WheeloftheYear

FromWikipedia,thefreeencyclopedia

TheWheeloftheYearisanannualcycleofseasonalfestivals,observed
bymanymodernPagans.Itconsistsofeitherfouroreightfestivals:either
thesolsticesandequinoxes,knownasthe"quarterdays",orthefour
midpointsbetween,knownasthe"crossquarterdays"syncretictraditions
likeWiccaoftencelebratealleightfestivals.
ThefestivalscelebratedbydifferingsectsofmodernPaganismcanvary
considerablyinnameanddate.Observingthecycleoftheseasonshasbeen
importanttomanypeople,bothancientandmodern,andmany
contemporaryPaganfestivalsarebasedtovaryingdegreesonfolk
traditions.[1]
AmongWiccans,thefestivalsarealsoreferredtoassabbats/sbt/,with
GeraldGardnerclaimingthistermwaspasseddownfromtheMiddleAges,
whentheterminologyforJewishShabbatswascommingledwiththatof
otherhereticalcelebrations.

TheWheeloftheYearinthe
NorthernHemisphere.Pagansinthe
SouthernHemisphereadvancethese
datessixmonthstocoincidewith
theirownseasons.

Contents
1 Origins
2 Festivals
2.1 Midwinter(Yule)
2.2 Imbolc
2.3 VernalEquinox(Ostara)
2.4 Beltane
2.5 Midsummer(Litha)
2.6 Lammas/Lughnasadh
2.7 Autumnalequinox(Mabon)
2.8 Samhain
2.9 Minorfestivals
2.9.1 Germanic
3 Datesofcelebration
4 Practice
4.1 Sacrifice
5 Narratives
5.1 Celtic
5.2 Slavic
5.3 ModernWiccaandNeodruidism
6 Seealso
7 References
8 Externallinks

Origins
ThecontemporaryWheeloftheYearissomewhatofamoderninnovation.Manyhistoricalpagantraditions
celebratedvariousequinoxes,solstices,andthedaysapproximatelymidwaybetweenthem(termedcrossquarter
days)fortheirseasonalandagriculturalsignificances.Butnonewereknowntohaveheldalleightaboveallother
annual,sacredtimes.ThemodernunderstandingoftheWheelisaresultofthecrossculturalawarenessthatbegan
developingbythetimeofModernEurope.
Mid20thcenturyBritishPaganismhadastronginfluenceonearlyadoptionofaneightfoldWheel.Bythelate
1950s,theWiccanBricketWoodCovenandOrderofBards,OvatesandDruidshadbothadoptedeightfoldritual
calendars,forbalanceandmorefrequentcelebrations.Thisalsohadthebenefitofmorecloselyaligning
celebrationbetweenthetwoinfluentialPaganorders.[2][3]
DuetoearlyWicca'sinfluenceonPaganismandtheirsyncreticadoptionofAngloSaxonandCelticmotifs,the
mostcommonlyusedEnglishfestivalnamesfortheWheeloftheYeartendtobeCelticandGermanic.

TheAmericansatrmovementhasadopted,overtime,acalendarinwhichtheHeathenmajorholidaysfigure
alongsidemanyDaysofRemembrancewhichcelebrateheroesoftheEddaandtheSagas,figuresofGermanic
history,andtheVikingLeifEricson,whoexploredandsettledVinland(NorthAmerica).Thesefestivalsarenot,
however,asevenlydistributedthroughouttheyearasinWiccaandotherHeathendenominations.

Festivals
InmanytraditionsofmodernPagancosmology,allthingsareconsideredto
becyclical,withtimeasaperpetualcycleofgrowthandretreattiedtothe
Sun'sannualdeathandrebirth.Thiscycleisalsoviewedasamicroand
macrocosmofotherlifecyclesinanimmeasurableseriesofcycles
composingtheUniverse.Thedaysthatfallonthelandmarksoftheyearly
cycletraditionallymarkthebeginningsandmiddlesofthefourseasons.
Theyareregardedwithsignificanceandhosttomajorcommunalfestivals.
Theseeightfestivalsarethemostcommontimesforcommunity
celebrations.[1][4][5]
Whilethe"major"festivalsareusuallythequarterandcrossquarterdays,
otherfestivalsarealsocelebratedthroughouttheyear,especiallyamongthe
nonWiccantraditionssuchasthoseofpolytheisticreconstructionismand
otherethnictraditions.

Theeightarmedsuncrossisoften
usedtorepresenttheNeopaganWheel
oftheYear.

InWiccanandWiccainfluencedtraditions,thefestivals,beingtiedtosolar
movements,havegenerallybeensteepedinsolarmythologyand
symbolism,centredaroundthelifecyclesofthesun.Similarly,theWiccanesbatsaretraditionallytiedtothelunar
cycles.Together,theyrepresentthemostcommoncelebrationsinWiccaninfluencedformsofNeopaganism,
especiallyincontemporaryWitchcraftgroups.[4][5]

Midwinter(Yule)
MidwinterhasbeenrecognizedasasignificantturningpointintheyearlycyclesincethelateStoneAge.The
ancientmegalithicsitesofNewgrangeandStonehenge,carefullyalignedwiththesolsticesunriseandsunset,
exemplifythis.[6]ThereversaloftheSun'sebbingpresenceintheskysymbolizestherebirthofthesolargodand
presagesthereturnoffertileseasons.FromGermanictoRomantradition,thisisthemostimportanttimeof
celebration.[7][8][9]
Practicesvary,butsacrifices,feasting,andgiftgivingarecommonelementsofMidwinterfestivities.Bringing
sprigsandwreathsofevergreenery(suchasholly,ivy,mistletoe,yew,andpine)intothehomeandtreedecorating
arealsocommonduringthistime.[7][8][10][11]
InGermanictraditions,thisliminalfestivalmarksthelastmonthoftheoldyearandthefirstmonthofthenew
yearandisfollowedbyelevendaysofextendedcelebration.[8]InRomantraditionsadditionalfestivitiestakeplace
duringthesixdaysleadinguptoMidwinter.[9]

Imbolc
AsthefirstcrossquarterdayfollowingMidwinterthisdayfallsonthefirstofFebruaryandtraditionallymarksthe
firststirringsofspring.Itistimeforpurificationandspringcleaninginanticipationoftheyear'snewlife.In
Rome,itwashistoricallyashepherd'sholiday.[12]andamongCeltsassociatedwiththeonsetofewes'lactation,
priortobirthingthespringlambs.[13][14]
ForCelticpagans,thefestivalisdedicatedtothegoddessBrigid,daughterofTheDagdaandoneoftheTuathaD
Danann.[14]
AmongReclaimingtraditionWitches,thisisthetraditionaltimeforpledgesandrededicationsforthecoming
year[15]andforinitiationamongDianicWiccans.[16]

VernalEquinox(Ostara)
DerivedfromareconstructionproducedbylinguisticJacobGrimmofanOldHighGermanformoftheOld
Englishgoddessnameostre,OstaramarksthevernalequinoxinsomemodernPagantraditions.

Beltane

TraditionallythefirstdayofsummerinIreland,inRometheearliest
celebrationsappearedinpreChristiantimeswiththefestivalofFlora,the
Romangoddessofflowers,andtheWalpurgisNightcelebrationsofthe
Germaniccountries.[17]
SincetheChristianizationofEurope,amoresecularversionofthefestival
hascontinuedinEuropeandAmerica.Inthisform,itiswellknownfor
maypoledancingandthecrowningoftheQueenoftheMay.

Midsummer(Litha)
Midsummerisoneofthefoursolarholidays,andisconsideredtheturning
pointatwhichsummerreachesitsheightandthesunshineslongest.
AmongtheWiccansabbats,MidsummerisprecededbyBeltane,and
followedbyLammasorLughnasadh.
SomeWiccantraditionscallthefestivalLitha,anameoccurringinBede's
TheReckoningofTime(DeTemporumRatione,7thcentury),which
preservesalistofthe(thenobsolete)AngloSaxonnamesforthetwelve
months.rraLia(firstorprecedingLia)roughlycorrespondstoJunein
theGregoriancalendar,andfterraLia(followingLia)toJuly.Bede
writesthat"Lithameansgentleornavigable,becauseinboththesemonths
thecalmbreezesaregentleandtheywerewonttosailuponthesmoothsea".[18]

Theannualcycleofinsolation(Sun
energy,showninblue)withkey
pointsforseasons(middle),quarter
days(top)andcrossquarterdays
(bottom)alongwithmonths(lower)
andZodiachouses(upper).Thecycle
oftemperature(showninpink)is
delayedbyseasonallag.

Lammas/Lughnasadh
LammasorLughnasadh(/luns/LOOnas)isthefirstofthethreeWiccanharvestfestivals,theothertwobeing
theautumnalequinox(orMabon)andSamhain.Wiccansmarktheholidaybybakingafigureofthegodinbread
andeatingit,tosymbolizethesanctityandimportanceoftheharvest.Celebrationsvary,asnotallPagansare
Wiccans.TheIrishnameLughnasadh[2][19]isusedinsometraditionstodesignatethisholiday.Wiccancelebrations
ofthisholidayareneithergenerallybasedonCelticculturenorcenteredontheCelticdeityLugh.Thisname
seemstohavebeenalateadoptionamongWiccans.InearlyversionsofWiccanliteraturethefestivalisreferredto
asAugustEve.[20]
ThenameLammas(contractionofloafmass)impliesitisanagrarianbasedfestivalandfeastofthanksgivingfor
grainandbread,whichsymbolizesthefirstfruitsoftheharvest.Christianfestivalsmayincorporateelementsfrom
thePaganRitual.[19][21]

Autumnalequinox(Mabon)
Theholidayoftheautumnalequinox,HarvestHome,Mabon,theFeastoftheIngathering,MenFmhairor
AlbanElfed(inNeoDruidtraditions),isaPaganritualofthanksgivingforthefruitsoftheearthandarecognition
oftheneedtosharethemtosecuretheblessingsoftheGoddessandtheGodduringthecomingwintermonths.
ThenameMabonwascoinedbyAidanKellyaround1970asareferencetoMabonapModron,acharacterfrom
Welshmythology.[22]Amongthesabbats,itisthesecondofthethreePaganharvestfestivals,precededbyLammas
/LughnasadhandfollowedbySamhain.

Samhain
Samhain(/swn/SOWin)isconsideredbyWiccanstobeoneofthefourGreaterSabbats.Samhainisconsidered
bysomeasatimetocelebratethelivesofthosewhohavepassedon,anditofteninvolvespayingrespectto
ancestors,familymembers,eldersofthefaith,friends,pets,andotherlovedoneswhohavedied.Insomerituals
thespiritsofthedepartedareinvitedtoattendthefestivities.Itisseenasafestivalofdarkness,whichisbalanced
attheoppositepointofthewheelbythefestivalofBeltane,whichiscelebratedasafestivaloflightand
fertility.[23]
ManyPagansbelievethatatSamhaintheveilbetweenthisworldandtheafterlifeisatitsthinnestpointofthe
wholeyear,makingiteasiertocommunicatewiththosewhohaveleftthisworld.[5]

Minorfestivals
InadditiontotheeightmajorholidayscommontomostmodernPagans,thereareanumberofminorholidays
duringtheyeartocommemoratevariousevents.

Germanic
TheminorholidayscommonincontemporaryGermanicPaganism:
Vali'sBlot,celebrationdedicatedtothegodVliandtolove14
February[24]
FeastoftheEinherjar,celebrationtohonorkinwhodiedinbattle11
November[24]
Ancestors'Blot,celebrationofone'sownancestryorthecommon
ancestorsofaGermanicethnicity11November[25]
YggdrasilDay,celebrationoftheworldtreeYggdrasil,ofthereality
worlditrepresents,oftreesandnature22April[24]
Winterfinding,celebrationwhichmarksthebeginningofwinter,held
onadatebetweenHaustblotandWinternights(midOctober)[24][26]
Summerfinding,celebrationwhichmarksthebeginningofsummer,
heldonadatebetweenOstaraandWalpurgisnight(midApril)[24][26]

Neopaganshonoringthedeadas
partofaSamhainritual

Datesofcelebration
Theprecisedatesonwhichfestivalsarecelebratedareoftenflexible.Dates
maybeonthedaysofthequarterandcrossquarterdaysproper,thenearest
fullmoon,thenearestnewmoon,orthenearestweekendforsecular
convenience.Thefestivalswereoriginallycelebratedbypeoplesinthe
middlelatitudesoftheNorthernHemisphere.Consequently,thetraditional
timesforseasonalcelebrationsdonotagreewiththeseasonsinthe
SouthernHemisphereorneartheequator.PagansintheSouthern
Hemisphereoftenadvancethesedatesbysixmonthstocoincidewiththeir
ownseasons.[5][27][28][29]

Practice

ThecommonholidaysofHeathenism
(black:mainnamesgray:alternative
namespurple:minorcommon
holidays).

Celebrationcommonlytakesplaceoutdoorsintheformofacommunalgathering.

Sacrifice
Offeringsoffood,drink,variousobjects,thelivesofanimals,etc.havebeencentralin
ritualpropitiationandvenerationformillennia.Ritualslaughterandsacrificingofanimals
hashistoricallybeencommoninanymajorsettingsthatallowedforit,asbloodsacrifices
wereheldtobethemostpotentofallofferings.However,itsusehasalwaysbeentenuous
andmodernPaganpracticestronglyavoidssacrificinganimalsinfavourofgrains,herbs,
milk,wines,incense,bakedgoods,minerals,etc.Theexceptionbeingwithritualfeasts
includingmeat,wheretheinediblepartsoftheanimalareoftenburnedasofferingswhile
thecommunityeatstherest.[30][31]
Sacrificesaretypicallyofferedtogodsandancestorsbyburningthem.Buryingand
leavingofferingsintheopenarealsocommonincertaincircumstances.Thepurposeof
offeringistobenefitthevenerated,showgratitude,andgivesomethingback,
strengtheningthebondsbetweenhumansanddivineandbetweenmembersofacommunity.[30][32][33]

Narratives
Celtic
ItisamisconceptioninsomequartersoftheNeopagancommunity,influencedbythewritingsofRobert
Graves,[34]thathistoricalCeltshadanoverarchingnarrativeforthecycleoftheyear.Theevidenceforthisis
lackingandmodernrevivalistsoftenobserveonlythefourGaelicfirefestivalsoftheCelticcalendars.[35][36]

Slavic
SlavicmythologytellsofapersistingconflictinvolvingPerun,godofthunderandlightning,andVeles,theblack
godandhornedgodoftheunderworld.EnmitybetweenthetwoisinitiatedbyVeles'annualascentuptheworld
treeintheformofahugeserpentandhisultimatetheftofPerun'sdivinecattlefromtheheavenlydomain.Perun
retaliatestothischallengeofthedivineorderbypursuingVeles,attackingwithhislightningboltsfromthesky.

VelestauntsPerunandflees,transforminghimselfintovariousanimalsandhiding
behindtrees,houses,evenpeople.(Lightningboltsstrikingdowntreesorhomeswere
explainedasresultsofthis.)IntheendPerunovercomesanddefeatsVeles,returning
himtohisplaceintherealmofthedead.Thustheorderoftheworldis
maintained.[37][38][39]
Theideathatstormsandthunderareactuallydivinebattleispivotaltothechangingof
theseasons.DryperiodsareidentifiedaschaoticresultsofVeles'thievery.This
dualityandconflictrepresentsanoppositionofthenaturalprinciplesofearth,water,
substance,andchaos(Veles)andofheaven,fire,spirit,order(Perun),notaclashof
goodandevil.ThecosmicbattlebetweenthetwoalsoechoestheancientIndo
Europeannarrativeofafightbetweentheskybornestormgodandchthonicdragon.

KoomirtheSlavic
exampleofWheelofthe
Yearindicatingseasons
oftheyear.Fourpoint
andeightpointswastika
shapedwheelsweremore
common.

Onthegreatnight(NewYear),twochildrenofPerunareborn,Jarilo,godoffertility
andvegetationandsonoftheMoon,andMorana,goddessofnatureanddeathand
daughteroftheSun.Onthesamenight,theinfantJariloissnatchedandtakentothe
underworld,whereVelesraiseshimashisown.Atthetimeofthespringequinox,
Jariloreturnsacrosstheseafromtheworldofthedead,bringingwithhimfertilityandspringfromtheevergreen
underworldintotherealmoftheliving.HemeetshissisterMoranaandcourtsher.Withthebeginningofsummer,
thetwoaremarriedbringingfertilityandabundancetoEarth,ensuringabountifulharvest.TheunionofPerun's
kinandVeles'stepsonbringspeacebetweentwogreatgods,stavingoffstormswhichcoulddamagetheharvest.
Aftertheharvest,however,Jariloisunfaithfultohiswifeandshevengefullyslayshim,returninghimtothe
underworldandrenewingenmitybetweenPerunandVeles.Withoutherhusband,godoffertilityandvegetation,
Moranaandallofnaturewithherwithersandfreezesintheensuingwinter.Shegrowsintotheoldand
dangerousgoddessofdarknessandfrost,eventuallydyingbytheyear'sendonlytoberebornagainwithher
brotherinthenewyear.[37][38]

ModernWiccaandNeodruidism
InWicca,thenarrativeoftheWheeloftheYeartraditionallycentresonthesacred
marriageoftheGodandtheGoddessandthegod/goddessduality.Inthiscycle,the
GodisperpetuallybornfromtheGoddessatYule,growsinpoweratthevernal
equinox(asdoestheGoddess,nowinhermaidenaspect),courtsandimpregnatesthe
GoddessatBeltane,reacheshispeakatthesummersolstice,wanesinpowerat
Lammas,passesintotheunderworldatSamhain(takingwithhimthefertilityofthe
Goddess/Earth,whoisnowinhercroneaspect)untilheisonceagainbornfromHer
mother/croneaspectatYule.TheGoddess,inturn,agesandrejuvenatesendlessly
withtheseasons,beingcourtedbyandgivingbirthtotheHornedGod.[5][40][41]
ManyWiccan,NeoDruid,andeclecticNeopagansincorporateanarrativeoftheOak
PaintedWheelofthe
KingandtheHollyKingasrulersofthewaxingyearandthewaningyear
YearfromtheMuseum
respectively.Thesetwofiguresbattleendlesslywiththeturningoftheseasons.Atthe
ofWitchcraft,Boscastle.
[42]
summersolstice,theHollyKingdefeatstheOakKingandcommenceshisreign.
AftertheAutumnequinoxtheOakKingslowlybeginstoregainhispowerasthesunbeginstowane.Comethe
wintersolsticetheOakKinginturnvanquishestheHollyKing.[43]Afterthespringequinoxthesunbeginstowax
againandtheHollyKingslowlyregainshisstrengthuntilheonceagaindefeatstheOakKingatthesummer
solstice.Thetwoareultimatelyseenasessentialpartsofawhole,lightanddarkaspectsofthemaleGod,and
wouldnotexistwithouteachother.[5][44][45][46]
TheHollyKingisoftenportrayedasawoodsyfigure,similartothemodernSantaClaus,dressedinredwith
sprigsofhollyinhishairandtheOakKingasafertilitygod.[47][48]

Seealso
Festival
Holiday
Season
Growingseason
Seasoncreep
Solarterm
ListofNeoPaganfestivalsandevents
Celticcalendar
Gaeliccalendar
Welshseasonalfestivals
Germaniccalendar

Runiccalendar
Helleniccalendars
Atticcalendar
AncientMacedoniancalendar
Romancalendar
Romanfestivals

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Externallinks
satrAllianceholidays(http://asatru.org/holidays.php)
WikimediaCommonshas
SacredCalendarofAsatru(http://odinsvolk.ca/O.V.A.%20%20SAC
mediarelatedtoWiccan
RED%20CALENDER.htm)byOdin'sVolk
holidays.
NorseHolidaysandFestivals(http://www.wizardrealm.com/norse/ho
lidays.html)
Seasons(astronomically)(http://archaeoastronomy.com/seasons.html)byArchaeoastronomy
GuidetotheEquinoxesandSolstices(http://www.athropolis.com/sunrise/defsol2.htm)
TheWheeloftheSunYearandTwelveMoonMonths(http://sunmooncalendar.com)
ListoftraditionalIndoEuropeanfestivals(http://piereligion.org/festivals.html)
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Categories: Neopaganholidays Timeinreligion Germanicneopaganism Wicca
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