2.

Literature Review

Diffusion coefficient which is also known as diffusivity is a factor with symbol D

present in the Fick's law equation

. The SI unit of D is meter per second to

express its dimension of area per unit time. In Fick's law of diffusion, the molecular diffusion
or molecular transport are defined as the transfer or movement of individual molecules
through a fluid by the mean of random, individual movements of the molecules. There will be
a net diffusion of chemical species from a region of high concentration to low
concentration.The rate of diffusion is always proportional to the concentration gradient, the
higher the difference in concentration gradient, the faster the rate of diffusion. The diffusivity
coefficient often depends on several properties such as molecular size, concentration,
pressure and temperature.

Molecular diffusion or molecular transport can be defined as the transfer or movement

of individual molecules through a fluid by means of random, individual movements of the
molecules. The molecules travel only in straight lines and in the process, may collide with
other molecules in their path. The molecules then change direction but will still remain in a
straight line after the collision. This is sometimes referred to as a random-walk process.
Molecular diffusion, often simply called diffusion, is the thermal motion of all liquid or gas
particles at temperatures above absolute zero. The rate of this movement is a function of
temperature, viscosity of the fluid and the size or mass of the particles. Diffusion explains the
net flux of molecules from a region of higher concentration to one of lower concentration.
Once the concentrations are equal the molecules continue to move, but since there is no
concentration gradient the process of molecular diffusion has ceased and is instead governed
by the process of self-diffusion, originating from the random motion of the molecules. The
result of diffusion is a gradual mixing of material such that the distribution of molecules is
uniform. Since the molecules are still in motion, but an equilibrium has been established, the
end result of molecular diffusion is called a "dynamic equilibrium". In a phase with uniform
temperature, absent external net forces acting on the particles, the diffusion process will

eventually result in complete mixing. Example shows by considering two systems, S1 and
S2 at the same temperature and capable of exchanging particles. If there is a change in
the potential energy of a system; for example 1>2 in which is chemical potential,
an energy flow will occur from S1 to S2, because nature always prefers low energy and
maximum entropy. Molecular diffusion is typically described mathematically using Fick's
laws of diffusion. Diffusion is of fundamental importance in many disciplines of physics,
chemistry, and biology.

Electrical conductivity is the measure of the amount of electrical current a material

can carry or it's ability to carry a current. Electrical conductivity is also known as specific
conductance. It is denoted by the symbol and has SI units of siemens per meter (S/m). In
electrical engineering, the Greek letter is used. Sometimes the Greek letter represents
conductivity. In water, conductivity is often reported as specific conductance, which is a
measure compared to that of pure water at 25C. Electrical conductance is an electrical
phenomenon where a material contains movable particles with electric charge such as
electrons, which can carry electricity. When a difference of electrical potential is placed
across a conductor, its electrons flow, and an electric current appears. A conductor such as a
metal has high conductivity, and an insulator like glass or a vacuum has low conductivity. A
semiconductor has a conductivity that varies widely under different conditions. Electrical
conductivity is the reciprocal or inverse of electrical resistivity. Conductivity is used to
measure the concentration of dissolved solids which have been ionized in a polar solution
such as water. The unit of measurement commonly used is one millionth of a Siemen per
centimeter (micro-Siemens per centimeter or S/cm). When measuring more concentrated
solutions, the units are expressed as milli-Siemens/cm (mS/cm) i.e.- 10 -3 S-cm (thousandths
of a Siemen). For ease of expression, 1000 S/cmare equal to 1 mS/cm. Often times
conductivity is simply expressed as either micro or milli Siemens. However this unit of
measurement is sometimes (incorrectly) referred to as micro-mho's rather than microSiemens. The expression "mho" was simply the word ohm spelled backwards. Several means
of conductivity expression have been adopted by various industries as a way of making the
units of expression into whole numbers. The water softening industry refers to "grains"
of hardness and uses TDS or total dissolved solids as a measurement scale. While TDS is
really a gravimetric measurement, because in solution the solids are predominately present in

ionic form, they can be approximated with conductivity. The TDS scale uses 2 S/cm = 1
ppm (part per million as CaCO3). It is also expressed as 1 mg/l TDS. While the method of
measurement is the same, some conductivity meters can make the conversion and express the
results of a measurement in many different units. This is helpful for users who are
accustomed to one particular unit of measurement.
Conductivity of a substance is defined as 'the ability or power to conduct or transmit
heat, electricity, or sound'. Its units are Siemens per meter [S/m] in SI and millimhos per
centimeter [mmho/cm] in U.S. customary units. Its symbol is k or s. Conductivity
measurements are used routinely in many industrial and environmental applications as a fast,
inexpensive and reliable way of measuring the ionic content in a solution. Conductivity is a
measure of waters capability to pass electrical flow. This ability is directly related to the
concentration of ions in the water 1. These conductive ions come from dissolved salts and
inorganic materials such as alkalis, chlorides, sulfides and carbonate compounds. Compounds
that dissolve into ions are also known as electrolytes. The more ions that are present, the
higher the conductivity of water. Likewise, the fewer ions that are in the water, the less
conductive it is. Distilled or deionized water can act as an insulator due to its very low (if not
negligible) conductivity value. Sea water, on the other hand, has a very high conductivity.
Ions conduct electricity due to their positive and negative charges. When electrolytes dissolve
in water, they split into positively charged (cation) and negatively charged (anion) particles.
As the dissolved substances split in water, the concentrations of each positive and negative
charge remain equal.

3.0 MATERIAL & METHOD

3.1 Apparatus

Electronic Balance

Rubber Tube

Glass Rod

Conductivity Meter

250 ml Beaker

Burette

Plastic Container

Magnetic Stirer

pH Meter

Retort Stand

Double Burette Clamp Holder

3.2 Chemical/Apparatus

Copper (II) Sulphate

Distilled Water