Solver selections, accuracy
System Assembly and Modeling (SAM)
Guidelines and Summary
Specifications
3D EM Simulation
Circuit Design
Analytical models
Empirical adjustments
on the structure
Measurements
3D
CST COMPUTER SIMULATION TECHNOLOGY | www.cst.com | May-12
Introduction:
Optimizers
Classic Powell
Interpolated Quasi Newton
Trust Region Framework
Nelder-Mead Simplex Algorithm
CMA Evolutionary Strategy
Particle Swarm Optimization
Genetic Algorithm
global
local
Initial parameters already
give a good estimate of the
optimum, parameter ranges
are small
Example:
Waveguide Corner Goal:
Minimize S11
x
y
x
CST COMPUTER SIMULATION TECHNOLOGY | www.cst.com | May-12
Introduction:
Classic Powell:
Particle Swarm
Quasi Newton:
Genetic Algorithm
Optimizers
Nelder Mead
Trust Region Framework
(TRF)
Introduction:
Convergence Speed
Nelder Mead: 70 Iterations
TRF: 15 Iterations
Introduction: Summary
To summarize
In general many parameters to consider
Wide parameter ranges necessary in order not to
miss an optimum
-> global optimizer strategies required
A possible solution to speed up the tuning effort
is pretuning:
Advantage:
local optimizers can be used in addition
CST COMPUTER SIMULATION TECHNOLOGY | www.cst.com | May-12
Agenda
Introduction
Tuning Methods
Solver selections, accuracy
System Assembly and Modeling (SAM)
Guidelines and Summary
Tuning Methods:
Introduction
Classification of Filters
LP-Prototype
Tuning Methods:
Coupling Bandwidth,
Group delay
Group Delay
Coupling-Coefficients and Td-Values
computations are available via Macro
GroupDelay-Macros and
ResultsTemplates available for CSTMWS and CST-DS
Tuning Methods:
Group Delay
Tchebychev Filter
===================
Order
= 4
Bandwidth
= 25 MHz (rel. BW=2.3%)
Center Frequency = 1100 MHz
Passband ripple = 0,01 dB (1,100747 VSWR)
Return loss
= -26,3828 dB
Normed g values:
------------------------------------------g1 = 0,7129
g2 = 1,2004
g3 = 1,3213
g4 = 0,6476
g5 = 1,1008
Corresponding coupling coefficients in MHz / (rel):
------------------------------------------k_E = 35,07
(0,0318809)
k1_2 = 27,03
(0,0245688)
k2_3 = 19,85
(0,0180464)
k3_4 = 27,03
(0,0245688)
k_out = 35,07
(0,0318809)
Group Delay Time
---------------t_d1 = 18,153 ns
t_d2 = 30,566 ns
t_d3 = 51,798 ns
t_d4 = 47,057 ns
t_d5 = 71,78 ns
ke=
Qe =
2
td1
t d 1. . f o
2
Tuning Methods:
Short
Hairpin
Filter
Tuning Methods:
Field Strengths
Port 1 is excited
Tuning Methods:
Field Strengths
The E-max is recorded vs. frequency. What can be observed is that the
peaks of E-max coinside with the peaks of the transmission-groupdelay,
as expected. The groupdelay may act here as a probability function of
energy: High fields when there is a high chance of energy concentration
Tuning Methods:
Even-Mode F1
CBW
_ corrected
1 S1
S
=
+ 2
2 S2
S1
Odd-Mode F2
F 2 F 2
2
1
2
F 1 + F 22
S 2 S 22
12
2
S1 + S 2
Pin Probes:
CBW
Tuning Methods:
Port-Tuning
3D results
Tuning Methods:
Port-Tuning
Tuning Methods:
Port-Tuning
Tuning Methods:
Port-Tuning
Ca
Ca@p1 =x1F
p2 p1
p x = p1 + x1
x1 x2
Ca@p2=x2F
0
p1
p2
px
k12
3
CST COMPUTER SIMULATION TECHNOLOGY | www.cst.com | May-12
k34
k23
k34
kij =
2.Bij
dBii dB jj
df df
k12
k23
S-Parameter
fo
1
ICZ-Bandwidth
Tuned to a min.dip
2
Example of a Diplexer:
Groupdelay
RX
TX
Rx part is considered,
but not shown here,
posts are short out
Example of a Diplexer:
InvChirpZ transformation is applied to the
open filter and it can clearly be seen that
some of the resonators are not tuned to
their center frequency f1 and/or f2. This
is indicated by the dips of the response.
The coupling seems to be rather ok,
repesented by the time-delay.
The advantage of this method is that the
individual mistuned resonators can be
identified!
InvChirpZ
Agenda
Introduction
Tuning Methods
Solver selections, accuracy
System Assembly and Modeling (SAM)
Guidelines and Summary
Solver Selection
Time Domain (TD)
Eigenmode (E)
10/10
20/20
30/30
Coarse 10/10
Medium
20/20
Fine 30/30
40/40
60/60
Coupl_tuner_23
7.5 mm
6.35
6.35
6.35
6.35
Ke_offset
5.68
5.6
5.6
5.45
5.45
Re_tuner_L_1
6.107
5.8
5.85
5.722
5.731
Re_tuner_L_2
5.165
4.94
4.97
4.924
4.942
k23
18.2
18.2
18.2
18.22
18.22
26s
129s
485s
18m
60m
Coupl_tuner_23
k12
k23
Re_tuner_L_2
Re_tuner_L_1
Ke_offset
CST COMPUTER SIMULATION TECHNOLOGY | www.cst.com | May-12
(6 steps/lambda)
Agenda
Introduction
Tuning Methods
Solver selections, accuracy
System Assembly and Modeling (SAM)
Guidelines and Summary
S-Parameter
(including Therm./mech.
Deformation)
apt_height
CST COMPUTER SIMULATION TECHNOLOGY | www.cst.com | May-12
Agenda
Introduction
Tuning Methods
Solver selections, accuracy
System Assembly and Modeling (SAM)
Guidelines and Summary
Some Guidelines
Start out with a rather coarse mesh models
Summary