JosueLegra

LabPartners:DushyantSingh,GeorgeVarghese,MohsenNaqvi
PHYS111A005
YiChai
September19,2016
Lab126Report
OBJECTIVES
Toverifytheconservationofmomentumforfullyelasticandtotallyinelasticcollisions:
ToverifytheImpulseMomentumTheorem.
INTRODUCTIONANDOVERVIEW
Forabodyofmassmmovingwithvelocityv,thelinearmomentumpisdefinedas:
(1)p=mv
Accordingtothelawofconservationofmomentum,linearmomentumpofasystem
maychangeonlyifthereisanetexternalforceactingonthissystem.Inotherwords,
momentumofasystemisconservedwhenthereisnomomentumofthesystem
(normalforcesactingduringthecollisionarecalledinternalforces).
ForanexternalFactingduringtimeintervalt,theimpulseJisdefinedas:
(2)J=F(t)dt and

J=Favgt

Accordingtonewtonslawsofmotions,changingthemotionofanobjectrequiresthe
applicationofnetexternalforce.ThisleadstotheImpulseMomentumTheorem:
(3)J=p=pfpi
Itstatesthattheamountofthemomentumchangeofanobjectintimeintervaltequals

totheimpulseofthenetexternalforceactingonthisobjectduringthistimeinterval
t.
Thereare3typesofcollisions:fullyelasticcollisionwherebothmomentumandkinetic
energyareconservedamidcollision;inelasticcollisionwheremomentumisconserved
whilekineticenergyisnot;totallyinelasticcollisionwheremomentumisconserved
whilekineticenergyisnot,andthe2objectssticktogetherafterthecollisionsotheir
finalvelocitiesarethesame.
Foranytypeofcollision,aslongasthesystemmaybeconsideredisolated,thetotal
momentumofasystemisconserved,thatisthetotalmomentumjustbeforethe
collisionequalsthetotalmomentumjustafterthecollision.
Inthislab,youwillmeasuretheglidervelocitiesbeforeandafterthecollisions(both
fullyelasticandtotallyinelastic)onafrictionlessairtrackandverifytheconservationof
momentumforthesystemoftwogliders.Inaddition,youwilldirectlymeasurethe
impulseofacollisionbetweenthegliderandtheforceprobeandcompareitwiththe
changeinthemomentumoftheglidertoverifytheImpulseMomentumTheorem
applyingintheglider.
EXPERIMENTALSETUP
EquipmentList
ComputerwithCapstonesoftwareinstalled,Airtrack,Airsupplywithhose,Photogates(x2),C
clamp(x2)tofixthephotogatesontheairtrack,Glider(x2)withaccessoriesincludingreflectors
(x2),bumperwithrubberband(x2),inelasticcollisionneedle,waxreceptacle,cylindricalmetal

object(x2),andglidermasses(x4),Motionsensor,Forcesensor,Tripodstand(x2),Rightangle
clamp,LshapeAlrodfortheforcesensor,electronicbalanceandVerniercaliperonthecounter
Setup
1. LogintothelabcomputerusingyourUCIDandpassword
2. ConnecttheUSBcableofthe850UniversalInterfacetoaUSBportonthecomputer.
ConnecttheACpoweradaptercordtoanelectricaloutletunderthetable
3. Pressthepowerpushbuttonontheleftfrontcorneroftheinterface.ThegreenLED
indicatorbelowthepowerbuttonshouldlightup
4. OpenLab126ConservationofMomentumfileinPhysics111ALabExperiments(or
Physics102ALabExperiments)folderonDesktop
EXPERIMENTALPROCEDURE
Part1:ConservationofMomentuminElasticCollision
InFigure2anelasticcollisionwilloccurwhenthelighterglider(M1)withnoaddedmass,
initiallypassesthroughthefirstphotogatemakinganelasticcollisionwithaheavierglider(M2)
withaddedmass.GliderM1willreboundfromthecollisionpassingbackthroughthefirst
photogatewhiletheheavierglidermovesthroughthesecondphotogate.Thephotogateswill
measurethetimesforeachglidertopassthroughthephotogateandallowmeasurementofthe
velocityforbothglidersseparately.
1. Aftersettingupthegliderwiththeattachments(bumperandreflector)asshowninFigure
1a,measurethemassofeachgliderwiththeattachmentsandrecordthevalueinData
TableI

2. Placethetwogliderswiththeattachmentsontheairtrack.Turnonthepoweroftheair
supplyandadjustairflowtomaketheairtrackafrictionlesscondition
3. Makesurethattheairtrackisleveled(horizontal)beforeeachexperimentbyobserving
foranymotionoftheglidersontheairtrack
4. Bestresultsareobtainedbymeasuringthevelocitiesimmediatelybeforeandafterthe
collision,not20or30cmlater!!Sodonotpositionthephotogatestoofarfromeachother
5. AfteropeningtheLab126ConservationofMomentumfile,choosePartIElastic
Collisiononthescreen
6. PlugthefirstphotogateinDigitalInputs1portofthe850UniversalInterfaceandthe
secondonetotheDigitalInputs2portoftheinterface
7. Measurethelength(inmeters)ofthereflectorusingthecaliper.Inputthisvalueasfor
ReflectorLengthinCalculatortoolboxontheleftsideofthesoftwarescreenand
thenclickAccept
8. PositiontheglidersasshowninFigure2,withthegliderM2betweenthephotogatesand
M1outsidePhotogate1.Addtwoglidermasses(100g)togliderM2andmakesurethat
collision(contact)betweenthetwogliderstakesplaceonlywhiletheyarebothbetween
thegates(doatestruntobesure)
9. ClickRECORDbuttononthebottomofthescreentostartcollectingdataandthen
gentlypushtheglidertowardM1towardthegliderM2.Observethemotionoftheglider
beforeandafterthecollision
10. Thevelocitiesforbothglidersbeforeandaftercollisionwillbedisplayedonthescreen.
RecorddatainDataTableI

11. Nowaddanadditional100gmasstogliderM2andrepeattheexperiment.Recorddata
12. FinallyobservethecollisionwhenglidersM1andM2haveidenticalmasses.Recorddata
13. Whenallvelocitymeasurementsaredone,clickSTOPbuttononthebottomofthe
screen.DisconnectthephotogatesfromtheUniversalInterfaceandremovethemfrom
theairtrack
14. Foreachofthethreecollisions,computethemomentumandkineticenergybeforeand
afterthecollisions.Verifythatmomentumandkineticenergyareconserved
PartII:ConservationofMomentuminInelasticCollision
InFigure3thegliderM2willinitiallybeatrest.Inthispartofthelab,youwillusethemotion
sensorsincewehaveonlyonemovingobjecttotrack
1. SetupthemotionsensoratoneendoftheairtrackandconnectittoPasPort1infront
oftheinterface.Makesureitisproperlyaimedatthereflectorwhichisnowtobeplaced
attheendofgliderM1
2. AttachneedletiptothegliderM1andawaxreceptacletotheotheronetoensurethatthe
twogliderssticktogetherafterthecollision.Measurethemassofeachgliderwiththe
attachments,recordvaluesinDataTableII
3. ChoosePart2TotalInelasticCollisionpageonthesoftwarescreen.Clickthe
RECORDbuttontostarttheexperiment.PushgliderM1gentlytowardthegliderM2.
Youwillseethedistancevstimeanditscorrespondingvelocityvstimegraphsonthe
display.
4. ObservethevelocityofthefirstgliderM1beforethecollisionwhenitismovingalone,
andafterthecollisionwhenitismovingtogetherwiththesecondglider.Youcanfindthe

velocitiesofthegliderbeforeandaftercollisionbyusingHighlightrangeofpointsin
activedatatool,Curvefittingtool,andStatisticstoolinthedistancevs.timegraph
orinthevelocityvs.timegraph.Obtainthevaluesofvelocitybefore(initialvelocity
Vinitial)andafter(finalvelocityVfinal)thecollision.
5. Repeatthisexperimentforseveraldifferentaddedmassesontheglider
6. RecordyourdatainDataTableII
7. Computethemomentumandkineticenergybeforeandafterthecollisionforeach
collision.Computetheamountandpercentageofenergylostandmomentumlostduring
collision.Verifythatmomentumisconservedwhilekineticenergyisnotconservedin
inelasticcollision.
PartIII:ImpulseMomentumTheorem
AsshowninFigure4youwillusetheforcesensortomeasuretheforceactingontheglider
duringthecollisionbetweenthegliderandtheforcesensor
1. ChoosePart3Impulsepageonthescreen
2. ConnectthemotionsensortoPasPort1infrontoftheinterfaceandtheforcesensorto
PasPort2.PressZerobuttonontheforcesensorwithnoforceapplied
3. Attachthereflectorandbumpertothegliderandmeasureitstotalmass.Recordthevalue
(M)inDataTableIII
4. Placethegliderclosetothemotionsensorontheairtrack
5. ClicktheRECORDbuttontostarttheexperiment.Gentlypushtheglidertowardthe
forcesensor.Makesurethattheforcesensorshouldnotmoveduringcollision.Youwill
seethedistancevs.timegraphsonthedisplay

6. Observetheforcepulseduringtheimpactandthechangeinvelocityofthegliderasit
rebounds.Thecollisionshouldlastabout0.2sec.CalculatetheintegralofFt(thisis
impulseJ)usingHighlightrangeofpointsinactivedatatoolandDisplayareaunder
activedatatoolsinthetoolbarontopofthegraph.RecordtheinitialvelocityV,final
velocityVfandimpulseJinDataTableIII
7. Repeatthisexperimentwithseveraldifferentglidermasses
8. Foreachtrialwithdifferentglidermasses,calculatethemomentumanditschangeforthe
gliderbeforeandaftercollidingwiththeforcesensor
9. ComparetheimpulseJwiththechangeinmomentum(find%difference),verifythe
ImpulseMomentumTheorem

DATAANDANALYSIS

A.ExperimentalData
M1:MassofgliderM1plusanyaddedmass
M2:MassofgliderM2plusanyaddedmass
TableI
V1:VelocityofGliderM1rightbeforecollision
V1:VelocityofGliderM1rightaftercollision
V2:VelocityofGliderM2rightbeforecollision
V2:VelocityofGliderM2rightaftercollision
Trial#

M1

M2

V1

V1

V2

V2

0.20012

0.20012

0.8574

0.8350

0.20012

0.30012

0.989

0.1800

0.7703

0.20012

0.40012

1.0455

0.3271

0.6657

TableII
Trial#

M1

M2

Vinitial

Vfinal

0.19993

0.1896

0.559

0.275

0.19993

0.2896

0.867

0.295

0.19993

0.3896

0.959

0.256

TableIII
Trial#

0.20012

0.990

0.801

0.396

0.30012

0.719

0.692

0.4585

0.40012

0.730

0.635

0.5985

B.Calculation
EX)Trial1
1)Calculationofmomentumandkineticenergybeforecollision
i.Momentum:
GliderM1rightbeforecollision:Pi1=M1V1=0.20012kg0.8574m/s=0.17158kgm/s
GliderM2rightbeforecollision:Pi2=M2V2=0.20012kg0m/s=0kgm/s
ii.Kineticenergy:
GliderM1rightbeforecollision:Ki1=M1v12=x0.20012kgx(0.8574m/s)2=0.07355J
GliderM2rightbeforecollision:Kf2=M2v22=x0.20012kgx(0m/s)2=0J
2)Calculationofmomentumandkineticenergyaftercollision
i.Momentum:

GliderM1rightaftercollision:Pf1=M1V1=0.20012kg0m/s=0kgm/s
GliderM2rightaftercollision:Pf2=M2V2=0.20012kg0.8350m/s=0.1671kgm/s
ii.KineticEnergy:
GliderM1rightaftercollision:Kf1=M1v12=x0.20012kgx(0m/s)2=0J
GliderM2rightaftercollision:Kf2=M2v22=x0.20012kgx(0.6657m/s)2=0.0666J
3)Calculationofthepercentageofmomentumandkineticenergylostduringthecollision
%diffofkineticenergy=(1kineticenergyofaftercollision/kineticenergyofbeforecollision)
x100%=(10.0666/0.07355J)x100%=9.44%
%diffofmomentum=(1momentumaftercollision/momentumbeforecollision)x100%=(1
0.1671kgm/s/0.17158kgm/s)x100%=2.61%

AllPartITrials
Trial2:Calculationofthepercentageofmomentumandkineticenergylostduringthe
collision
%diffofkineticenergy=(1kineticenergyofaftercollision/kineticenergyofbeforecollision)
x100%=(10.003+0.08904J/0.09787JJ)x100%=5.71%
%diffofmomentum=(1momentumaftercollision/momentumbeforecollision)x100%=(1
0.036kgm/s+0.23118kgm/s/0.1715kgm/s=13.81%
Trial3:Calculationofthepercentageofmomentumandkineticenergylostduringthe
collision
%diffofkineticenergy=(1kineticenergyofaftercollision/kineticenergyofbeforecollision)
x100%=(10.133170.0654J/0.1046J)x100%=35.49%
%diffofmomentum=(1momentumaftercollision/momentumbeforecollision)x100%=(1
0.0654m/s+0.2663kgm/s/0.2092kgm/s)x100%=3.97%

DISCUSSION
InPartI.Calculatethepercentageofmomentumandkineticenergylostduring
thecollision.Whatarethepossiblesourcesthatcausetheloss?Wheredidthelostenergygo?

A.InpartI,themomentumandkineticenergyineachtrialincreased.Therisein
momentumineachtrialwas2.61%,13.8%,and3.97%respectively.Theriseinkineticenergy
was9.44%,5.71%,and35.49%.Onepossiblesourceoflossofenergyisfromthecollisionnot
beingcompletelyelastic.Deformationiscreatedwhenthetwogliderscomeintocontactcreating
againorlossinmomentum.Alsokineticenergywastransformedintoothertypesofenergy
withinthesystem,makingmomentumandkineticenergynotconserved.Frictionalsoplaysa
smallroleincreatingdifferencesinmomentumfromtheinitialvaluestothefinalvalues.Theair
trackalsonotbeingcompletelylevelalsoeffectsthecalculations.

2.InPartII.Showthatthefractionalkineticenergylossisandcomparethisfractionwith
yourobservedfractionalenergyloss.

A.InpartII,theoverallresultsshowedthatconservationofmomentumisverified
removingcertainfactors.Intrial#1,therewasa.49%increaseinmomentum.Intrial#2,there
wasa.59%decreaseinmomentum.Intrial#3,therewasa.66%increaseinmomentum.The
frictionforcecausesthemomentumtonotbeconservedinthesetrials.

CONCLUSION

Thelabtaughtusthatmomentumandenergyinacollisionactsdifferentlydependingon
thetypeofcollision.Intheelasticcollision,bothmomentumandenergyareconserved.INan
idealcasetheenergywouldbefullyconservedbuttherearefactorssuchasfrictionthatcause
slightlossesofenergy.Intheinelasticcollisionenergyislostwhilemomentumisconserved.
Themomentumwilleitherbetransferredtotheotherobjectbeinghitorwillsendtheoriginal
objectbacktothewayitcamedependingonthemassofboththeobjects.Inmostcasesof
inelasticcollisionthetwoobjectssticktogetherandmovewithonevelocity.