CHAPTER V:

PHASE EQUILIBRIUM AND

TRANSFORMATION

h t t p : / / w w w. s o u t h a m p t o n . a c . u k / ~ p a s r 1 / i n d e x . h t m

PROLOGUE
o Mechanical properties of engineering materials depend
strongly upon microstructure.
o Engineers should understand how microstructure is
formed, and how microstructure influences engineering
properties.
o This chapter suppose to develop an understanding of the
phase transformations which occur under conditions of
slow cooling; under such conditions equilibrium is
approached, and the phase diagram can be used as an
aid to interpretation of the microstructure.

PROLOGUE
Kamu (wahai golongan yang kufur ingkar

dari kalangan jin dan manusia) akan

ditimpakan dengan api yang menjulangjulang dan leburan tembaga cair (yang
membakar); dengan yang demikian, kamu
tidak akan dapat mempertahankan diri
(dari azab seksa itu);
Ar-Rahmaan 55:35

a phase diagram of
two elements.

BINARY ALLOY

a temperature composition
diagram for two or
more elements.
can be thought of
as a "map" giving
the microstructure
of the resultant
alloy at any given
temperature and
composition.

BINARY PHASE
DIAGRAM

PHASE DIAGRAM

5.1 Basic Concept and Definition; Binary

Equilibrium Phase Diagram
A metallic alloy is a
mixture of a metal
with other metals
or non-metals.
Ceramics can also
be mixed to form
alloys. Binary
alloys are alloys of
two elements only.

5.1 Basic Concept and Definition; Binary

Equilibrium Phase Diagram

Naphthalenes Melting Point

Phase Diagram of H2O

Develop time-temperature diagram

Constant temperature at a certain
range of time
Determine melting/solidification
point
Super-cooling at solidification

Temperature vs Pressure diagram of

H2O
Three forms of H2O solid (ice),
liquid (water), gas (vapour), at
different temperature ranges.
Triple Point three water forms coexist (invariant point)

5.1 Basic Concept and Definition; Binary

Equilibrium Phase Diagram
Water - Sugar

Water - Salt

Water Ethylene Glycol

Water Acetic Acid

5.1 Basic Concept and Definition; Binary

Equilibrium Phase Diagram

Al 95 - Cu 5
(wt%)

Al-4 wt% Cu

Al,
commercial

Al 75, Cu 25
(wt%),
Al 67, Cu 33
(wt%),

Al 64, Cu 36
(wt%)

5.1 Basic Concept and Definition; Binary

Equilibrium Phase Diagram
A binary phase diagram shows the
phases formed in differing mixtures of
two elements over a range of
temperatures.
Compositions run from 100% Element
A on the left of the diagram, through
all possible mixtures, to 100% Element
B on the right.
The composition of an alloy is given in
the form A - x%B.
For example, Cu - 20%Al is 80% copper
and 20% aluminium.

5.1 Basic Concept and Definition; Binary

Equilibrium Phase Diagram
Weight percentages (wt%) are often
used to specify the proportions of
the alloying elements, but atomic
percent (at%) may be used.
The type of percentage is specified
e.g.
o Cu - 20wt%Al for weight percentages and
o Cu - 20at%Al for atomic percentages.

Weight percentages will be used

throughout this chapter.

5.1 Basic Concept and Definition; Binary

Equilibrium Phase Diagram

5.1 Basic Concept and Definition; Binary

Equilibrium Phase Diagram
3 Types of Phase Diagram
Complete
Solid Solubility

Limited
Solid Solubility

Non Solubility

5.2 Fe-C System

L + Fe3C

Wt% C