Instructor: Prof. Dr.

Atalay BARKANA

ANADOLU UNIVERSITY

DEPT. OF ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS

ENGINEERING

EEM401
Professional Aspects of Electrical Engineering

23.12.2009

Homework5: 3G

16169230356 Osman GLERCAN

I-Introduction:

"Third generation (3G) networks were conceived from the Universal Mobile
Telecommunications Service (UMTS) concept for high speed networks for enabling a
variety of data intensive applications. 3G systems consist of the two main standards,
CDMA2000 and W-CDMA, as well as other 3G variants such as NTT DoCoMo's
Freedom of Mobile Multimedia Access (FOMA) and Time Division Synchronous
Code Division Multiple Access (TD-SCDMA) used primarily in China." 1

"There are currently almost 100 million 3G wireless subscribers worldwide. The US,
with over 200 million mobile subscribers, crossed the 10% mark for 3G penetration
for the first time in 2006, while Japan stayed in the lead with over 50% of its
subscribers using 3G phones. As 3G adoption accelerates, 3G carriers, handset
manufacturing, infrastructure equipment makers, semiconductor OEM's, and 3G
application providers stand to gain. Wireless Internet Service Providers (WISP's),
carriers without the wherewithal or financial resources to upgrade their networks, and
companies that provide services which are standard under 3G (i.e., email access),
will be in a position to lose. " 2

II-Main Text:

"In simple terms, third generation (3G) services combine high speed mobile access
with Internet Protocol (IP)-based services. But this doesnt just mean fast mobile
connection to the world wide web. Rather, whole new ways to communicate, access
information, conduct business, learn and be entertained - liberated from slow,
cumbersome equipment and immovable points of access.

The packet based IP (Internet Protocol) technology that will form the core of future
services will mean we can be on-line constantly: e-mail messages with file
attachments will download to hand-held terminals instantaneously; at the push of a
button well be connected to our company network. Well have this "anytime access"

1
http://www.mobilein.com/3G.htm
2
http://www.wikinvest.com/concept/3G
with charging geared more towards how much information we are sending than to
how long we are connected. "3

Data Speed

"The data speed of 3G is determined based on a combination of factors including the

chip rate, channel structure, power control, and synchronization.
An example of calculating the theoretical 3G data speed is as follows:
W-CDMA assigned code 400-500 Kpbs/code. 6 codes X 400 > 2Mbps (UMTS
target for 3G data speed in fixed location)
Actual data speeds will vary in accordance with several factors including:
Number of users in cell/sector
Distance of user from cell
User is moving or stationary
Network operator capacity and network optimization requirements

1xEV-DO is a data-only solution, supporting a theoretical data speed of up to 2.457

Mbps 1xEV-DV is a data and voice solution, supporting a theoretical data speed of
up to 3.072 Mbps FOMA has two operational modes, supporting a dedicated 64 Kbps
connection or a 384 Kbps downlink/64 Kbps uplink best-effort connection.
TD-SCDMA can operate in 1.6 MHz or 5 MHz mode for 2 Mbps or 6 Mpbs
respectively.

Comparison of W-CDMA to CDMA2000

Both use a coding scheme that separates each subscriber from other subscribers
Both use control channels to manage the network
W-CDMA and CDMA2000 are not compatible from the perspective that they have
different chip rates - 3.84 MCPS for W-CDMA vs. 1.2888 MCPS for CMDA2000. W-
CDMA uses a 5 MHz channel. Initially, CDMA2000 uses only a 1.25 MHz channel,
but with CDMA2000 3x, three 1.25 MHz channels can be combined to form a super
channel structure.

W-CDMA is synchronous, relying on mobile station time measurements between two

base stations, rather than using GPS as CDMA2000 does.
There are three modes of operation for W-CDMA/CDMA2000:
3
http://www.3gnewsroom.com/html/about_3g/intro_3g.shtml
 Direct Sequence (DS) W-CDMA (UMTS) for Frequency Divsion Duplex (FDD)
W-CDMA Time Division Duplex (TDD)
CDMA2000 Multi-carrier FDD

Each of the three radio interface methods may be employed on either a GSM or
ANSI-based Core Network (CN).

IS-833 is a standard, developed by the 3GPP2, to support CDMA2000 1xRTT Radio

Access Network (RAN) to interface with a GSM CN. RAN upgrade required includes
CDMA base station and BSC. CN upgrade required includes CDMA PDSN and AAA
server.

3G Architecture

W-CDMA uses the same CN as GPRS, utilizing existing infrastruture such as the
GGSN and SGSN. W-CDMA, however, does require new RAN infrastructure such
as the Node B, which replaces the BTS, and the Radio Network Controller (RNC),
which replaces the BSC. Ultimately, the W-CDMA CN will evolve to comprise a full
Mobile IP infrastructure including Media Gateway (MGW) and Media Gateway
Controller (MGC) equipment for VoIP and other new equipment such as the HSS and
CSDF.

CDMA2000 starts with new channel cards and then migrates to a full Mobile IP
infrastructure requiring new Core Network (CN) infrastructure such as the AAA server
and Packet Data Server Node (PDSN). "4

Security

"3G networks offer a greater degree of security than 2G predecessors. By allowing

the UE (User Equipment) to authenticate the network it is attaching to, the user can
be sure the network is the intended one and not an impersonator. 3G networks use
the KASUMI block crypto instead of the older A5/1 stream cipher. However, a
number of serious weaknesses in the KASUMI cipher have been identified.

In addition to the 3G network infrastructure security, end-to-end security is offered

when application frameworks such as IMS are accessed, although this is not strictly a
3G property.
4
http://www.mobilein.com/3g.htm
Issues

Although 3G was successfully introduced to users across the world, some issues are
debated by 3G providers and users:

Expensive input fees for the 3G service licenses in some jurisdictions

Differences in licensing terms between states
Level of debt incurred by some telecommunication companies, which makes
investment in 3G difficult
Lack of state support for financially troubled operators
Cost of 3G phones
Lack of coverage in some areas
Demand for broadband services in a hand-held device

Battery life of 3G phones " 5

3G Systems
"3G Systems are intended to provide a global mobility with wide range of services
including telephony, paging, messaging, Internet and broadband data. International
Telecommunication Union (ITU) started the process of defining the standard for third
generation systems, referred to as International Mobile Telecommunications 2000
(IMT-2000). In Europe European Telecommunications Standards Institute (ETSI) was
responsible of UMTS standardisation process. In 1998 Third Generation Partnership
Project (3GPP) was formed to continue the technical specification work. 3GPP has
five main UMTS standardisation areas: Radio Access Network, Core Network,
Terminals, Services and System Aspects and GEREN.

3GPP Radio Access group is responsible of:

Radio Layer 1, 2 and 3 RR specification
Iub, Iur and Iu Interfaces
UTRAN Operation and Maintenance requirements
BTS radio performance specification
Conformance test specification for testing of radio aspects of base stations
Specifications for radio performance aspects from the system point of view

3GPP Core Network group is responsible of:

Mobility management, call connection control signalling between the user
equipment and the core network.
Core network signalling between the core network nodes.

5
http://en.wikipedia.org/3g
 Definition of interworking functions between the core network and external
networks.
Packet related issues.
Core network aspects of the lu interface and Operation and Maintenance
requirements

3GPP Terminal group is responsible of:

Service capability protocols
Messaging
Services end-to-end interworking
USIM to Mobile Terminal interface
Model/framework for terminal interfaces and services (application) execution
Conformance test specifications of terminals, including radio aspects

3GPP Services and System Aspects group is responsible of:

Definition of services and feature requirements.
Development of service capabilities and service architecture for cellular, fixed
and cordless applications.
Charging and Accounting
Network Management and Security Aspects
Definition, evolution, and maintenance of overall architecture." 6

"Two types of codes are used in 3G

Channelisation codes
- to distinguish the different channels
- the channelisation code is defined by its
spreading factor (SF = 2; 4; 8; 16; 32; ; 512)
Scrambling codes
Uplink -> to distinguish mobiles
2 (= 16.777.216) different codes
Downlink -> to distinguish Node Bs (cells)
512 different codes "7

6
http://www.umtsworld.com/
7
http://www.siemens-mobile.com/technical/umts
III-Conclusion:

3G market has started to spread in recent years with devoloping technology. There
are some reasons for why 3G is widely used? One of the reason to investigate this
interest is that the IP products are developed for everything. The internet has also
become a popular on the world. 3G not only provides users to communicate each
other but also it offers broadband & high speed data access. In additon, 3G services
use high bandwidth for its improved features, so the GSM operator services have to
interchange their base stations. However, 3G offers more users per area because it
has more channel. To sum up, it is seem that 3G will continue to spread while people
needs' are increasing.

IV-References:
1) Mobile In, http://www.mobilein.com/

2) Wikinvest, http://www.wikinvest.com/

3) 3G News, http://www.3gnewsroom.com/

4) Wikipedia, http://en.wikipedia.org/

5) UMTS World, http://www.umtsworld.com/

6) Siemens Mobile, http://www.siemens-mobile.com/