Basic Geometry

For private circulation only.

This content has been created by Online Academy,
www.GREedge.com for enrolled students only.
Unauthorized copying or commercial use of this material is
prohbited.
2009 Valued Epistemics Pvt. Ltd, India.

Valued Epistemics Pvt Ltd;

No.124, 5th Street Padmanabha Nagar, Adyar, Chennai - 600 020. INDIA
Phone: +91 44 32428730 +91 9884453276
email: support@greedge.com
www.GREedge.com

Definitions
Point
A location in space
Line
A geometric figure made up of infinitely many points
Line segment
A line segment is a part of a line that has two end points.
Ray
A ray is part of a line. It has one end point and extends to
infinity in one direction.
Plane
A flat surface that is infinitely large
and with zero thickness extends endlessly in all
Directions
Congruent line segments
Line segments that have the same length
Midpoint
The point that divides a line segment into two congruent
parts

Definitions
Angle
A geometric figure formed by two rays with a common
Endpoint
A
B
C

The Relation between the Degree and Radian

If an angle measured in degree is D and in radian is
R, then the relation between D and R is given by
D = (180/ ) * R
R = (/180)*D

Example
In the radian system of angular measurement, the measure of
one revolution is 2.

Example:
What is the radian measure of 60?
60 * (/180) = /3
Convert 1.4 radians into degrees?
1.4 (180/) = 80.2

Types of Angles
Acute angle
An angle whose measure is less than
90 and greater than 0
Right angle
An angle whose measure is 90
Obtuse angle
An angle whose measure is greater than
90 but less than 180
Straight angle
An angle whose measure is 180
Reflex angle
An angle whose measure is more than
180 but less than 360

Types of Lines
Intersecting Lines
Two or more lines that meet at a point are
called intersecting lines.
Parallel Lines
Type of lines that never meet.
Perpendicular Lines
Lines intersect to form right angles.
Skew Lines
Lines that do not lie on the same plane.
Co planer Lines
Lines that lie on the same plane.
Transversal Line
A line that intersect two other coplanar Lines.

Transversal
Line

Angle Relationships
Adjacent Angles

Any two angles that share a

Common vertex
Common side

D
2
C

Vertical Angles
Vertical angles are the angles that are
opposite each other when two lines
intersect.
Vertical angles are not adjacent.
They are always equal in measure.
Pair of Angles (AEB, DEC ) and (BEC ,
AED) are vertical angles

B
C

Angle Relationships
Complementary Angles
Two Angles are Complementary if they
add up to 90 degrees
One of the complementary angles is
said to be the complement of the other.

Supplementary Angles
Two Angles are Supplementary if they
add up to 180 degrees
One of the supplementary angles is
said to be the supplement of the other.

Angle Relationships
Congruent angles
Two angles that have the same
measure are called congruent angles.

45

45

Corresponding Angles
Pairs of angles that are in similar
positions.
Corresponding angles have the same
degree measurement.
Pair of angle (A ,C) and (B,D) are
corresponding angles.

C
A

Angle Relationships
Alternate Interior Angles
Pairs of interior angles on opposite sides of the
transversal are called alternate interior angles.
Alternate interior angles have the same degree
measurement.

C
B

Pair of Angles(A, D) and (B,C) are alternate

interior angles.
Alternate Exterior Angles
Pairs of exterior angles on opposite sides of the
transversal are called alternate exterior angles.
Alternate exterior angles have the same degree
measurement.
Pair of Angles(A, D) and (B,C) are alternate
exterior angles.

C
A

Angle Relationships
Angle bisector
24
24

A ray that divides an angle into two

congruent angles
Linear Pair
It is a pair of adjacent angles that form a
straight line.

56

124

Problem

Line x and y are parallel, then find:

(i) Pair of vertically opposite angles.
(ii) Pair of linear pairs.
(iii) Pair of alternate interior angles.
(iv) Pair of alternate exterior angles.
(v) Pair of corresponding angles.

Identification of Angles
Line x and y are parallel, then
(a,c) (b,d) (g,e) (f,h) are Pair of vertically opposite angles.
(a,b) (b,c) (d,c) (a,d) (g,f) (g,h) (h,e) (f,e) are linear pairs.
(b,f) ( c,g) are alternate interior angles.
(a,e) (d,h) are alternate exterior angles
(a,g) (b,h) (d,f) (c,e) are corresponding angles.

Problem
In the figure below, name all pairs of adjacent angles.

Solution
Angles ADC, CDE.
Angles ADC, CDB.
Angles ADE, EDB.
Angles CDE, EDB.
These are the pairs of adjacent angles.

Problem
From the following figure.
Determine whether each set of points
are collinear
(a) A, B, C
(b) A, B, F
(c) B, D, F
(d) A, C
Determine whether each set of points
are coplanar
(a) A, B, E
(b) D, F, C, E
(c) B, C, E, F
(d)A, B, C, E

Solution
(a) A, B, C
(b) A, B, F
(c) B, D, F
(d) A, C
In this A,B,C and B,D,F are Collinear
(a) A, B, E
(b) D, B, C, E
(c) B, C, E, F
(d) A, B, E, C
In this A,B,E and A,B,E,C are coplanar

Problem
In the figure below, L1 is parallel to L2. Angle L1AB = w =
125 and Angle L2CB = z =140. Then find Angle ABC

a)86
b)95
c)82
d)75

Solution
Let us draw a parallel line D.
Angle ABC = angle ABD + angle CBD.
angle ABD = angle w' (Alternate interior
angles)
angle CBD = angle z' (Alternate interior
angles)
W + w' = z + z' = 180 {supplementary
angles} .
w' = 180 - w = 180 - 125 = 55
Also,
z' = 180 - z = 180 - 140 = 40
Hence,
Angle ABC = w' + z' = 55 + 40 = 95

Problem
Find the value for y and z in the figure below

a) 20,12
b) 10, 25
c) 13, 29
d) 27, 10

Solution
5z + 13 and 93 3z are Alternate interior
angles

So,

5z + 13 = 93 3z
5z + 3z = 80
8z = 80
z = 10
5z +13 = 5*10 + 13 = 63

Also y and 5z + 13 are complementary

angles
y + 5z +13 = 90
y + 63 = 90
y = 27
There fore, y = 27 and z = 10.

Problem
Find the value for R, S and T in the figure below

a) 77.5, 15, 140

B) 65.2, 10, 126
C) 62.1, 15, 150
D)70.2, 10, 139

Solution
Alternate Exterior Angles: (140 and T)
T = 140
Linear Pair and supplementary:
140 + (4S 20 ) = 180
120 + 4S = 180
4S = 180 - 120
4S = 60
S = 15
Corresponding angles:
2R 15 = 140
2R = 140 +15
2R = 155
R = 77.5
Therefore, R = 77.5, S = 15, T = 140

Problem
Observe the given figure and find which of the statements are
true or false?
(a) Segments AC and DE are parallel.
(b) Segment DE intersects segment BG.
(c) All perpendicular lines intersect.
(d) Line DE is perpendicular to GH.
(e) Line FH intersects line BG and DE.

Solution
Segments AC and DE are parallel.

- True

Segment DE intersects segment BG. - False

All perpendicular lines intersect.

- True

Line DE is parallel to GH.

- False

Line FH intersects line BG and DE.

- False

Problem
The supplement of an angle x is 60 less than twice the
supplement of the complement of the angle x. Find the
measure of Angle x.
(a) 30
(b) 90
(c) 20
(d) 70
(e) 40

Solution
90-x = complement of angle
180-x = supplement of angle
180- (90-x) = 90+x = supplement of complement of the angle.
Given that, The supplement of an angle is 60 less than twice the
supplement of complement of the angle. Then,
180-x = 2(90+x) - 60
180-x = 180+2x -60
-x = 2x -60
-x+60 = 2x
60 = 3x
x = 20

Problem
Twice the complement of angles x is 35 less than the supplement
of angle x. Find angle x.
(a) 30
(b) 40
(c) 35
(d) 45
(e) 50

Solution
Given: Twice the complement of angles x is 35 less than the
supplement of angle x
Let the angle be x.
Complement of angle = 90- x
Supplement of angle = 180 - x
2(90 - x) + 35 = 180 - x
215 - 2x = 180 -x
x = 35

Problem
Half the supplement of an angle is 30 less than twice the
complement of the angle. Find the measure of the angle.
(a) 30
(b) 50
(c) 35
(d) 45
(e) 40

Solution
"Half the supplement of an angle is 30 less than twice the
complement of the angle." Let the angle be x.
(1/2)*(180-x) = 2(90-x) - 30
() * (180 x) = 180 2x 30
() * (180) - () * x = 150 2x
2x () * x = 150 - 90
3x/2 = 60
3x = 120
x = 120/3
x = 40 is the angle

Problem
What are the measures of a linear pair of angles if the measure
of one angle is five times that of the other?

a) 60, 150
b) 150,30
c) 120,30
d) 120, 45

Solution
Let the measure of the angles be x and y.
Then,
Equations:
x + y = 180 (Linear Pair)
x = 5y
Substitute for "x" and solve for "y":
5y + y = 180
6y = 180
y = 30
Solve for "x":
x = 5y
x = 5*30
x = 150

Quiz Questions
1. How many degrees in a quarter turn?
2. Name all pairs of supplementary angles in this diagram.
3. Point B lies on segment AC. AB = 10 and BC = 8. Find AC.
4. Point B lies in the interior of angle AOC. The measure of angle AOB = 50
degrees and the measure of angle AOC = 70 degrees. Find the measure of
angle BOC.
5. (i) Convert each of the degree into radians.
(a) 120
(b) 72
(ii) Convert each of the radian measure into degree
(a)7/4
(b)9/2

Solutions
1. How many degrees in a quarter turn? 90
2. Name all pairs of supplementary angles in this diagram.
(B,C) (C,D) (D,A) (A,B) are supplementary angles.
3. Point B lies on segment AC. AB = 10 and BC = 8. Find AC.
AC = 18
4. Point B lies in the interior of angle AOC. The measure of angle AOB = 50
degrees and the measure of angle AOC = 70 degrees. Find the measure of
angle BOC. Angle BOC = 20
5. (i) Convert each of the degree into radians.
(a) 120 = 2/3
(b) 72 = (/180) * 72 = 2/5
(ii) Convert each of the radian measure into degree
(a)7/4 = (180/) * (7/4) = 315
(b)9/2 = 810

GREedge.com is an Online Academy that helps thousands of

students across the World boost their GRE score with
personalized training and performance feedback using
Millisecond technology.
Student satisfaction is 97%, according to surveys by Feedback
Consulting.
GREedge.com is founded and managed by a team drawn from
prestigious institutions including IIT, IISc, EFLU(formerly
CIEFL), Purdue University and University of Texas.

Revised GRE Toppers Speak

I'm highly satisfied with GREedge's course. Verbal sections are
up to par with GRE level and math sections are too good; not
just fun to solve but it prepared me to such an extent that I
barely felt GRE to be a challenge
-Pradyumna Vajjah [GRE Score: 163 (V), 166 (Q) 329/340]

The Verbal section in GREedge was very helpful to me. The questions in GRE
were very similar to those in GREedge, especially the RC passages.
- Anusha Chatterjee [GRE Score: 160 (V), 154(Q) 314/340]

Now that GRE is over, I really miss studying for GRE on

GREedge! It really kept me focused. My trainers were super nice
and friendly and always answered my doubts clearly and
patiently. Their constant feedback helped me find the areas I
was weak in and improve accordingly.
- Manasi Soman [GRE Score: 155 (V), 161 (Q) 316/340]

+91 98844 53276

Get GRE related news, information and preparation tips on

Follow us on Twitter

LIKE us on facebook

If you have received this presentation from your friends at GREedge and would like
to get help for your GRE preparation -

Click here to try GREedge today!