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LAB MANUAL
OF
TRANSPORTATION ENGINEERING
1. SIEVE ANALYSIS
(IS: 2720 (Part 4) 1985, ASTM D75 92, 1992)
OBJECTIVE
To determine the gradation or distribution of aggregate particle sizes within a given sample
APPARATUS
Source: www.tradeindia.com
PROCEDURE
Spread the given sample on a container and weigh the given sample.
Transfer the weighed sample to the top of the sieves. Cover the top sieve with the lid and sieve
on the rotary shaker for 10 minutes.
Collect the sample retained on each sieve carefully and weigh each sieve separately by
transferring to pre-weighed container.
Determine Nominal Maximum Aggregate Size (NMAS) and maximum size of the aggregates.
The aggregate size distributions are classified as gap/skip graded, uniform graded, well/dense
graded, and open graded.
RESULTS
P=100*(d/D)
Where: P is the percentage of aggregates passing the sieve size d; D is the maximum aggregate
size in the gradation; and n is an exponent.
The range of n is 0.45 to 0.50 depending upon the shape of the aggregate. For maximum particle
density (spherical shape), n is 0.50. For pavement works, n is taken as 0.45 (air void
consideration).
NMAS: is one sieve size larger than the first size to retain more than 10 percent by weight of the
aggregates=
Maximum size of aggregate: is the smallest sieve through which 100 percent of the particles will
pass.
Sieve size,
Weight
Cumulative weight
Cumulative percentage
Percent
mm
retained, g
retained, g
weight retained
passing
19.0
9.5
4.75
2.36
1.18
0.6
0.3
0.15
0.075
Pan
Total
DISCUSSION
OBJECTIVE
APPARATUS
IS test sieves.
PROCEDURE
Carry out the sieve analysis using the sieves given in the Table 4.1.
Do not use the aggregate retained on 63mm and passing 6.3mm for the tests to be carried out.
Then weigh each of the individual size fractions retained on the sieves, other than the 63 mm IS
test sieve, and store them in separate trays. This weight is taken as M1.
Calculate the individual percentage retained on each of the various sieves and discard any
fraction of which the mass is 5% or less of mass M1. Record the remaining mass as M2.
Now select the thickness gauge appropriate to the size fraction as mentioned in the Table 4.1 and
gauge each particle separately by hand.
Combine and weigh all the particles passing these gauges and note this weight as M3.
Mass M1(g)
Thickness Gauge
100% Passing
100% Retained
(mm)
Thickness Gauge
63
50
33.9 +0.3
50
37.5
26.3+0.3
37.5
28
19.7+0.3
28
20
14.4+0.15
20
14
10.2+0.15
14
10
7.2+0.1
10
6.3
4.9+0.1
RESULTS
= M3 (g) =
Flakiness Index of the given Aggregate sample (%)
= (M3/M2)*100
DISCUSSION
OBJECTIVE
APPARATUS
PROCEDURE
Carry out the sieve analysis using the sieves given in Table 5.1.
Discard all aggregate retained on the 50.0 mm IS test sieve and all aggregate passing the 6.3 mm
IS test sieves.
Weigh and store each of the individual size fractions retained on the other sieves in separate trays
with their size marked on the tray.
Sum the individual masses in the trays as M1 and calculate the individual percentages retained on
each of the various sieves. Discard any fraction whose mass is 5% or less of mass M1, and record
the remaining mass as M2.
Select the length (elongation) gauge appropriate to the size fraction as mentioned in the Table 5.1
and gauge each particle separately by hand.
Note: Elongated particles are those whose greatest dimension prevents them from passing
through the gauge
Now combine and sum all these elongated samples and record their weight as M3.
Mass M1(g)
Length Gauge
100% Passing
100% Retained
(mm)
Length Gauge
63
50
-
50
37.5
78.7+0.3
37.5
28
59.0+0.3
28
20
43.2+0.3
20
14
30.6+0.3
14
10
21.6+0.2
10
6.3
14.7+0.2
RESULTS
DISCUSSION
OBJECTIVE
To determine the Los Angeles abrasion value for given aggregate sample
APPARATUS
Balance of capacity 10 kg
Oven
PROCEDURE
The test sample consists of clean aggregates dried in oven at 105 110C. The sample should
conform to any of the grading shown in Table 6.1.
Select the grading to be used in the test such that it conforms to the grading being used in the
construction, to the maximum extent possible.
Choose the abrasive charge as per Table 6.2 depending on the grading of aggregates.
Place the aggregates and abrasive charge in the cylinder and fix the cover.
Rotate the machine at a speed of 30 33 revolutions per minute. The number of revolutions is
500 for grading A, B, C & D and 1000 for grading E, F & G. The machine should be balanced
and driven such that there is uniform peripheral speed.
Stop the machine after desired number of revolutions and discharge material to a tray.
RESULTS
DISCUSSION
Sieve size
Passing
Retained
A
B
C
D
E
F
G
(mm)
on (mm)
80
63
2500*
63
50
2500*
50
40
5000*
5000*
40
25
1250
5000*
5000*
25
20
1250
5000*
20
12.5
1250
2500
12.5
10
1250
2500
10
6.3
2500
6.3
4.75
2500
4.75
2.36
5000
Grading
No. of Steel balls
Weight of charge (g)
A
12
5000 25
B
11
4584 25
C
8
3330 20
D
6
2500 15
E
12
5000 25
12
5000 25
G
12
5000 25
8. PENETRATION TEST
(IS: 1203: 1978, BS 1426: 2000, ASTM D5 97, 1997)
OBJECTIVE
APPARATUS
Standard Penetrometer
Water bath
PROCEDURE
Soften the bitumen above the softening point by heating it between 75 and 100 C.
Remove air bubbles and water by stirring the softened sample thoroughly.
Make sure bitumen should be just sufficient to fill the container to a depth of at least 15mm in
excess of the expected penetration.
After that place it in a transfer dish in the water bath at 25 + 0.1 C for 1.5 hours.
Keep the container on the stand of the penetration apparatus and adjust the needle such that it
makes contact with the surface of the sample.
Release the needle for exactly 5 seconds and then record the dial gauge reading expressed in
tenths of a millimeter.
RESULTS
Grade of bitumen:
No.
Dial gauge reading
Penetration value (0.1 mm)
DISCUSSION
9. DUCTILITY TEST
(IS: 1208 1978;ASTM D113-07, 2007; AASHTO T51-08, 2008)
OBJECTIVE
APPARATUS
Water bath
Testing machine
PROCEDURE
Heat the bituminous material to be tested to a temperature of 75 to 100 C above the approximate
softening point until it becomes thoroughly fluid.
Thoroughly coat the surface of the plate and the interior surfaces of the sides of the mould with a
mixture of equal parts of glycerin and dextrin to prevent the material under test from sticking to
the surface.
Pour the material in a thin stream back and forth from end to end of the mould until it is more
than level full.
Leave it to cool at room temperature for 30 to 40 minutes and then place it in a water bath
maintained at the specified temperature for 30 minutes.
Now, remove the excess bitumen by means of a hot, straight-edged putty knife or spatula to
make the mould just level full.
Place the brass plate and mould with briquette specimen in the water bath at the specified
temperature for about 85 to 95 minutes.
Remove the briquette from the plate; detach the side pieces and the briquette immediately.
Attach the rings at each end of the two clips to the pins or hooks in the testing machine and pull
the two clips apart horizontally at a uniform speed, as specified, until the briquette ruptures.
Note: While the test is being done, make sure that the water in the tank of the testing machine
covers the specimen both above and below by at least 25mm and the temperature is maintained
o
RESULTS
Grade of Bitumen -
No.
Ductility (cm)
Note: A normal test is one in which the material between the two clips pulls out to a point or to a
thread and rupture occurs where the cross-sectional area is minimum. Report the average of
three normal tests as the ductility of the sample, provided the three determinations be within
0.5 percent of their mean value.
If the values of the three determinations do not lie within 0.5 percent of their mean, but the two
higher values are within 0.5 percent of their mean, then record the mean of the two higher
values as the test result.
DISCUSSION
10.
OBJECTIVE
APPARATUS
PROCEDURE
Preparation of sample
Fill the ring with the sample. Cut off the excess sample by a knife.
Heat the material between 75 and 100 C. Remove air bubbles and water by stirring it and then,
filter it through IS Sieve 30, if necessary.
Assemble the apparatus with the rings, thermometer and ball guides in position.
Fill the beaker with boiled distilled water at a temperature 5.0 0.5 C per minute.
With the help of a stirrer, stir the liquid and apply heat to the beaker at a temperature of 5.0 0.5
o
C per minute.
Apply heat until the material softens and allow the ball to pass through the ring.
Record the temperature at which the ball touches the bottom, which is nothing but the softening
point of that material.
The procedure is the same as described above. The only difference is that instead of water,
o
RESULTS
Softening point ( C) = the temperature at which the ball touches the bottom
DISCUSSION
11.
(IS: 1205, BS2000-58, 1958, ASTM D36-95, 1995, AASHTO T53-06, 2006)
OBJECTIVE
To determine the Flash & Fire point test of a given bitumen sample
APPARATUS
Cleaveland apparatus
PROCEDURE
Note: Bitumen is just sufficient to fill the cup up to the mark given on it.
Flash Point
Heat the bitumen between 75 and 100 C & remove the air bubbles and water by stirring the
sample.
Fill the cup with the bitumen to be tested up to the mark & place it on the bath. Fix the open clip;
insert the thermometer of high or low range as per requirement and also the stirrer, to stir the
sample.
Light the test flame and supply heat at such a rate that the temperature increase, recorded using a
o
Note the temperature at which first flash appears when test flame is bought close to the surface
of the material. This temperature is noted as Flash point temperature.
Note: Do not get confused with the bluish halo that sometimes surrounds the test flame with the
true flash.
Fire Point
After flash point is obtained, heating should be continued at such a rate that the increase in
o
temperature recorded by the thermometer is neither less than 5 C nor more than 6 C per minute.
Now light a test flame and adjust it so that it is of the size of a bead 4mm in diameter.
Finally note that thermometer at which the application of test flame causes the material to ignite
and burn for at least 5 seconds. This temperature is noted as Fire point temperature.
RESULTS
DISCUSSION
13.
OBJECTIVE
To determine optimum binder content of given bituminous mix by Marshall Method of Mix
Design
APPARATUS
Mould Assembly: Cylindrical moulds of 10 cm diameter and 7.5 cm height consisting of a base
plate and collar extension.
Sample Extractor
Compaction Pedestal and Hammer: Used to compact a specimen by 4.54 kg weight with
cm height of fall.
Breaking Head: Used to test the specimen by applying a load on its periphery perpendicular to its
axis in a loading machine of 5 tones capacity at a rate of 5 cm/min.
Loading Machine: Measures the maximum load supported by the test specimen at a loading rate
0
of 50.8 mm/min at 60 C.
Flow Meter: An attached dial gauge measuring the flow value as a result of the loading in
mm increments.
Thermometers
Water Bath
Oven
PROCEDURE
In the Marshall test method of mix design three compacted samples are prepared for each binder
content. At least four binder contents are to be tested to get the optimum binder content.
Prepare a mix of coarse aggregates, fine aggregates and mineral filler material in such a
proportion that final mix after blending has the graduation within the specified range (Table
13.2).
Take approximately 1200 grams of aggregates and filler, and heat them to a temperature of 175
0
to 195 C.
Clean the compaction mould assembly and rammer, and heat to a temperature of 100 to 145 C.
0
Heat the bitumen to a temperature of 121 to 138 C and add the required quantity of first trial
percentage of bitumen to the heated aggregate and thoroughly mix using a mechanical mixer or
by hand mixing with trowel.
Transfer the mix into the pre-heated mould and compact it by giving seventy five blows on each
side.
Soon after the compacted bituminous mix specimens have cooled to room temperature, take the
sample out of the mould using the sample extractor and measure the weight, average thickness
and diameter of the specimen. Weigh the specimens in air and then in water.
Determine the theoretical specific gravity of the mix using the known specific gravity values of
different aggregates, filler and bitumen.
Calculate the bulk density value of the specimen from weight and volume.
Then immerse the specimen to be tested under water in a thermostatically controlled water bath
0
Take out the specimens from the water bath and place them in the Marshall loading machine to
measure the marshal stability and flow values.
If the average height of the specimen is not exactly 63.5mm, then correct the Marshall Stability
value of each specimen by applying the appropriate correction factor (Table 1).
Plot five graphs with values of bitumen content against the values of density, Marshall Stability,
voids in mineral aggregates(VMA), flow value and voids filled by bitumen(VFB).
Let the bitumen contents corresponding to maximum density be B1, corresponding to maximum
stability be B2 and that corresponding to the specified voids content (at 4.0%)
be B3. Then the optimum bitumen content for mix design is given by: Bo= (B1+B2+B3)/3.
RESULTS
DISCUSSION
Data Sheet 1
Specificatio
Our
%
Sample Wt.
No.
Sieve size (Passing)
n Range
Selection
Retained
(g)
(%) Pass
0
25.0 mm to 19.0 mm
100
1
19.0 mm to 12.5 mm
66
95
2
12.5 mm to 9.5 mm
54
88
3
9.5 mm to 4.75 mm
37
70
4
4.75 mm to 2.36 mm
26
52
5
2.36 mm to 1.18 mm
18
40
6
1.18 mm to 600 m
13
30
7
600 m to 300 m
8 23
8
300 m to 150 m
6 16
9
150 m to 75 m
4 10
10
< 75 m (filler) Pan
Specific
% of Total
Aggregate
Gravity
Coarse Aggregate =
Coarse Aggregate
Fine Aggregate =
Fine Aggregate
Filler
Bitumen
% Bitumen
Wt. of bitumen
Data Sheet 2
Mixing temp. C :
Grade of Bitumen :
No. of blows :
Compaction temperature :
% Asphalt by
Weight of
Gbcm
Stability
Flow
Total
In Air
In Water
Aggregate
2
3
1
3
1
2
3
1
2
3
1
2
Mix
Data Sheet 3
Stability
Asphalt % by
weight of Total
Gbcm
Volume
Gbam
Gmp
VMA
Pav
Flow
Aggregate Mix
Obs.
Corr.
Volume of
Thickness
Correction
Specimen
of
Factor
(cm3)
Specimen
(mm)
457 470
57.1
1.19
471 482
68.7
1.14
483 495
60.3
1.09
496 508
61.9
1.04
509 522
63.5
1
523 535
65.1
0.96
536 546
66.7
0.93
547 559
68.3
0.89
560 573
69.9
0.86
Sieve Size
Type 2
Type 3
Type 1
Binder or
(mm)
Wearing
Base course
leveling
course
course
37.5
100
25
72 100
100
19
60
- 89
82 - 100
100
12.5
46
- 76
60
- 84
66
95
9.5
40
- 67
49
- 74
54
88
4.75
30
- 54
32
- 58
37
70
2.36
22
- 43
23
- 45
26
52
1.18
15
- 36
16
- 34
18
40
0.6
10 28
12 25
13
30
0.3
6
22
8
20
8
23
0.15
4
14
5
13
6
16
0.075
2
8
4
7
4
10
Asphalt
cement (% by
weight of
3.5
- 5.0
4.0
- 6.5
4.5 - 6.5
total
aggregate)
leveling course
course
Description
Min.
Max.
Min.
Max.
Min.
Max.
75
75
75
end of specimen
Stability, kg.
350
500
600
Flow, 0.25 mm
16
8
16
8
16
VMA
13
14
15
Air voids, %
3
8
3
8
4
80
65
85
70
85
bitumen, %
Immersion compression
70
70