Chapter 4

Sensation and Perception

MULTIPLE CHOICE
1. _______________is stimulation of the sense receptors; perception is an inner representation

of the world.
a Adaptation

c
.
d
.

.
b Organization
.

ANS: C
DIF: 2
MSC: TYPE: Factual
NOT:

Sensation
Cognition

REF: 4-74
BTC

OBJ: 1

2. Sensation is to mechanical stimulation as __________ is to mental representation.

a perception
c motivation
.
.
b unconscious
d adaptation
.
.

ANS: A
DIF: 1
MSC: TYPE: Factual

REF: 4-74

OBJ: 1

3. A mechanical process resulting in the stimulation of the senses and the transmission of

sensory information to the brain or spinal cord is called

a perception.
c absolute threshold.
.
b sensation.
.

ANS: B
KEY: WWW

.
d
.

dark adaptation.

DIF: 1
REF: 4-74
MSC: TYPE: Factual

OBJ: 1

4. The process by which sensations are organized to form inner representations of the world is

called
a psychophysical.

c
.
d
.

.
b sensation.
.

ANS: D
KEY: WWW

adaptation.
perception.

DIF: 1
REF: 4-74
MSC: TYPE: Factual

OBJ: 1

5. The ________ __________ is the minimum amount of stimulation needed to produce a

sensation.
a absolute threshold

Webers threshold
1

.
b difference threshold
.

ANS: A
DIF: 1
MSC: TYPE: Factual

.
d
.

darkness threshold

REF: 3-74

OBJ: 1

6. The absolute threshold is detected by exposing a participant to progressively stronger stimuli

until participant can detect the stimuli ________ of the time.

a 100%
c 25%
.
b 50%
.

ANS: B
DIF: 2
MSC: TYPE: Factual

.
d
.

10%

REF: 3-74

OBJ: 1

7. Which of the following statements is NOT true?

a There are individual differences in absolute thresholds.
.
b Our ears are particularly sensitive to sounds that are very low in pitch.
.
c The measure of the absolute threshold for taste is the equivalent of 1 teaspoon of
. sugar dissolved in 2 gallons of water.
d The police officer caught the just-speeding car on his radar because he was
. motivated to reduce the number of speeders on his patrol, which illustrates the

signal detection theory.

ANS: B
DIF: 3
MSC: TYPE: Conceptual

REF: 4-74&75

OBJ: 1

8. The difference threshold for light is defined as the

a weakest amount of light the average person can perceive most of the time.
.
b ratio of the amplitude and wavelength.
.
c difference in wavelengths between analogous hues.
.
d smallest difference in intensity required to perceive a difference in intensity 50%
. of

the time.
ANS: D
DIF: 2
MSC: TYPE: Factual

REF: 4-75

OBJ: 1

9. Difference threshold for various sensory systems is expressed as

a Websters constant.
c Webers constant.

.
b Fechners constant.
.

ANS: C
DIF: 1
MSC: TYPE: Conceptual

.
d
.

Sensory constant.

REF: 4-75

OBJ: 1

10. Weber's constant for light is known as _______.

a 1/60th
c 1/53rd
.
.
b 2%
d 1/333
.
.

ANS: A
DIF: 2
MSC: TYPE: Factual

REF: 4-75

OBJ: 1

11. Which of the statements below is NOT true according to Ernst Weber?
a The constant for noticing differences in lifted weight is 1/53rd.
.
b He found that the jnd did not really differ for each of the senses.
.
c People can tell when a tone rises or falls in pitch by one-third of l%.
.
d Taste is the least sensitive of all the senses.
.

ANS: B
DIF: 2
MSC: TYPE: Conceptual

REF: 4-75

OBJ: 1

12. Which of the following is a prediction of Weber's constant for noticing differences?
a A person of 200 pounds would have to lose twice as much weight as a person of
. 100

pounds in order for the difference to be noticed.

b The maximum difference in stimuli that can be detected is the same for all senses.
.
c The constant is the same for all sense modalities.
.
d Motivation, attention, and past experience are factors in the constant.
.

ANS: A
DIF: 2
MSC: TYPE: Conceptual

REF: 4-75

OBJ: 1

13. Signal detection theory incorporates all of the following EXCEPT the
a activation of feature detectors.
.
b perceivers motivation, expectations, and learning.
.
c contrast between signal and background noise.
.
d sharpness of ones sensory capacity.
.

ANS: A
KEY: WWW

DIF: 2
REF: 4-75&76
MSC: TYPE: Factual

OBJ: 1

14. Which factor listed below does NOT affect a person's ability to perceive sensory stimuli or a

difference between stimuli?

a The intensity of the stimuli.

.
b The sharpness or acuteness of a persons biological sensory system.
.
c Psychological factors, such as motivation, expectations, and learning.
.
d None of these.
.

ANS: D
DIF: 2
MSC: TYPE: Factual

REF: 4-75&76

OBJ: 1

15. The background noise, the perceiver's motivation, and the sharpness of the perceiver's sensory

system are among the variables incorporated in __________.

a Weber's constant
c opponents process theory
.
b psychophysics theory
.

ANS: D
DIF: 1
MSC: TYPE: Factual

.
d
.

signal-detection theory

REF: 4-75&76

OBJ: 1

16. A psychological factor in signal detection is focusing your _________ on stimuli that you

consider important.
a attention

c
.
d
.

.
b feature detectors
.

ANS: A

DIF: 1

perception
threshold

REF: 4-75&76

OBJ: 1

MSC: TYPE: Factual

17. What are feature detectors?

a A mechanical process that involves the stimulation of sensory receptors.
.
b Neurons that fire in response to specific features of sensed stimuli.
.
c Visible light that triggers visual sensations.
.
d The lowest intensity at which the stimulus can be detected.
.

ANS: B
DIF: 1
MSC: TYPE: Conceptual

REF: 4-76
NOT: BTC

OBJ: 1

18. Many cells fire in response to lines presented at various angles, while others fire in response

to specific colors. These cells are termed

a firing detectors.
c
.
b feature detectors.
.

ANS: B
KEY: WWW

.
d
.

sensory cortex detectors.

visual input detectors.

DIF: 2
REF: 4-76
MSC: TYPE: Applied

OBJ: 1

19. Through the process of sensory adaptation we become _____ sensitive to stimuli that are low

in magnitude and ______ sensitive to unchanging stimuli.

a less; more
c less; less
.
b more; less
.

ANS: B
DIF: 3
MSC: TYPE: Conceptual

.
d
.

more; more

REF: 4-76

OBJ: 1

20. If you become more sensitive to stimulation this is called ____________; and if you are less

sensitive to stimulation this is called __________.

a sensitization; desensitization
.
b positive adaptation; negative adaptation
.

c desensitization; sensitization
.
d Both a and b
.

ANS: D
DIF: 3
MSC: TYPE: Conceptual

REF: 4-76

OBJ: 1

21. Wallace lives near a major railroad changing station. He is desensitized to the noise of the

roaring trains. What has taken place?

a positive adaptation
.
b negative adaptation
.

ANS: B
DIF: 2
MSC: TYPE: Applied

c
.
d
.

signal detection
just noticeable difference

REF: 4-76

OBJ: 1

22. After being in a dark room for a while, you can see much better than you could when you

walked in. This is known as

a desensitization.
.
b sensitization.
.

ANS: B
DIF: 2
MSC: TYPE: Conceptual

c
.
d
.

virtual stabilization.
motion imaging.

REF: 4-76

OBJ: 1

23. The trash really stinks, but it doesnt bother you as much as it did when you first came home,

so you put off taking it out for another day. ____________ has probably occurred.
a Positive adaptation
c Sensory adjustment
.
b Negative adaptation
.

ANS: B
DIF: 2
MSC: TYPE: Applied

.
d
.

Signal adaptation

REF: 4-76

24. Which sensory system is dominant for most individuals?

a hearing
c vision
.
.
b smelling
d touch
.
.

OBJ: 1

ANS: C
DIF: 1
MSC: TYPE: Factual

REF: 4-76

25. Visible light is

a electromagnetic energy.
.
b chemical energy.
.

ANS: A
DIF: 1
MSC: TYPE: Factual

c
.
d
.

OBJ: 2

biochemical energy.
pressure/vacuum energy.

REF: 4-76&77

OBJ: 2

26. Even when he blocks out all visible light waves from his field of vision, Petros cannot see

infrared or ultraviolet light waves because

a his eyes adapted to the darkness.

.
b most people have never seen ultraviolet or infrared waves and are unable to
. identify

them.
c nobody can see in the dark.
.
d only one small part of the electromagnetic spectrum triggers visual sensations.
.

ANS: D
DIF: 3
MSC: TYPE: Conceptual

REF: 4-76&77

OBJ: 2

27. Which of the following colors is longest in wavelength?

a red
c violet
.
.
b yellow
d green
.
.

ANS: A
KEY: WWW

DIF: 2
REF: 4-77
MSC: TYPE: Factual

OBJ: 2

28. Light first passes through the outer surface of the eye called the ___________.
a cornea
c pupil
.
.
b retina
d iris
.
.

ANS: A
DIF: 1
MSC: TYPE: Factual
NOT:

REF: 4-78
BTC

OBJ: 2

29. As you leave a darkly lit movie theater and enter the parking lot on a bright sunny day, the

______ in your eyes adjust so you are not blinded by the increase in light.
a retina
c pupils
.
b fovea
.

ANS: C
DIF: 1
MSC: TYPE: Applied

.
d
.

optic nerve

REF: 4-78

OBJ: 2

30. Artemis is watching television with the lights out. Seymour walks into the room and flips on

the light, which momentarily blinds Artemis because her

a corneas are slow to adapt.

.
b lenses have not yet thickened to accommodate the increased light.
.
c retina continues to hold afterimages of the television screen.
.
d pupils need a brief time to adjust to the increased light.
.

ANS: D
DIF: 3
MSC: TYPE: Applied

REF: 4-78

OBJ: 2

31. The part of the eye that changes its thickness to adjust an image to make it clearer is

the________.
a lens
.
b retina
.

ANS: A
DIF: 1
MSC: TYPE: Factual

c
.
d
.

iris
cornea

REF: 4-78

OBJ: 2

32. What is a photoreceptor?

a The part of the spectrum that stimulates the eye and produces visual sensations.
.
b Cells of the retina that respond to light.
.
c Neurons whose axons form the optic nerve.
.
d Neurons that conduct neural impulses from rods and cones to ganglion cells.
.

ANS: B
DIF: 2
MSC: TYPE: Factual

REF: 4-78

OBJ: 2

33. Rods and cones respond to light and produce neural impulses that are collected by
a ganglion cells.
c atypical cells.
.
.
b bipolar cells.
d helper cells.
.
.

ANS: B
DIF: 1
MSC: TYPE: Factual

REF: 4-78

OBJ: 2

34. The __________ of ganglion cells in the retina form the optic nerve.
a cell bodies
c axons
.
.
b dendrites
d none of these
.
.

ANS: C
DIF: 1
MSC: TYPE: Factual

REF: 4-78

OBJ: 2

35. The axons of the __________ make up the optic nerve, which exits the eye at the

__________.
a bipolar cells; fovea

.
b ganglion cells; blind spot
.

ANS: B
DIF: 3
MSC: TYPE: Factual

c
.
d
.

bipolar cell; blind spot

horizontal cells; fovea

REF: 4-78

OBJ: 2

36. Light enters the eye, stimulates the retina, and relays visual information to the brain through

nerve impulses. What is the order of cell firing to the brain?

a photoreceptors, ganglion cells, bipolar cells
.
b ganglion cells, photoreceptors, bipolar cells
.
c bipolar cells, photoreceptors, ganglion cells
.
d photoreceptors, bipolar cells, ganglion cells
.

ANS: D
DIF: 3
MSC: TYPE: Factual

REF: 4-78

OBJ: 2

37. ________ are the photoreceptors that allow us to see black and white; ______ are the

photoreceptors that allow us to see colors.

a Cones; rods
c
.
b Rods; cones
.

.
d
.

ANS: B
DIF: 1
MSC: TYPE: Factual

Ganglion cells; bipolar cells

Bipolar cells; ganglion cells

REF: 4-79

OBJ: 2

38. Rods and cones outnumber _______ by more than 100 to 1.

a bipolar cells
c amacrine cells
.
.
b ganglion cells
d horizontal cells
.
.

ANS: B
DIF: 2
MSC: TYPE: Factual

REF: 4-78

OBJ: 2

39. Jim sees only in white and black. After careful examination of his retina, the ophthalmologist

concludes that Jim's ___________ have degenerated.

a bipolar cells
c horizontal cells
.
b cones
.

.
d
.

ANS: B
DIF: 3
MSC: TYPE: Applied

ganglion cells

REF: 4-79

OBJ: 2

40. Hair cells are to hearing as ___________ are to vision.

a horizontal cells
c bipolar cells
.
.
b ganglion cells
d rods and cones
.
.

ANS: D
DIF: 3
MSC: TYPE: Conceptual

REF: 4-89

41. What is the most sensitive area of the retina?

a blind spot
c
.
.
b fovea
d
.
.

ANS: B
KEY: WWW

OBJ: 4

pupil
presbyopia

DIF: 2
REF: 4-79
MSC: TYPE: Conceptual

10

OBJ: 2

42. You have been at the beach all day and forgot your sunglasses. What part of the eye is most

likely damaged?
a peripheral area
.
b blind spot
.

ANS: D
DIF: 2
MSC: TYPE: Applied

c
.
d
.

optic nerve
fovea

REF: 4-79

OBJ: 2

43. The blind spot is

a an area of the retina that is insensitive to visual stimulation.
.
b where the axons of ganglion cells converge and form the optic nerve.
.
c both a and b
.
d an area of the retina that is very sensitive to visual stimulation.
.

ANS: C
DIF: 1
MSC: TYPE: Conceptual

REF: 4-79

OBJ: 2

44. Juliana is nearsighted; therefore images of distant objects are focused _________ the retina.
a behind
c above
.
.
b in front of
d below
.
.

ANS: B
DIF: 2
MSC: TYPE: Conceptual

REF: 4-79

OBJ: 2

45. Your good friend Agnes has difficulty reading road signs when she drives. What condition

does she likely exhibit?

a Her eyeballs are too short.
.
b She has presbyopia.
.

ANS: D
DIF: 2
MSC: TYPE: Conceptual

c
.
d
.

She is farsighted.
She is nearsighted.

REF: 4-79

OBJ: 2

46. A visual disorder caused by brittleness of the lens is known as

a astigmatism.
c strabismus.
.
.
b presbyopia.
d binocular acuity.
.
.

11

ANS: B
DIF: 1
MSC: TYPE: Factual

REF: 4-79

OBJ: 2

47. In the eye disorder presbyopia, the primary symptom is the

a difficulty in perceiving near objects.
c eye muscles not working in
.
. synchrony.
b retina becoming detached.
d tendency toward eyestrain.
.
.

ANS: A
DIF: 2
MSC: TYPE: Factual

REF: 4-79

OBJ: 2

48. Your 45-year-old father was just told by his eye doctor that he needs reading glasses. This

could be
a macular degeneration.
.
b retinitis pigmentosis.
.

ANS: C
DIF: 2
MSC: TYPE: Applied

c
.
d
.

presbyopia.
nearsightedness.

REF: 4-79

OBJ: 2

49. The process of dark adaptation happens more quickly for _________which can adjust to lower

lighting in about _________ minutes.

a cones; 10
.
b rods; 10
.

ANS: A
DIF: 3
MSC: TYPE: Factual
50. Wavelength of light determines its
a brightness.
.
b hue.
.

ANS: B
DIF: 2
MSC: TYPE: Factual
NOT:

c
.
d
.

cones; 45
rods; 45

REF: 4-79

c
.
d
.

OBJ: 2

saturation.
brightness adaptation.

REF: 4-80
BTC

OBJ: 2

51. It is 100 F outside; which of the following rooms would you probably find most appealing?
a red
c yellow
.
.
b orange
d blue
.
.

12

ANS: D
DIF: 2
MSC: TYPE: Applied

REF: 4-80

OBJ: 2

52. The living room of your new apartment seems cold and forbidding, and you decide to remedy

the problem by adding color to the decorating scheme. To add warmth to the room, you should
consider using
a yellow, blue, and red.
c greens, blues, and violet.
.
b orange, green, and blue.
.

ANS: D
DIF: 1
MSC: TYPE: Applied

.
d
.

yellow, orange, and red.

REF: 4-80

OBJ: 2

53. What are complementary colors?

a colors that are beside each other on the color wheel
.
b colors that are across from each other on the color wheel
.
c colors that are mixed together and dissolve into light yellow
.
d colors that reflect very little light
.

ANS: B
DIF: 1
MSC: TYPE: Factual

REF: 4-80

OBJ: 2

54. Colors across from each other on the color wheel are labeled
a complementary.
c primary.
.
.
b analogous.
d trichromatic.
.
.

ANS: A
DIF: 1
MSC: TYPE: Factual
55. What is the source of all color?
a light
.
b shadows
.

ANS: A
DIF: 1
MSC: TYPE: Factual

REF: 4-80

c
.
d
.

OBJ: 2

hues
pigment

REF: 4-80

OBJ: 2

56. If you mix blue and yellow, you get green. This is true only when you are mixing

13

a light.
.
b pigments.
.

ANS: B
DIF: 2
MSC: TYPE: Applied

c
.
d
.

afterimages.
wavelengths.

REF: 4-80

OBJ: 2

57. To avoid the heat it is better to wear white clothing as opposed to black when out in the sun.

This is true because

a black reflects light whereas white reflects little light.

.
b white absorbs the light.
.
c white reflects a lot of light whereas black reflects little light.
.
d none of these.
.

ANS: C
DIF: 1
MSC: TYPE: Applied

REF: 4-80

OBJ: 2

58. Why does grass appear green?

a The pigment in chlorophyll absorbs most of the red, blue, and violet wavelengths
. of light, and the green is reflected.
b The pigment in chlorophyll reflects most of the red, blue, and violet wavelengths
. of light, and the green is absorbed.
c The red pigment reflects all the wavelengths of light, leaving only various shades
. of green.
d The blue pigment absorbs all the wavelengths of light, and various amounts of
. green
are absorbed.

ANS: A
DIF: 2
MSC: TYPE: Conceptual

REF: 4-80

OBJ: 2

59. When mixing a blue pigment with a yellow pigment, the result is
a green.
c purple.
.
.
b gray.
d orange.
.
.

ANS: A
DIF: 1
MSC: TYPE: Factual

REF: 4-80

OBJ: 2

60. The complementary colors situated across from each other on the color wheel unite to produce

gray when combining __________ through a(n) __________ process.

a pigments; additive
c pigments; subtractive

14

.
b lights; additive
.

.
d
.

ANS: B
DIF: 3
MSC: TYPE: Conceptual

lights; subtractive

REF: 4-80

OBJ: 2

61. The blue automobile gains its color by __________ red, yellow, and violet wavelengths and

__________ the blue wavelengths.

a absorbing; reflecting
.
b adding; subtracting
.

ANS: A
DIF: 3
MSC: TYPE: Conceptual

c
.
d
.

reflecting; absorbing
absorbing; complementing

REF: 4-80

OBJ: 2

62. __________ are the persistent sensations of color followed by the perception of the

complementary color when the first color is removed.

a Analogous hues
c Afterimages
.
b Complementary colors
.

ANS: C
DIF: 1
MSC: TYPE: Factual

.
d
.

Sensory impressions

REF: 4-80

OBJ: 2

63. If a man of normal color vision looks at a green paper for about 30 seconds and then shifts his

gaze to a sheet of white paper, that paper will appear

a yellow.
c red.
.
b blue.
.

.
d
.

ANS: C
DIF: 2
MSC: TYPE: Conceptual
64. Who developed the trichromatic theory?
a Thomas Young
.
b Herman von Helmholtz
.

ANS: A
KEY: WWW

gray.

REF: 4-80

c
.
d
.

OBJ: 2

Ewald Hering
Rock Peck

DIF: 2
REF: 4-81
MSC: TYPE: Factual

15

OBJ: 2

65. Thomas Young projected three different colored lights onto a screen so they partially

overlapped. He found that he could produce ______________________ of the lights.

a analogous colors by varying the
c afterimages by varying the intensities
. duration
.
b any color by varying the saturation
d any color by varying the intensities
.

ANS: D
DIF: 1
MSC: TYPE: Factual

REF: 4-81

OBJ: 2

66. The idea that the eye contains three kinds of photoreceptors differentially sensitive to red,

green, and blue that are responsible for color vision was proposed by the German physiologist
a Gustav Fechner.
c Ernest Heinrich Weber.
.
b Ewald Hering.
.

ANS: D
DIF: 2
MSC: TYPE: Conceptual

.
d
.

Hermann von Helmholtz.

REF: 4-81
NOT: BTC

OBJ: 2

67. According to trichromatic theory, three types of cones are differentially sensitive to which of

the following colors?

a red, yellow, and violet
.
b black, white, and red
.

ANS: C
DIF: 3
MSC: TYPE: Factual

c
.
d
.

blue, red, and green

orange, yellow, and red

REF: 4-81

OBJ: 2

68. Opponent-process theory of color vision was proposed by

a Hermann von Helmholtz.
c Georges Seurat.
.
.
b Thomas Young.
d Ewald Hering.
.
.

ANS: D
DIF: 2
MSC: TYPE: Factual

REF: 4-81

OBJ: 2

69. Ewald Hering proposed the opponent-process theory of color vision which claims:
a Three types of color receptors are responsible for afterimages.
.
b The four types of color receptors are sensitive to red, green, blue and the
. brightness of
the light.
c A red-green cone can transmit messages for red and green at the same time.
.
d Staring at a green, black, and yellow flag for 30 seconds will not disturb the
. perception of color.

16

ANS: A
DIF: 3
MSC: TYPE: Conceptual

REF: 4-81

OBJ: 2

70. The opponent-process theory of color vision is based on the idea that the retina contains
a three types of simple receptors sensitive to red, green, and blue.
.
b three types of receptors, two sensitive to color and one to differences in
. brightness.
c three sets of cells responsive to brightness.
.
d three types of receptors responsive to primary colors.
.

ANS: B
DIF: 2
MSC: TYPE: Factual

REF: 4-81

OBJ: 2

71. According to opponent-process theory, a __________ afterimage produced by a yellow sheet

of paper represents a process of reestablishing a neural __________ in the retina.

a red; balance
c blue; balance
.
b blue; inhibition
.

ANS: C
DIF: 3
MSC: TYPE: Conceptual

.
d
.

green; rebound

REF: 4-81

OBJ: 2

72. Research on the patterns of neural transmission from the cones to the bipolar and ganglion

cells, then to the brain, suggests that the messages are consistent with
a trichromatic theory.
c neural rebound effect.
.
b opponent-process theory.
.

ANS: B
DIF: 2
MSC: TYPE: Conceptual

.
d
.

Thomas Young's studies.

REF: 4-81

OBJ: 2

73. On theories of color vision, the weight of evidence tends to support

a opponent-process theory.
.
b trichromatic theory.
.
c neural rebound effect.
.
d opponents process and trichromatic theories as partially correct.
.

17

ANS: D
DIF: 2
MSC: TYPE: Factual

REF: 4-81

OBJ: 2

74. Your professor has just called you a trichromat. What does this mean?
a You can only perceive three colors.
c You have damaged cones in your
.
. retina.
b You have normal color vision.
d You have damaged rods in your
.
. retina.

ANS: B
KEY: WWW

DIF: 2
REF: 4-82
MSC: TYPE: Conceptual

OBJ: 2

75. George is partially colorblind yet his sister is not, but her sons are partially colorblind. These

family traits are best described by which of the following statements?

a Partial color blindness occurs only in men.

.
b The gene responsible for partial color blindness has nothing to do with gender.
.
c Georges and his sisters eye color chromosomes are different.
.
d Partial color blindness is a sex-linked trait that affects mostly males.
.

ANS: D
DIF: 1
MSC: TYPE: Factual

REF: 4-82

OBJ: 2

76. A perceptual tendency to integrate disconnected pieces into a whole image is called
a closure.
c proximity.
.
.
b continuity.
d similarity.
.
.

ANS: A
DIF: 2
MSC: TYPE: Factual

REF: 4-82

OBJ: 3

77. Gestalt psychologists have noted the rules in the way humans integrate bits and pieces of

sensory stimulation into meaningful whole experiences. The rules are referred to as the laws
of
a bottom-up processing.
c perceptual organization.
.
b figure-ground perception.
.

ANS: C
DIF: 1
MSC: TYPE: Factual

.
d
.

opponents process theory.

REF: 4-83

OBJ: 3

78. The perceptual tendency to separate objects from the surroundings is called

18

a figure-ground perception.
.
b closure.
.

ANS: A
KEY: WWW

c
.
d
.

Gestalt rules of perception.

trichromatic theory.

DIF: 1
REF: 4-83
MSC: TYPE: Factual

OBJ: 3

79. The Gestalt rule describing the perceptual tendency to see objects that are near each other as

belonging to a set is termed

a proximity.
.
b closure.
.

ANS: A
KEY: WWW

c
.
d
.

continuity.
similarity.

DIF: 1
REF: 4-83
MSC: TYPE: Factual

OBJ: 3

80. The Gestalt rule describing the perceptual tendency to see like objects as belonging together is

termed
a proximity.

.
b continuity.
.

ANS: C
DIF: 1
MSC: TYPE: Factual

c
.
d
.

similarity.
common fate.

REF: 4-84

OBJ: 3

81. A Valentine's Day heart with an arrow point projecting through the lower part and the shaft

partially shown in the upper part illustrates the Gestalt rule of

a common fate.
c proximity.
.
b continuity.
.

ANS: B
DIF: 3
MSC: TYPE: Applied

.
d
.

similarity.

REF: 4-84

OBJ: 3

82. If elements move together, they are perceived as belonging together, which illustrates the law

of
a common fate.
.
b continuity.

c
.
d

similarity.
closure.

19

ANS: A
DIF: 1
MSC: TYPE: Factual

REF: 4-84

OBJ: 3

83. When you observe a marching band formation that appears to take on the shape of a letter

even though the members are not in direct contact with each other, you are experiencing the
Gestalt grouping principle called _____________.
a closure
c continuity
.
b common fate
.

ANS: D
DIF: 3
MSC: TYPE: Applied

.
d
.

all of these

REF: 4-84

OBJ: 3

84. If you are putting a puzzle together while looking at a picture of the completed project, this

would illustrate __________.

a bottom-up processing
.
b top-down processing
.
c rule of continuity
.
d law of closure
.

ANS: B
DIF: 2
MSC: TYPE: Conceptual

REF: 4-84

OBJ: 3

85. If Kimberly tells you that she was surprised the shredded picture that she pieced together

turned out to be an image of herself, you may assume that she had used mostly __________
processing.
a top-down
c perceptual
.
b bottom-up
.

ANS: B
DIF: 2
MSC: TYPE: Applied

.
d
.

patterned

REF: 4-84

OBJ: 3

86. The perceived movement of a deer running through the woods is

a termed the autokinetic effect.
.
b mainly based on stroboscopic motion of the deer glimpsed through the trees.
.
c mainly based on the deer's change of position relative to the trees.
.

20

d termed phi phenomenon.

.

ANS: C
DIF: 2
MSC: TYPE: Factual

REF: 4-84

OBJ: 3

87. You are trying to decide if the bus you are in or the bus adjacent to you is moving. This is

called _______.
a apparent movement

.
b perception of real movement
.

ANS: B
DIF: 2
MSC: TYPE: Conceptual

c
.
d
.

autokinetic effect
stroboscopic motion

REF: 4-84

OBJ: 3

88. The rapid presentation of a progression of stationary images is a visual illusion termed
a real movement.
c stroboscopic motion.
.
.
b autokinetic effect.
d phi phenomenon.
.
.

ANS: C
DIF: 1
MSC: TYPE: Factual

REF: 4-84

OBJ: 3

89. At the movies, it appears to you that the actors and objects on the screen are actually moving.

This experience is based on

a stroboscopic motion.
.
b motion parallax.
.

ANS: A
DIF: 2
MSC: TYPE: Applied

c
.
d
.

the Meller-Lyer illusion.

the autokinetic effect.

REF: 4-84

OBJ: 3

90. Brad hurt his left eye in football practice and was given an eye patch to wear. Brad discovered

that his depth perception was not as good as usual, especially when driving in unlit roads at
night. This is because he could make use of only
a binocular cues.
c perspective.
.
b monocular cues.
.

ANS: B
DIF: 2
MSC: TYPE: Applied

.
d
.

shadows.

REF: 4-85

21

OBJ: 3

91. The distance between far off objects appears to be smaller than the distance between nearby

objects. This is contributes to

a perspective.

c
.
d
.

.
b overlapping.
.

ANS: A
DIF: 3
MSC: TYPE: Factual
NOT:

clearness.
phi phenomenon.

REF: 4-85
BTC

OBJ: 3

92. If you were an artist and wanted an object to appear far away in your drawing, what

monocular cue could you use?

a relative size

c
.
d
.

.
b overlapping
.

ANS: D
DIF: 3
MSC: TYPE: Applied

clearness
all of these

REF: 4-85

OBJ: 3

93. The monocular cue of overlapping is based on our experience that partially covered objects

are
a
.
b
.
c
.
d
.

farther away than the objects obscuring them.

closer than the objects obscuring them
the same distance than the objects obscuring them.
the same shape as the objects obscuring them.

ANS: A
DIF: 1
MSC: TYPE: Conceptual

REF: 4-85

OBJ: 3

94. In a painting that you are observing, one object is perceived as a two-dimensional circle, and

another appears to be a three dimensional sphere. What monocular cue can account for this
effect?
a convergence
c shadowing
.
b relative size
.

.
d
.

shape constancy

22

ANS: C
DIF: 2
MSC: TYPE: Conceptual

REF: 4-85

OBJ: 3

95. The grain of wooden floor appearing rough nearby and smooth at greater distances illustrates

the monocular depth cue of

a perspective.
.
b proximity.
.

ANS: C
KEY: WWW

c
.
d
.

texture gradient.
shadowing.

DIF: 1
REF: 4-85
MSC: TYPE: Factual

OBJ: 3

96. To represent three-dimensional objects in his paintings, Louis used

a texture gradient.
c shadows.
.
.
b perspective.
d retinal disparity.
.
.

ANS: C
DIF: 2
MSC: TYPE: Applied

REF: 4-85

OBJ: 3

97. When we are driving along a dark road at night, the moon may appear to move along with us.

This perceptual experience is an example of

a the autokinetic effect.
c
.
b the phi phenomenon.
.

ANS: D
DIF: 2
MSC: TYPE: Factual

.
d
.

binocular depth cues.

motion parallax.

REF: 4-85

OBJ: 3

98. When traveling, the monocular cue motion parallax produces the perception that
a distant objects are moving along with us.
.
b objects at intermediate distances are stationary.
.
c objects that are close move past us very quickly
.
d all of these.
.

ANS: D
DIF: 2
MSC: TYPE: Conceptual

REF: 4-85

99. Binocular cues for depth perception include _______.

23

OBJ: 3

a retinal disparity and convergence

.
b convergence and closure
.

ANS: A
DIF: 1
MSC: TYPE: Factual

c
.
d
.

continuity and retinal disparity

retinal disparity and proximity

REF: 4-86

OBJ: 3

100. Depth perception is enhanced when each eye projects the image of an object to the brain from

a slightly different perspective. This cue for depth is called

a convergence.
c accommodation.
.
b perspective.
.

ANS: D
DIF: 2
MSC: TYPE: Factual

.
d
.

retinal disparity.

REF: 4-86

OBJ: 3

101. As a person gets closer to an object there is ___________ retinal disparity.

a less
c equal
.
.
b greater
d weaker
.
.

ANS: B
DIF: 2
MSC: TYPE: Applied

REF: 4-86

OBJ: 3

102. Nine-year-old Dennis enjoyed crossing his eyes for his friends. He was using the same eye

muscles that are used in

a accommodation.
.
b retinal disparity.
.

ANS: C
DIF: 2
MSC: TYPE: Applied

c
.
d
.

convergence.
motion parallax.

REF: 4-86

OBJ: 3

103. The image of a cat from 20 feet away occupies about the same amount of space on your retina

as an inch-long piece of candy in your hand. Yet you still perceive the cat as larger than the
piece of candy because of ______________.
a shape constancy
c size constancy
.
b retinal disparity
.

ANS: C
DIF: 2
MSC: TYPE: Conceptual

.
d
.

brightness constancy

REF: 4-86

24

OBJ: 3

104. From a chair lift high above the slopes, we perceive the skiers below as normal size even

though their images formed on our retinas are extremely small. This occurs because of
a shape constancy.
c illusory constancy.
.
b size constancy.
.

.
d
.

ANS: B
DIF: 2
MSC: TYPE: Applied

binocular cues.

REF: 4-86

OBJ: 3

105. If Kiobe, an African pygmy who grew up and lived all his life in a thick forest, told an

anthropologist that the distant buffalo on the open plain were insects, one might conclude that
he
a suffered from presbyopia.
.
b lacked brightness constancy.
.
c lacked shape constancy for great distance.
.
d lacked size constancy for great distance.
.

ANS: D
DIF: 3
MSC: TYPE: Applied

REF: 4-86

OBJ: 3

106. Color constancy is based on perceiving objects as the same color despite changes in
a lighting conditions.
c the color of light.
.
.
b the color of the pigment.
d none of these.
.
.

ANS: A
DIF: 1
MSC: TYPE: Factual

REF: 4-86

OBJ: 3

107. The tendency to perceive an object as being just as bright in varying amounts of light is called
a an illusion.
c brightness constancy.
.
.
b a monocular cue.
d color constancy.
.
.

ANS: C

DIF: 1

REF: 4-86&87

25

OBJ: 3

MSC: TYPE: Factual

108. When a closet door is closed, its shape is perceived as rectangular. When the same door is

opened, the retinal image is trapezoidal, but we realize the shape of the door has not changed
due to
a size constancy.
c shape constancy.
.
b interposition.
.

ANS: C
DIF: 2
MSC: TYPE: Applied

.
d
.

convergence.

REF: 4-87

OBJ: 3

109. When looking at the wall-mount telephone straight on, a rectangular image forms on Kirby's

retinas; looking at the same phone at an angle from the side, a trapezoidal shape forms in each
eye. Yet the phone retains the same appearance despite the changing images. This is best
explained by
a size constancy.
c shape constancy.
.
b lateral vision.
.

ANS: C
DIF: 3
MSC: TYPE: Applied

.
d
.

illusory contours.

REF: 4-87

OBJ: 3

110. When principles of perceptual organization lead to distortions in the appearance of objects,

__________ results.
a an illusion
.
b accommodation
.

ANS: A
DIF: 2
MSC: TYPE: Factual

c
.
d
.

retinal disparity
a hallucination

REF: 4-87

OBJ: 3

111. Hering-Helmholtz and Mller-Lyer both refer to

a theories of hearing.
c visual disorders.
.
.
b theories of color perception.
d illusions.
.
.

ANS: D
DIF: 2
MSC: TYPE: Factual

REF: 4-87

OBJ: 3

112. In which of the following situations are you not able to hear the nearby frantic scream of a

scared child?

26

a during a skydive
.
b while swimming underwater
.

ANS: C
DIF: 2
MSC: TYPE: Conceptual

c
.
d
.

in outer space
standing ten feet away

REF: 4-88

OBJ: 4

113. The compression and expansion of air molecules is a source of

a light waves.
c hue.
.
.
b pheromones.
d sound waves.
.
.

ANS: D
DIF: 2
MSC: TYPE: Factual
NOT:

REF: 4-88
BTC

OBJ: 4

114. The human ear is sensitive to sound waves with frequencies of

a 20 to 2,000 cycles per second.
c 2 to 200 cycles per second.
.
.
b 20 to 20,000 cycles per second.
d 200 to 20,000 cycles per second.
.
.

ANS: B
DIF: 1
MSC: TYPE: Factual

REF: 4-88

OBJ: 4

115. The loudness of a sound is determined by the __________ of sound waves.

a frequency
c consonance
.
.
b amplitude
d dissonance
.
.

ANS: B
DIF: 1
MSC: TYPE: Factual

REF: 4-88

OBJ: 4

116. Frequency of sound waves determines __________, and amplitude determines __________.
a pitch; loudness
c loudness; timbre
.
.
b timbre; pitch
d pitch; timbre
.
.

ANS: A
DIF: 2
MSC: TYPE: Factual

REF: 4-88

OBJ: 4

117. The loudness of a sound is determined by the __________ of the sound waves and expressed

in __________ units of measurement.

a wavelength; decibel

amplitude; pounds pressure

27

.
b amplitude; millimicrons
.

ANS: D
DIF: 2
MSC: TYPE: Factual

.
d
.

amplitude; decibel

REF: 4-88

OBJ: 4

118. You have just returned from touring with a rock band. During the concerts you had to stand

directly in front of the speakers. You notice difficulty hearing people in conversations. What
has most likely happened?
a You were exposed to sounds of 85 to 90 dB for long periods of time, and have
. suffered hearing damage.
b You were exposed to sounds of 180 to 220 dB for long periods of time, and your
. hearing will return to normal in a few months.
c You were exposed to sounds of 50 dB for long periods of time, and you will
. become
totally deaf.
d Your eardrum was most likely ruptured by the loud music.
.

ANS: A
DIF: 3
MSC: TYPE: Conceptual

REF: 4-88

OBJ: 4

119. The physical correlates of pitch and loudness are __________ and __________, respectively.
a amplitude; frequency
c overtones; frequency
.
.
b frequency; amplitude
d decibels; frequency
.
.

ANS: B
DIF: 3
MSC: TYPE: Factual

REF: 4-88

OBJ: 4

120. The membrane at the end of the outer ear, which vibrates in response to sound waves, is the
a eardrum.
c organ of Corti.
.
.
b oval window.
d round window.
.
.

ANS: A
KEY: WWW

DIF: 1
REF: 4-89
MSC: TYPE: Factual

121. The function of the three bones in the middle ear is to

a attenuate the amplitude of the sound waves.
.
b decrease the pressure of the air entering the ear.

28

OBJ: 4

.
c funnel the sound waves to the eardrum.
.
d increase the pressure of air entering the ear.
.

ANS: D
DIF: 2
MSC: TYPE: Factual

REF: 4-89

OBJ: 4

122. The tiny bones that vibrate to amplify the sound vibrations are located in the
a outer ear.
c inner ear.
.
.
b middle ear.
d cochlea.
.
.

ANS: B
DIF: 2
MSC: TYPE: Factual

REF: 4-89

OBJ: 4

123. The coiled bony structure that makes up the inner ear is called the
a organ of Corti.
c cochlea.
.
.
b anvil.
d eardrum.
.
.

ANS: C
DIF: 2
MSC: TYPE: Factual
NOT:

REF: 4-89
BTC

OBJ: 4

124. Hair-like receptors on the organ of Corti bend in response to vibrations of the
a eardrum.
c round window.
.
.
b oval window.
d basilar membrane.
.
.

ANS: D
DIF: 3
MSC: TYPE: Factual

REF: 4-89

OBJ: 4

125. Movement of hair cells generates neural impulses that travel to the brain via the ________

_________.
a optic nerve

.
b auditory nerve
.

ANS: B
DIF: 1
MSC: TYPE: Factual

c
.
d
.

basilar membrane
oval window

REF: 4-89

29

OBJ: 4

126. To locate the source of a sound, Frank turned his head a few degrees to the left. We may

conclude that the sound Frank heard was

a directly overhead.
.
b too low to hear clearly.
.

ANS: C
DIF: 2
MSC: TYPE: Applied

c
.
d
.

to the left of him.

to the right of him.

REF: 4-90

OBJ: 4

127. As Jeannine turns up the volume of the stereo system, we may conclude that
a more auditory neurons fire.
c auditory neurons fire less frequently.
.
.
b fewer auditory neurons fire.
d overtones are more consonant
.
.

ANS: A
DIF: 2
MSC: TYPE: Applied

REF: 4-90

OBJ: 4

128. Place theory advances the idea that pitch discrimination depends upon the
a area of the middle ear stimulated.
.
b number of auditory neurons activated.
.
c frequency at which auditory neurons fire.
.
d area of the basilar membrane that vibrates to the sound.
.

ANS: D
DIF: 2
MSC: TYPE: Factual

REF: 4-90

OBJ: 4

129. Frequency theory of pitch discrimination predicts that high-pitched sounds fire __________

and low-pitched sounds fire __________.

a more often; less often

.
b less often; more often
.
c more sensory cells; fewer sensory cells
.
d nearer to the oval window; farther from the oval window
.

ANS: A
DIF: 2
MSC: TYPE: Conceptual

REF: 4-90

30

OBJ: 4

130. The place theory is not able to completely explain pitch perception because people can sense

pitches as low as _________ yet the Place Theory appears to apply only to pitches greater
than _________.
a 00 Hz; 5,000 Hz
c 20 Hz; 5,000 Hz
.
b 20 Hz; 500 Hz
.

ANS: C
DIF: 3
MSC: TYPE: Conceptual

.
d
.

2 Hz; 500 Hz

REF: 4-90

OBJ: 4

131. Research on deafness shows that

a one percent of Americans are deaf.
.
b conductive deafness is most often found in children.
.
c sensorineural deafness usually stems from damage to the structures of the middle
. ear.
d hearing aids provide inner ear amplification of sound.
.

ANS: A
DIF: 2
MSC: TYPE: Conceptual

REF: 4-90

OBJ: 4

132. Damage to the structure of the middle ear takes the form of __________ deafness, and

damage to the structures of the inner ear results in __________ deafness.

a sensorineural; conductive
c conductive; sensorineural
.
b monochromatic; dichromatic
.

ANS: C
DIF: 2
MSC: TYPE: Factual

.
d
.

sensorineural; presbyopia

REF: 4-90

OBJ: 4

133. Following a long period of playing lead guitar in his rock band, Orpheus showed diminished

hearing in particular frequencies. He most likely suffers from

a conductive deafness.
c stimulation deafness.
.
b strabismus.
.

ANS: D
DIF: 2
MSC: TYPE: Applied

.
d
.

sensorineural deafness.

REF: 4-90

31

OBJ: 4

134. Following a long career as an airplane mechanic, Mike Goodwrench's hearing was

periodically tested. In the most recent test, the audiologist found evidence of generalized
hearing loss for detection of sounds at all frequencies. Mike probably suffers from
a sensorineural deafness.
c conductive deafness.
.
b presbyopia.
.

.
d
.

ANS: C
DIF: 3
MSC: TYPE: Applied

ringing sensations.

REF: 4-90

OBJ: 4

135. Cochlear implants, or "artificial ears," restore hearing by

a stimulating the bones of the middle ear.
.
b amplifying the vibrations at the oval window.
.
c amplifying the sounds through the bony cochlea.
.
d stimulating the auditory nerve directly.
.

ANS: D
DIF: 3
MSC: TYPE: Factual

REF: 4-90

OBJ: 4

136. Which of the following are classified as chemical senses?

a smell and taste
c smell and vestibular sense
.
.
b smell and olfactory sense
d taste and kinesthesis
.
.

ANS: A
KEY: WWW

DIF: 1
REF: 4-91
MSC: TYPE: Factual

OBJ: 5

137. The receptor neurons for smell are located in the

a olfactory nerve.
c organ of Corti.
.
.
b olfactory membrane.
d organ of pheromone.
.
.

ANS: B
DIF: 2
MSC: TYPE: Factual
NOT:

REF: 4-91
BTC

OBJ: 5

138. Odors are detected by sites on receptor neurons in the

a olfactory membrane, which is located just inside each nostril.
.
b olfactory membrane, which is located deep within each nostril.
.
c olfactory nerve.

32

.
d vomeronasal organ.
.

ANS: B
DIF: 2
MSC: TYPE: Conceptual

REF: 4-91

OBJ: 5

139. The ___________ _________ transmits information about odors from the nose to the brain.
a olfactory nerve
c organ of corti
.
.
b olfactory membrane
d oval window
.
.

ANS: A
DIF: 1
MSC: TYPE: Conceptual

REF: 4-91

OBJ: 5

140. The sense receptors for taste are _________, and these receptors are located on the

_________.
a taste buds; taste cells
.
b taste cells; taste buds
.

ANS: B
DIF: 2
MSC: TYPE: Factual
141. The four qualities of taste are
a bitter, spicy, sweet, and sour.
.
b salty, bitter, sweet, and hot.
.

ANS: C
DIF: 2
MSC: TYPE: Factual
142. The skin senses include
a touch and pressure.
.
b cold and warmth.
.

ANS: D
DIF: 2
MSC: TYPE: Factual
NOT:

c
.
d
.

hair cells; taste cells

taste buds; hair cells

REF: 4-91

c
.
d
.

sweet, sour, bitter, and salty.

sweet, sour, spicy, and hot.

REF: 4-91

c
.
d
.

OBJ: 5

OBJ: 5

pain.
all of these.

REF: 4-91
BTC

33

OBJ: 6

143. Which of the following statements is true about the process of active touching?
a Active touching means continually moving your hand along an object to get
. continuous sensory input.
b If one stops active touching, the sensations will fade.
.
c Active touching receives information about pressure, temperature, texture, and
. muscle feedback.
d All of these
.

ANS: D
DIF: 2
MSC: TYPE: Conceptual

REF: 4-92

OBJ: 6

144. Differential sensitivity to pressure and touch in different parts of the body is a function of
a density of nerve endings and portion of sensory cortex.
.
b density of nerve endings in specific body areas.
.
c parts of the body and inborn traits.
.
d size of the brain and density of nerve endings.
.

ANS: A
DIF: 3
MSC: TYPE: Factual

REF: 4-92

OBJ: 6

145. You can feel that there are two rods touching your cheeks, but have difficulty feeling two rods

if you are touched with them on your calves. This is because

a touch receptors are more densely packed in your calves.

.
b touch receptors are more densely packed in your cheeks.
.
c more of the sensory cortex is devoted to the perception of sensation on the face.
.
d Both b and c.
.

ANS: D
DIF: 3
MSC: TYPE: Conceptual

REF: 4-92

OBJ: 6

146. If you wash your hands in barely warm water after spending an hour shoveling snow without

wearing gloves, the water is likely to seem uncomfortably warm. This is because sensations
for temperature are
a true to outside temperatures.
.
b produced by the warm receptors only.
.
c relative to the skin temperature.
.

34

d not noticeable below 45 degrees Celsius.

.

ANS: C
DIF: 2
MSC: TYPE: Applied

REF: 4-92

OBJ: 6

147. When neurons called nociceptors in the skin are stimulated, the result is
a pain
c heat
.
.
b pleasure
d all of these
.
.

ANS: A
DIF: 2
MSC: TYPE: Factual

REF: 4-92

OBJ: 6

148. A pain message to the brain is initiated by the release of any or all of the chemicals EXCEPT
a P.
c pheromones.
.
.
b bradykinin.
d prostaglandins.
.
.

ANS: C
DIF: 2
MSC: TYPE: Factual

REF: 4-92

OBJ: 6

149. ____________ help transmit pain messages to the brain and stimulate circulation to an injured

area causing _____________.

a Prostaglandins; inflammation
.
b Pheromones; blood thinning
.

ANS: A
DIF: 3
MSC: TYPE: Conceptual

c
.
d
.

Prostaglandins; blood thinning

Pheromones; inflammation

REF: 4-93

OBJ: 6

150. All of the following are psychological factors that can influence our reaction to pain EXCEPT
a other senses such as vision.
.
b emotional responses and how one handles stress.
.
c the amount of perceived control over the pain.
.
d an individuals pain tolerance.
.

35

ANS: D
DIF: 2
MSC: TYPE: Conceptual

REF: 4-93

OBJ: 6

151. Your grandfather lost a leg in WWII. He sometimes complains of pain in his leg, even though

it was amputated. Which of the following statements is NOT true concerning this situation?
a Your grandfather is not alone; 2 out of 3 combat veteran amputees complain of
. the same thing.
b This is known as phantom limb pain.
.
c The pain might be from an activation of the nerves in the stump of the missing
. limb.
d This pain is not real, it is imaginary.
.

ANS: D
DIF: 2
MSC: TYPE: Conceptual

REF: 4-93

OBJ: 6

152. Tammy caught her thumb in the door. Why did her friend tell her to rub and scratch the

thumb?
a She wanted to distract Tammy from the pain.
.
b
.
c
.
d
.

Based on the gate theory, this can prevent the pain message from reaching the
brain.
This would promote the release of endorphins.
Based on the stimulation theory, this would relieve the pain.

ANS: B
DIF: 2
MSC: TYPE: Conceptual

REF: 4-93

OBJ: 6

153. The view that pain messages may not get through to the brain when the "switchboard" (that

transmits pain messages) becomes "flooded" is termed

a gate theory.
c frequency theory.
.
b opponents process theory.
.

ANS: A
DIF: 2
MSC: TYPE: Factual

.
d
.

acupuncture.

REF: 4-93

36

OBJ: 6

154. Researchers believe that acupuncture relieves pain by

a stimulating nerves that reach the hypothalamus
.
b causing the release of endorphins
.
c blocking pain receptors
.
d a and b
.

ANS: D
DIF: 2
MSC: TYPE: Factual

REF: 4-93

OBJ: 6

155. A weight lifter can show off his muscles when he poses because the sensation of muscle

tightness, and hardness is provided by the

a vestibular senses.
c
.
b kinesthesis senses.
.

ANS: B
DIF: 2
MSC: TYPE: Conceptual

.
d
.

photoreceptors.
touch receptors.

REF: 4-93

OBJ: 7

156. The sensory receptors for kinesthesis are located in the

a tendons, muscles, and joints.
c bony frame of the body.
.
.
b semicircular canals.
d skin and hair.
.
.

ANS: A
KEY: WWW

DIF: 2
REF: 4-93
MSC: TYPE: Factual

OBJ: 7

157. The ability to perceive whether your body is falling or changing speed is due to your
a virtual reality.
c extrasensory perception.
.
.
b vestibular sense.
d sensory positioning.
.
.

ANS: B
DIF: 1
MSC: TYPE: Conceptual

REF: 4-94
NOT: BTC

OBJ: 7

158. Five year old Ben, loves to spin around until he cant stand up. This loss of balance is due to

receptors in his
a eyes.
.
b ears.
.

c
.
d
.

legs.
joints.

37

ANS: B
DIF: 1
MSC: TYPE: Applied

REF: 4-94

OBJ: 7

159. You accelerate as you drive away from a stop light that has turned green. You are able to

notice the change in speed because of receptors in the

a cochlea.
c joints.
.
b semicircular canals.
.

ANS: B
DIF: 2
MSC: TYPE: Applied

.
d
.

surface of the skin.

REF: 4-94

OBJ: 7

160. After getting off a roller coaster ride you have difficulty maintaining your balance. This is

due to _______.
a vestibular senses

.
b semicircular canals
.

ANS: C
DIF: 2
MSC: TYPE: Applied

c
.
d
.

both a and b
neither a or b

REF: 4-94

OBJ: 7

161. Even though some studies have supported ESP, it nonetheless failed to gain credibility among

psychologists because
a the respected ESP researcher J. B. Rhine of Duke University was not a
. psychologist.
b films have sensationalized ESP phenomena.

.
c from years of research, not one person has been found who can show ESP
. consistently and from one researcher to another.
d television psychics are frauds.
.

ANS: C
DIF: 2
MSC: TYPE: Conceptual

REF: 4-95

OBJ: 8

162. Which of the following is true regarding extrasensory perception?

a Psychologists prefer to study perception that involves sensation.
.
b ESP refers to perception of objects or events without the use of sensory organs.
.
c No one has reliably demonstrated extrasensory perception from one occasion to
. another or with more than one researcher.
d All of these.
.

38

ANS: D
DIF: 2
MSC: TYPE: Conceptual

REF: 4-95

OBJ: 8

COMPLETION
1. Sensation is the stimulation of sensory receptors and transmission of sensory information to

the_______ for processing.

ANS: brain
DIF: 1

REF: 4-74

OBJ: 1

MSC: TYPE: Factual

2. Gustav Fechner used the term_______________ to refer to the weakest amount of a stimulus

that can be distinguished from no stimulus at all.

ANS: absolute threshold
DIF: 1

REF: 4-74

OBJ: 1

MSC: TYPE: Factual

3. The smallest difference in intensity of two stimuli required to perceive a difference in

intensity 50% of the time is called the ___________.

ANS: difference threshold
DIF: 2
REF: 4-75
OBJ: 1
MSC: TYPE: Factual
4. The fraction of the intensity by which a source of physical energy must be increased or

decreased so that a difference in intensity will be perceived, is the definition of

________________.
ANS: Weber's constant
DIF: 1

REF: 4-75

OBJ: 1

MSC: TYPE: Factual

5. Negative adaptation is also called ___________.

ANS: desensitization
DIF: 1

REF: 4-76

OBJ: 1

MSC: TYPE: Factual

6. The wavelength of visible light determines color or ___________.

ANS: hue
DIF: 1

REF: 4-77

OBJ: 2

MSC: TYPE: Factual

7. The transparent tissue that forms the outer surface of the eyeball is the ___________ .
ANS: cornea

39

DIF: 1

REF: 4-78

OBJ: 2

MSC: TYPE: Factual

8. The size of the _________ adjusts automatically to the amount of light present.
ANS: pupil
DIF: 1

REF: 4-78

OBJ: 2

MSC: TYPE: Factual

9. The colors across from one another on the color wheel are labeled _______________.
ANS: complimentary colors
DIF: 1

REF: 4-80

OBJ: 2

MSC: TYPE: Factual

10. The mixture of lights is a(an) ____________ process.

ANS: additive
DIF: 2

REF: 4-80

OBJ: 2

MSC: TYPE: Factual

11. Our ability to perceive color depends on the eyes transmission of different messages to the

brain when lights with different___________ stimulate the ______ in the retina.
ANS: wavelengths; cones
DIF: 2

REF: 4-81

OBJ: 2

MSC: TYPE: Factual

12. A person who is sensitive to black-white and either red-green or blue-yellow is partially

colorblind. They are called a ____________.

ANS: dichromat
DIF: 1

REF: 4-82

OBJ: 2

MSC: TYPE: Factual

13. The way we integrate bits and pieces of sensory stimulation into meaningful wholes, is

refereed to as ________ ________.

ANS: perceptual organization
DIF: 2

REF: 4-82&83

OBJ: 3

MSC: TYPE: Factual

14. Depth perception involves ______________ and _____________ cues.

ANS: monocular; binocular
DIF: 1

REF: 4-84

OBJ: 3

MSC: TYPE: Applied

15. The pitch of a sound is determined by its ____________, or the number of cycles per second

as expressed in the unit _________.

40

ANS: frequency; hertz

DIF: 2

REF: 4-88

OBJ: 4

MSC: TYPE: Factual

16. The stirrup is attached to another vibrating membrane called the _______________.
ANS: oval window
DIF: 1

REF: 4-89

OBJ: 4

MSC: TYPE: Factual

17. In locating sounds, sound coming from the right side reaches the _________ ear first.
ANS: right
DIF: 1

REF: 4-89&90

OBJ: 4

MSC: TYPE: Factual

18. Olfactory membrane receptor neurons fire when a few molecules of a substance in

_______________ form come into contact with them.

ANS: gaseous
DIF: 1

REF: 4-91

OBJ: 5

MSC: TYPE: Factual

19. _______ _______ proposes that producing a flood of sensations can prevent pain messages

from traveling to the brain.

ANS: Gate Theory
DIF: 1
REF: 4-93
OBJ: 6
20. The_______ _________ helps us to maintain our balance.

MSC: TYPE: Factual

ANS: vestibular sense

DIF: 1

REF: 4-94

MSC: TYPE: Factual

TRUE/FALSE
1. The iris is the muscle in the eye that controls the size of the pupil.
ANS: T
DIF: 1
MSC: TYPE: Conceptual

REF: 4-78

OBJ: 2

REF: 4-79

OBJ: 2

2. Cones are more sensitive to dim light.

ANS: F
DIF: 1
MSC: TYPE: Factual

3. If you have difficulty seeing objects that are far away, you are farsighted.

41

ANS: F
DIF: 1
MSC: TYPE: Factual

REF: 4-79

OBJ: 2

4. Dark adaptation is the process of increasing the sensitivity of rods and cones in low light.
ANS: T
DIF: 2
MSC: TYPE: Factual

REF: 4-79

OBJ: 2

5. The retina of a monochromat is sensitive only to lightness and darkness.

ANS: T
DIF: 2
MSC: TYPE: Conceptual

REF: 4-82

OBJ: 2

6. Top down processing involves discovering a form by carefully considering patterns of

component parts.
ANS: F
DIF: 3
MSC: TYPE: Conceptual

REF: 4-84

OBJ: 3

7. Binocular cues allow us to perceive depth.

ANS: T
DIF: 1
MSC: TYPE: Factual

REF: 4-86

OBJ: 3

8. Hearing damage may occur if you are exposed to 85 to 90decibels for long periods of time.
ANS: T
DIF: 2
MSC: TYPE: Factual

REF: 4-88&89

OBJ: 4

9. Genetics does not contribute to an individuals sensitivity to basic tastes.

ANS: F
DIF: 1
MSC: TYPE: Factual

REF: 4-91

OBJ: 5

10. Pain is sharpest in areas of the body where nerve endings are densely packed.
ANS: T
DIF: 1
MSC: TYPE: Conceptual

REF: 4-92&93

11. There is reliable scientific evidence for ESP.

42

OBJ: 6

ANS: F
DIF: 1
MSC: TYPE: Factual

REF: 4-94&95

OBJ: 8

ESSAY
1. a) Define sensation and perception explain the difference between the two terms.

b)
Describe signal detection theory. c) Define sensory adaptation. How are sensitization and
desensitization different?
ANS: Essay should include:
a)

Sensation involves sense receptors; perception includes interpretations from

experience. b) The interaction of detection and learning, motivation and
psychological states; often we detect what we are looking for and do not detect
what we are not looking for. c) Conditions in which sensory systems become
more and less sensitive. The discussion of sensitization and desensitization
should include the terms positive and negative adaptation, respectively.

2. a) Describe the order in which light passes through the eye. Be sure to identify each of the

parts of the eye and their functions. b) Describe how the sense receptors receive light in the
retina and how sensory information gets sent to the brain
ANS: Essay should include:
a)

In order: cornea, iris, pupil, lens, retina, and a discussion of their functions. b)
Description and functions of the rods, cones, ganglion and bipolar cells, blind
spot and the optic nerve.

3. a) Define the two types of visual cues that help with depth perception and b) select two

examples of each type and demonstrate how these cues facilitate depth perception.
ANS: Essay should include:

a) The definitions of monocular and binocular cues. b) Two monocular cues from the
following: perspective, relative size, clearness, overlapping, shadowing, texture
gradient, motion parallax, and a description of how each cue represents depth; a
description of the two binocular cues: retinal disparity, convergence and how these
cues rely on both eyes that provide slightly different retinal images and muscle
changes to represent depth.
4. a) Describe the order in which sound waves enter the outer and middle ear. Be sure to describe

each of the parts and their function. b) Describe how the sense receptors receive sound energy
in the cochlea, and how sensory information gets sent to the brain. c) Compare two types of
deafness and the causes.
ANS: Essay should include:

43

a) In order: outer ear, middle ear: eardrum, hammer, anvil, stirrup, oval window, and a
description of their functions. b) Descriptions and functions of structures in the inner
ear: cochlea, basilar membrane, organ of corti, auditory nerve. c) Descriptions of
conductive deafness (caused by damage in the middle ear) and sensorineural deafness
(caused by damage in the inner ear).
5. a) Compare and contrast kinesthesis and the vestibular sense. b) Provide an example of each

and describe why it is important in human functioning.

ANS: Essay should include:

a) Definitions of kinesthesis and vestibular senses. Comparison: both provide

information about body positions and movement beyond vision. Contrast: kinesthesis
involves sensory information from the body being sent to the brain; vestibular senses
involve sensors in the semicircular canals of the ear sending information about body
position and speed. b) Kinesthesis: discussion of an athlete or other individual who
needs sensory feedback, including what would happen without this sense. Vestibular
sense: any example containing dizziness, including why this sense is important to
judge body position, gravity, speed.

44