"BE" PRESENT: AFFIRMATIVE

USE:
To connect the subject with the rest of the sentence.
FORM:
am, is, are (in the Present Tense)
[SUBJECT + BE + REST OF SENTENCE]
I
You
He
She
It

am
are
is
is
is

We
You
They

are
are
are

EXAMPLES:
"My name is Maurice."
"I am your waiter."
"We are hungry."

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"BE" PRESENT: YES/NO QUESTIONS
USE:
To ask questions that need an answer of "yes" or "no".
FORM:
The subject and the verb change places.
Affirmative:
Yes/No Question:
Affirmative:
Yes/No Question:

They are at work.

Are they at work?
That store is expensive.
Is that store expensive?

EXAMPLES:
"Are you angry?"
"Is Bob in France?"
"BE" PRESENT: CONTRACTIONS
USE:
To join the subject and the form of "BE" and make them one word. Used in conversation.
FORM:
AFFIRMATIVE FORMS

Regular Form
I am
You are
He is
She is
It is

Contracted Form
I'm
You're
He's
She's
It's

We are
You are
They are

We're
You're
They're

NEGATIVE FORMS
Regular Form
I am not
You are not
He is not
She is not
It is not

Contracted Form
I'm not
You're not
You aren't
He's not
He isn't
She's not
She isn't
It's not
It isn't

We are not
You are not
They are not

We're not
You're not
They're not

We aren't
You aren't
They aren't

EXAMPLES:
"Who's next?"
"I'm next!"
"No, you aren't. We'renext!"

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"BE" PRESENTE: RESPUESTAS CORTAS
USO:
Para responder a una pregunta si/no.
FORM:
[SI + SUJETO + BE]

(nunca con contracciones)

[NO + SUJETO + BE + NOT]
(con frecuencia con contracciones)

AFIRMATIVO
Yes, I am.
Yes, you are.
Yes, he is.
Yes, she is.
Yes, it is.
Yes, we are.
Yes, you are.
Yes, they are.
NEGATIVO
No, I'm not.
No, you're not.
No, he's not.
No, it's not.

No, you aren't.

No, he isn't.
No, it isn't.

No, we're not.

No, you're not.
No, they're not.

No, we aren't.
No, you aren't.
No, they aren't.

EJEMPLOS:
"Is this your dog?"
"Yes, it is."
"Is this your dog?"
"No, it isn't."

n.

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THIS/THAT THESE/THOSE
USE:
To indicate specific nouns.
FORM:
"This"/"That"
used with singular nouns
"These"/"Those"
used with plural nouns
"This"/"These"
for nouns near the speaker
"That"/"Those"
for nouns not near the speaker
EXAMPLES:
"Is this your hat?"
(A specific hat that is near the speaker.)
"No, that is my hat."
(A specific hat that is further away.)
"Are these your gloves?"
(Specific gloves nearby.)
"No, those are my gloves."
(Specific gloves further away.)
"I'm going to visit friends this Friday."
(The specific Friday, nearest in time.)

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NOUNS: SINGULAR/PLURAL
USE:
To indicate two or more of the same object.
FORM:
Add an "s" to the noun.
a dollar
a guitar

two dollars
many guitars

Many nouns have spelling changes in their plural forms.

When a noun ends in "s", "ss", "x", "sh", or "ch", add "es".
a watch

watches

NOTE: "es" is pronounced "ez"

When a noun ends in a consonant + "y" change the "y" to "i" and add "es".
a baby

babies

When a noun ends in "o", sometimes add "es".

a potato

potatoes

BUT
a radio

radios

When a noun ends in "f" or "fe", change the "f" to "v" and add "es" or "s".
a shelf

shelves

Sometimes the noun plural looks completely different:

a foot / feet
a woman / women
a man / men
a mouse / mice
a person / people
a child / children

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THERE IS / THERE ARE
USE:
To state that something exists or is present.
FORM:
Singular: [THERE IS + REST OF SENTENCE]
Plural: [THERE ARE + REST OF SENTENCE]
Questions: [IS/ARE THERE + REST OF SENTENCE?]
EXAMPLES:
"Are there any cookies left?"
"There is one more left."
ARTICLES
USE:
"a" or "an" is used with all singular nouns that can be counted.
"the" is used to refer to a specific noun, singular or plural.
FORM:
Words that begin with a consonant take "a". Words that begin with a vowel take "an".
EXAMPLES:
"Give me a sandwich please."
(Sandwich is singular and can be counted.)
"This is a dog."
(Dog begins with "d", a consonant.)
"This is an orange."
(Orange begins with "o", a vowel.)

"I want the English book."

"I want the English books."
("the" is used with both singular and plural nouns.)
"I want water, please."
"I want the water, please."
(Water cannot be counted so only "the" can be used and not "a".)

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PRESENT PROGRESSIVE: AFFIRMATIVE
USE:
To describe actions that are happening now or in the future.
FORM:
[SUBJECT + BE + VERBing + REST OF SENTENCE]
I
You
He/She/It

am
are
is

waiting
eating
sleeping

for you.
my cake.
now.

We
You
They

are
are
are

going
walking
studying

tomorrow.
too fast.
English this year.

EXAMPLES:
"I am trying to study."
"He is eating an apple."
"Our secretary is eating lunch."
"We are meeting them tonight."

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PRESENTE PROGRESIVO: PREGUNTAS SI/NO
USO:
Realizar preguntas que requieren "s" o "no" como respuesta
FORMA
El sujeto y la forma de "BE" cambian de lugar.

Enunciado:
He is sleeping.
Pregunta SI/NO: Is he sleeping?

Enunciado:
They are working now.
Pregunta SI/NO: Are they working now?
EJEMPLOS:
"Are you listening to me?"
"Is your sister moving to New York?"

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PRESENTE PROGRESIVO: RESPUESTAS CORTAS

USO:
Responder a una pregunta s/no.
FORMA:
[YES + SUJETO + BE] (nunca se utiliza con contracciones)
[NO + SUJETO + BE + NOT] (a menudo se utiliza con contracciones)
AFIRMATIVA
Yes, I am.
Yes, you are.
Yes, he is.
Yes, she is.
Yes, it is.
Yes, we are.
Yes, you are.
Yes, they are.
NEGATIVA

No, I'm not.

No, you're not.
No, he's not.
No, it's not.

No, you aren't.

No, he isn't.
No, it isn't.

No, we're not.

No, you're not.
No, they're not.

No, we aren't.
No, you aren't.
No, they aren't.

EJEMPLOS:
"Marie, are you enjoying the party?"
"Yes, I am."
"Are we leaving now?"
"No, we aren't."

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PRESENTE PROGRESIVO: NEGATIVO
USO:
Describir una accin que no est ocurriendo ahora o en el futuro.
FORMA:
[SUJET + BE + NOT + VERBO+ing (+ REST)]

I
You
She
He
It

am not
are not
is not
is not
is not

driving.
listening.
working.
working.
working.

We
You
They

are not
are not
are not

studying.
waiting.
talking.

EJEMPLOS:
"It is not raining anymore."
"I am not going to the party tonight."

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PRESENTE PROGRESIVO: PREGUNTAS -WH
USO:
Realizar preguntas que comienzan con las siguientes palabras de interrogacin: WHAT, WHEN, WHERE,
WHO, WHY, HOW
FORMA:
[PALABRA DE INTERROGACIN + BE + SUJETO + VERBOing + RESTO]
NOTA: el sujeto y la forma de "BE" cambian de lugar.
They are working at home now.
Are they working at home now?
Where are they working now? (Wh-Question)
EJEMPLO:
"What are you doing now?"
"I'm watching a movie on TV."

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"BE" PRESENT: NEGATIVE
USE:
To make a sentence negative.
FORM:
Add "not" after the verb "BE".
[SUBJECT + BE + NOT + REST OF SENTENCE]
I
You
She
He
It

am not
are not
is not
is not
is not

We
You
They

are not
are not
are not

EXAMPLES:
"This dress is not my size."
"They are not happy."

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PRESENT PROGRESSIVE: SPELLING CHANGES
USE:
The spelling of some verbs changes when "ing" is added.
FORM:
For most verbs that end in consonant-vowel-consonant, double the last letter:
stop - stopping
For verbs that end in "e", drop the "e" before adding "ing":
have - having
give - giving

EXAMPLES:
"I'm having a great time in Paris."
"The bus driver is stopping the bus."

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NOUNS: POSSESSIVE
USE:
To show who/what a thing belongs to.
FORM:
Add " 's " to the name of the person, place or thing that the noun belongs to. For plural nouns, put the " ' " after
the "s".
EXAMPLES:
"The boy's pizza."
(The pizza belongs to the boy.)
"The boys' pizza."
(The pizza belongs to the boys.)
PRESENT PROGRESSIVE: CONTRACTIONS
USE:
To join the subject and the form of "BE" and make them one word. Used in conversation.
FORM:
AFFIRMATIVE FORMS
Regular Form
I am going.
You are going.
He is going.
She is going.
It is going.
We are going.
You are going.
They are going.

Contracted Form
I'm going.
You're going.
He's going.
She's going.
It's going.
We're going.
You're going.
They're going.

EXAMPLES:
He is taking the bus.
He's taking the bus.
NEGATIVE FORMS
I'm not working.
You're not working.
He's not working.
She's not working.
It's not working

You aren't working.

He isn't working.
She isn't working.
It isn't working.

We're not working.

You're not working.
They're not working.

We aren't working.
You aren't working.
They aren't working.

EXAMPLES:
"Frank is not driving to work today."
"Frank isn't driving to work today."
"Frank's not driving to work today."

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PRONOBRES: SUJETO

USE:
Hacer referencia al sujeto de una oracin en lugar de utilizar nombres propios.
FORMA:
Para referirse a personas: I, you, he, she, we, they
Para referirse a cosas: it, they
EJEMPLO:
"I am Mack."
"She is Matilda."
"He is little Spike."
"We are your new neighbors."
PRONOMBRES: OBJETO

USO:
Hacer referencia al objeto de una oracin en lugar de utilizar un nombre propio.
FORMA:
Para referirse a personas: me, you, him, her, us, them
Para referirse a cosas: it, them
EJEMPLOS:
"Do you know him?"
"No, but I know her; she's my boss!"
PRONOUNS: POSSESSIVE
USE:
To show belonging without using the name of the owner.
FORM:
ADJECTIVE
Always followed by the noun it describes: my, your, his,
her, its, our, their
NOUN
Used without the noun it describes: mine, yours, his, hers, ours, theirs
EXAMPLES:
"Is it your turn?"
"No, it's his."
"It's not my turn, it's hers."
BE PAST: STATEMENTS
USE:
To connect the subject with the rest of the sentence and talk about the past.
AFFIRMATIVE
FORM:
[SUBJECT + WAS/WERE + REST]
I/She/He/It
was
in the kitchen.
You/We/They
were
late.
NEGATIVE
FORM:
[SUBJECT + WAS/WERE + NOT + REST]

WASN'T/WEREN'T
I/She/He/It
was not
angry.
I/She/He/It
wasn't
here.
You/We/They
You/We/They

were not
weren't

early.
on time.

EXAMPLES:
"Diana was at home yesterday."
"She wasn't at school."
"They were late to work."
"They weren't early."

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BE PAST: QUESTIONS
YES/NO QUESTIONS
USE:
To ask questions that need an answer of "yes" or "no".
FORM:
The subject and the verb change places.
Affirmative: They were at home.
Yes/No Question: Were they at home?
Negative: He wasn't at school.
Yes/No Question: Wasn't he at school?(Always use contractions.)

Answers: Yes, I was.

No, I wasn't.

WH-QUESTIONS
USE:
To ask questions that begin with these question words:WHAT, WHEN, WHERE, WHO, WHY, HOW.
FORM:
Questions about the SUBJECT:
[WH-WORD + BE PAST + REST OF SENTENCE]
Affirmative: Juan was at home.
Wh-Question: Who was at home?
Questions about the REST OF THE SENTENCE:
[WH-WORD + BE PAST + SUBJECT + REST OF SENTENCE]
Affirmative: He was in Philadelphia.
Wh-Question: Where was he?
Affirmative: He was there in 1990.
Wh-Question: When was he there?

EXAMPLES:
Police: "Where were you last nightat 9:30?"
Man: "I was at home all night."
Police: "Was Big Bob with you?"
Man: "No, he wasn't. I was alone."

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NOUNS AND QUANTIFIERS:
NON-COUNT NOUNS and QUANTIFIERS
USE:
Quantifiers are words or phrases which show the number or amount of an object. Some quantifiers are used
with both count and non-count nouns. Some other quantifiers are used only with either non-count nouns or
count nouns, but not with both.
REMEMBER: Non-count nouns take only the singular form of the verb!
some (statements):
"There is some water in your glass."
any (questions and negative sentences):
"Is there any money in the handbag?"
"There isn't any time left."
a lot of
"There is a lot of butter on your bread."
much
"I haven't got much money."
"How much milk do you want?"
a little
"I only want a little juice."

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PRESENTE SIMPLE: ENUNCIADOS
USO:
Hablar de acciones, estados o hechos que suceden en cualquier momento, de forma repetida o
continuamente.
AFIRMATIVA
FORMA:
La tercera persona del singular aaden una -s final.
[SUJETO + VERBO(s) + RESTO DE LA ORACIN
I/You/We/They
He/She/It

work
has

in a bank.
brown eyes.
ORTOGRAFIA

Los verbos que acaban en ss, sh, ch, x, o aaden la terminacin es a la tercera persona del
singular. kisses,matches, goes,watches

Para verbos que terminan en la consonante + y,cambian la y por la terminacin ies: carry/carries,try/tries, copy/copies
NOTA: el presente simple se utiliza tambin con adverbios y frases adverbiales: Always,
Never, Often,Sometimes, Usually, Every day/week, On Sundays, Twice a month, year, etc.
EJEMPLOS:
"I often go to basketball games."
"He never watches TV."
"My brother goes to the health club twice a week."
"I always have coffee for breakfast."
NEGATIVA
FORMA:
[SUJETO+ DO NOT/DON'T+ VERBO+ RESTO DE LA ORACIN]DOES NOT/DOESN'T)

I/You/We/They
He/She/It

don't drive
doesn't have

in the city.
brown eyes..

EJEMPLO:
"Bill calls Mary, but he doesn't call me."

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PRESENT SIMPLE: YES/NO QUESTIONS
QUESTIONS
USE:
To ask questions about actions in general time that need an answer of "yes" or "no".
FORM:
Put DO or DOES in front of the subject.
[DO/DOES + SUBJECT + VERB + REST]
Does
he/she/it
like
milk?
Do
I
know
him?
AFFIRMATIVE:
She likes milk.
YES/NO QUESTION: Does she like milk?
ANSWERS
USE:
To answer a yes/no question.
FORM:
[YES,
Yes,
Yes,
[NO,
No,
No,

SUBJECT +
I/you/we/they
he/she/it
SUBJECT +
I/you/we/they
he/she/it

EXAMPLES:
"Do you work on Saturdays?"
"Yes, I do."
"Does he work on Saturdays?"
"No, he doesn't."

DO/DOES]
do.
does.
DON'T/DOESN'T]
don't.
doesn't.

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PRESENT SIMPLE: Wh Questions
USE:
To ask questions about actions in general time that begin with these questions words: WHAT, WHEN,
WHERE, WHO, WHY, HOW.
FORM:
Questions about the SUBJECT:
[WHO-WHAT + VERB + REST]
Who

lives

here?

Questions about the REST OF THE SENTENCE:

[WH-WORD + DO/DOES... VERB...]
When
do
you
Where
does
he
EXAMPLES:
"Who lives in that house?"
"The Porters."

go home?
live?

"What does Jack want to do?"

"Go to the movies.
"Where do they work?"
"At the bank."

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COMPARISON: EQUALITY
USE:
To compare two persons or things that are alike.
FORM:
AFFIRMATIVE:
[AS + ADJECTIVE + AS]
Bob is as tall as Marty.
NEGATIVE:
[NOT AS + ADJECTIVE + AS]
Her hair is not as long as mine.
COMPARISON: COMPARATIVES
USE:
To compare one or more people/things to other people/things.
FORM:
[COMPARATIVE FORM OF ADJECTIVE + THAN]
John is older than Bart.
Betty is more beautiful than Barbara.
Most adjectives take -er:

long/longer, old/older, tall/taller

Adjectives ending in -e take -r:
nice/nicer, late/later
Adjectives ending in vowel + consonant
double the consonant:
fat/fatter, big/bigger, hot/hotter
With adjectives ending in y, drop the y; add -ier:
happy/happier, easy/easier
With most two-syllable adjectives and longer adjectives form the comparative with more:
intelligent - more intelligent
beautiful - more beautiful
The adjectives "good" and "bad" have anirregular comparative form:
good - better
bad - worse
EXAMPLES:
Todd: "Samurai Sam is winning. He's stronger than Viking Vick."
Ron: "Yes, and he's more popular, too!"

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PAST SIMPLE: STATEMENTS
USE:
To talk about past events and actions.
AFFIRMATIVE
FORM:
Regular verbs in the Past Simple end in -ed.
[SUBJECT + VERB+ed + REST]
EXAMPLES:
"Joe
"We

walked
played

home alone last night."

football last week."
SPELLING

Verbs ending in -e, take only -d: live/ lived.

With verbs ending in consonant+y, change the y to i:
carry / carried

try/ tried

NOTE: Past Simple is often used with adverbs: Yesterday, Last week/month/year, A... ago.
NEGATIVE
FORM:

Put did not (didn't) in front of the verb.

[SUBJECT+ DID NOT+ VERB+ REST OF SENTENCE]
/DIDN'T
They
did not
call
me last week.
Ruth
didn't
study
last night.
EXAMPLES:
"He didn't work at all last week."
"I didn't like the movie last night."

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See Explanation
PAST SIMPLE: IRREGULAR VERBS
FORM:
Some verbs have irregular forms in the Past Simple.You will have to learn them by heart.
Here is a list of some of the most frequent verbs:
come do drink eat find get drive go have hear know leave make meet -

came
did
drank
ate
found
got
drove
went
had
heard
knew
left
made
met

put read say sell sit sleep speak take tell think understand wear write -

put
read
said
sold
sat
slept
spoke
took
told
thought
understood
wore
wrote

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PAST SIMPLE: QUESTIONS
YES/NO QUESTIONS
USE:
To ask questions about past actions/events that need an answer of "yes" or "no".
FORM:
Put DID / DIDN'T in front of the subject.
[DID / DIDN'T + SUBJECT + VERB + REST]
Did
Didn't

you
they

walk
buy

yesterday?
the book last week?
WH-QUESTIONS

USE:
To ask questions about the past that begin with these question words: WHAT, WHEN, WHERE, WHO, WHY,
HOW.
FORM:
Questions about the SUBJECT:
[WHO/WHAT + PAST VERB + REST]
Who
told
him?
What
made
that noise?
Questions about the REST OF THE SENTENCE:
[WH-WORD + DID + VERB...]

When
Where

did
did

you
they

leave school?
buy that?

EXAMPLES:
John: "Did you ask the boss about money?"
Rose: "Yes, I did."
John: "Well, what did she say?"
Rose: "She said no."

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PRESENT SIMPLE: TAG QUESTIONS
USE:
To ask a yes/no question when a certain answer is already expected.
FORM:
Add a short, two-word question-tag to the end of the statement.
If "yes" is expected:
[AFFIRMATIVE SENTENCE + DON'T/DOESN'T + SUBJECT]
You drive,
Carl paints,

don't
doesn't

you?
he?

If "no" is expected:
[NEGATIVE SENTENCE + DO/DOES + SUBJECT]
You don't smoke,
do
you?
Mary doesn't drive,
does
she?
EXAMPLES:
"You like coffee, don't you?"
"Yes, I do." (Expect the answer to be "yes".)
"She doesn't work here, does she?"
"No, she doesn't."(Expect the answer to be "no".)

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MODALS and SEMI-MODALS: CAN
USE:
The Modal CAN is used with verbs and adds a special meaning. Like most Modals, CAN has more than one
meaning.
MEANING:
"Joe can speak French." (ABILITY)
"You can leave early." (PERMISSION)
"It can be hot here." (POSSIBILITY)
FORM:
Like other Modals, CAN goes before the verb and only has one form.
AFFIRMATIVE
[CAN + VERB]
John can swim quickly.
You can go to the movies with your friends.
NEGATIVE
[CAN + NOT + VERB]
Diane can't swim.
Beth cannot meet us tonight.
YES/NO QUESTIONS
[CAN + SUBJECT + VERB + REST OF SENTENCE]
Can you help me?
Can Ileave now?

Answers:
Yes, you can.
No, you cannot/can't.
WH-QUESTIONS
[WH-WORD + CAN... VERB...]
When can you help me?
EXAMPLES:
Danny: "Can you open it?"
Keith: "No, I can't. I can't open it."
Danny: "Let's ask Butch. He can do it."

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Vocabulary:
1 Actor - Classical music Concert Movie newspaper radio rock music rock star
televisin theather
2 arrest court fine judge parking ticket plice officer prison rob steal thief
3 appetizer delicious dessert drink main dish men napkin order a meal side dish
waiter
4 guest hotel room manager offer a service on business pool reservation- security guard
stay trip
5 ask listen look over meet say study talk about think turn around write
6 beautiful busy clean cool excellent fast fine great interested in new
7 fifty percent off for sale free furniture store low prices open Price product regular
Price sale
8 bus bus fare bus stop car conductor late take a taxi train wait for walk
9 buy closed delivery department store gift shop good business order pay sabe
Money store manager
10 bake cook cookbook cup dish freeze fresh meal plate serve
11 give directions in front of left at map near next to opposite right at street turn
12 athlete basketball bicycle championship exercise game player race stadium win
13 aunt cousin family picnic figth have fun phone home relative reunin uncle
Young and old