Ieee C57.19.100-2012 10.1109@ieeestd.2013.6469143

IEEE Guide for Application of Power
Apparatus Bushings
IEEE Power and Energy Society
Sponsored by the
Transformers Committee
IEEE
3 Park Avenue
New York, NY 10016-5997
USA
IEEE Std C57.19-100-2012
(Revision of
IEEE Std C57.19-100-1995)
22 February 2013
Authorized licensed use limited to: Brigham Young University. Downloaded on November 15,2014 at 23:00:41 UTC from IEEE Xplore. Restrictions apply.
IEEE Std C57.19.100TM-2012
(Revision of
IEEE Std C57.19.100-1995)

Apparatus Bushings
Sponsor
Transformers Committee
of the
IEEE Power and Energy Society

Approved 5 December 2012
IEEE-SA Standards Board
Abstract: Guidance on the use of outdoor power apparatus bushings is provided. The bushings
are limited to those built in accordance with IEEE Std C57.19.00TM-1991. General information and
recommendations for the application of power apparatus bushings when incorporated as part of
power transformers, power circuit breakers, and isolated-phase bus are provided.
Keywords: circuit breakers, IEEE C57.19.100TM, isolated-phase bus, power apparatus bushings,
transformers
The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc.

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iv
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Participants
At the time this guide was submitted to the IEEE-SA Standards Board for approval, the Guide for
Application of Power Apparatus Bushings Working Group had the following membership:
Thomas Spitzer, Chair
Jesse Patton, Vice Chair
Carlo Arpino
Ray Bartnikas
Jeffrey Benach
Gene Blackburn
John Brafa
Florian Costa
John Crouse
Larry Davis
Arturo Del Rio
Lonnie Elder
Fred Elliott
Keith Ellis
Mary Foster
Charles Garner
Joseph Garza
John Graham
Roger Hayes
Chungduck Ko
Reiner Krump
Mario Locarno
Van Nhi Nguyen
Leslie Recksiedler
Randolph Rensi
Devki Sharma
Craig Steigemier
John Stein
Jane Vermer
Eric Weatherbee
Michael Williams
Shibao Zhang
Peter Zhao
The following members of the individual balloting committee voted on this guide. Balloters may have
voted for approval, disapproval, or abstention.
Mohamed Abdel Khalek
Stephen Antosz
Carlo Arpino
Peter Balma
Robert Barnett
Barry Beaster
Jeffrey Benach
W. (Bill) J. Bergman
Wallace Binder
Thomas Blackburn
W. Boettger
John Brafa
William Bush
Arvind K. Chaudhary
Bill Chiu
Robert Christman
Kurt Clemente
Jerry Corkran
John Crouse
Willaim Darovny
Gary Donner
Fred Elliott
Keith Ellis
Gary Engmann
James Fairris
Jorge Fernandez Daher
Patrick Fitzgerald
Joseph Foldi
Marcel Fortin
Robert Ganser
Charles Garner
Saurabh Ghosh
David Giegel
David Gilmer
Jalal Gohari
Edwin Goodwin
James Graham
William Griesacker
Randall C. Groves
Bal Gupta
Charles Hand
David Harris
Roger Hayes
Lee Herron
Gary Heuston
Gary Hoffman
Philip Hopkinson
John Kay
Gael Kennedy
Sheldon Kennedy
Joseph L. Koepfinger
Jim Kulchisky
Saumen Kundu
John Lackey
Chung-Yiu Lam
Hua Liu
Albert Livshitz
Thomas Lundquist
Greg Luri
Richard Marek
J. Dennis Marlow
Lee Matthews
Andrew McNulty
Georges Montillet
Jerry Murphy
Ryan Musgrove
K. R. M. Nair
Arthur Neubauer
Michael S. Newman
Joe Nims
Ted Olsen
Lorraine Padden
Bansi Patel
Shawn Patterson
Jesse Patton
Brian Penny
Paul Pillitteri
Alvaro Portillo
Lewis Powell
Iulian Profir
Reynaldo Ramos
Jean-Christophe Riboud
Johannes Rickmann
John Roach
Michael Roberts
John Rossetti
Marnie Roussell
Thomas Rozek
Daniel Sauer
Bartien Sayogo
Devki Sharma
Gil Shultz
James Smith
Jeremy Smith
Jerry Smith
Brian Sparling
Thomas Spitzer
Gary Stoedter
John Vergis
Jane Verner
Loren Wagenaar
David Wallach
Barry Ward
Joe Watson
Eric Weatherbee
Peter Werelius
Kenneth White
Wael Youssef
Jian Yu
Matthew Zeedyk
Shibao Zhang
Peter Zhao
Xi Zhu
Waldemar Ziomek
vi
When the IEEE-SA Standards Board approved this guide on 5 December 2012, it had the following
membership:
Richard H. Hulett, Chair
John Kulick, Vice Chair
Robert Grow, Past Chair
Konstantinos Karachalios, Secretary
Satish Aggarwal
Masayuki Ariyoshi
Peter Balma
William Bartley
Ted Burse
Clint Chaplin
Wael Diab
Jean-Philippe Faure
Alexander Gelman
Paul Houz
Jim Hughes
Young Kyun Kim
Joseph L. Koepfinger*
David J. Law
Thomas Lee
Hung Ling
Oleg Logvinov
Ted Olsen
Gary Robinson
Jon Walter Rosdahl
Mike Seavey
Yatin Trivedi
Phil Winston
Yu Yuan
*Member Emeritus
Also included are the following nonvoting IEEE-SA Standards Board liaisons:
Richard DeBlasio, DOE Representative
Michael Janezic, NIST Representative
Patrick Gibbons
IEEE Standards Program Manager, Document Development
Erin Spiewak
IEEE Standards Program Manager, Technical Program Development
vii
Introduction
This introduction is not part of IEEE Std C57.19.100-2012, IEEE Guide for Application of Power Apparatus Bushings.
In August 1968, the ANSI C76 committee decided to separate ANSI C76.1 into three parts: The rst
(C76.1, currently IEEE Std C57.19.00-1991 a) part was to cover the general requirements and test
procedures; the second (C76.2, currently IEEE Std C57.19.01TM-1991) was to cover explicit ratings and
dimensions; and the third (C76.3) was to be an application guide. This document, IEEE Std C57.19.1002012, is the application guide.
When the ANSI C76 committee was developing the rst draft of the application guide, it was decided that
the loading guide portion of the guide should be published for trial use before completion of the application
guide. This would allow experience with its use and possible modications prior to publication within the
application guide. The trial-use loading guide was approved but not published before the disbanding of the
ANSI C76 committee.
The Working Group on Bushing Application Guide was established by the Bushing Subcommittee of the
IEEE Transformers Committee to take over the development and completion of the application guide so
that it could be submitted for IEEE Standards Board approval and publication. IEEE published the trial-use
loading guide in July 1989 as IEEE Std C57.19.101-1989. It was upgraded to a full-use guide on June 18,
1992, and it was designated as IEEE Std C57.19.101-1992. The current guide, IEEE Std C57.19.100-2012,
is the application guide in its entirety, which includes the loading guide (Clause 4), and hence, it supersedes
IEEE Std C57.19.101-1992. This revision is intended to provide additional information to clarify the
previous standard and include newer technologies for manufacture and operation of bushings currently in
use.
In the latest revision of this guide, the document was updated to current IEEE styles, references were
updated, and general revisions were made. In addition, information on draw-lead and draw-rod bushings,
the application of outdoor bushings indoors, bushing monitors, bushing repair, and additional guidance on
power factor and capacitance testing were also added.
Information about references can be found in Clause 2.
viii
Contents
1. Overview .................................................................................................................................................... 1
1.1 Scope ................................................................................................................................................... 1
1.2 Purpose ................................................................................................................................................ 1
2. Normative references.................................................................................................................................. 2
3. Denitions .................................................................................................................................................. 2
4. Thermal loading above nameplate rating for bushings applied on power transformers ............................. 3
4.1 General ................................................................................................................................................ 3
4.2 Temperature calculations for short-time loads above bushing rating .................................................. 5
4.3 Test procedures for derivation of mathematical model ....................................................................... 8
5. Special considerations for application of bushings to power transformers ............................................... 11
5.1 General .............................................................................................................................................. 11
5.2 Loading of bushings with transformer top oil temperature rises between 55 C and 65 C .............. 11
5.3 Application of bushings in transformers with conservator oil preservation systems ......................... 12
5.4 Draw-lead application........................................................................................................................ 12
5.5 Draw-rod application ......................................................................................................................... 13
6. Thermal loading for bushings applied on circuit breakers........................................................................ 13
7. Thermal loading for bushings used with isolated-phase bus .................................................................... 13
7.1 Concerns for bushings used in isolated-phase bus ............................................................................. 13
7.2 Thermal coordination between the bushings and the isolated-phase bus........................................... 14
8. Allowable line pull (cantilever loading) ................................................................................................... 14
8.1 General (transformers and circuit breakers) ...................................................................................... 14
8.2 Mounting angles greater than 20 ...................................................................................................... 14
8.3 Circuit breaker applications ............................................................................................................... 15
9. Application of bushings in unusual service conditions............................................................................. 15
9.1 Contaminated environments .............................................................................................................. 15
9.2 High altitudes..................................................................................................................................... 18
9.3 Application of outdoor bushings in indoor locations ......................................................................... 18
9.4 Bushing monitors ............................................................................................................................... 18
10. Bushing maintenance practices .............................................................................................................. 18
10.1 Mechanical maintenance and inspection ......................................................................................... 18
10.2 Bushing repair.................................................................................................................................. 20
10.3 Routine and special tests .................................................................................................................. 21
10.4 Bushing storage ............................................................................................................................... 23
10.5 Bushing replacement ....................................................................................................................... 24
11. Checklist ................................................................................................................................................. 25
Annex A (informative) Examples of calculation procedures to determine hot-spot temperatures for
bushings applied on transformers ................................................................................................................. 26
Annex B (informative) Bibliography............................................................................................................ 30
ix

Apparatus Bushings
IMPORTANT NOTICE: IEEE Standards documents are not intended to ensure safety, health, or
environmental protection, or ensure against interference with or from other devices or networks.
Implementers of IEEE Standards documents are responsible for determining and complying with all
appropriate safety, security, environmental, health, and interference protection practices and all
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This IEEE document is made available for use subject to important notices and legal disclaimers.
These notices and disclaimers appear in all publications containing this document and may
be found under the heading Important Notice or Important Notices and Disclaimers
Concerning IEEE Documents. They can also be obtained on request from IEEE or viewed at
http://standards.ieee.org/IPR/disclaimers.html.
1. Overview
1.1 Scope
Guidance on the use of outdoor power apparatus bushings is provided in this document. The bushings are
limited to those built in accordance with IEEE Std C57.19.00TM-1991 (not the latest revision). 1 The latest
revision, IEEE Std C57.19.00TM-2004, does not address the use of condenser bushings in oil circuit breakers
and several voltage classes were dropped that are still in use.
1.2 Purpose
The purpose of this guide is to present general information and recommendations for the application of
power apparatus bushings when incorporated as part of power transformers, power circuit breakers, and
isolated-phase bus. The loading model developed in this guide is based on oil-impregnated, paperinsulated, capacitance-graded bushings. Similar loading models could be developed for other bushing
constructions.
Information about references can be found in Clause 2.
IEEE Std C57.19.100-2012

IEEE Guide for Application of Power Apparatus Bushings
2. Normative references
The following referenced document is indispensable for the application of this document (i.e., it must be
understood and used, so each referenced document is cited in text and its relationship to this document is
explained). For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of
the referenced document (including any amendments or corrigenda) applies.
IEEE Std 4TM, IEEE Standard Techniques for High-Voltage Testing. 2,3
IEEE Std C37.010TM, IEEE Application Guide for AC High-Voltage Circuit Breakers Rated on a
Symmetrical Current Basis (including Supplement IEEE Std C37.010d).
IEEE Std C37.017TM, IEEE Standard for Bushings for High Voltage [over 1000V(ac)] Circuit Breakers and
Gas-Insulated Switchgear.
IEEE Std C37.23TM, IEEE Standard for Metal-Enclosed Bus and Calculating Losses in Isolated-Phase Bus.
IEEE Std C57.12.00TM, IEEE Standard for General Requirements for Liquid-Immersed Distribution, Power,
and Regulating Transformers.
IEEE Std C57.19.00TM-1991, IEEE General Requirements and Test Procedures for Outdoor Apparatus
Bushings.
IEEE Std C57.19.00TM-2004, IEEE General Requirements and Test Procedures for Power Apparatus
Bushings.
IEEE Std C57.19.01TM, IEEE Standard Performance Characteristics and Dimensions for Outdoor Apparatus
Bushings.
IEEE Std C57.91TM, IEEE Guide for Loading Mineral-Oil-Immersed Transformers.
3. Denitions
For the purposes of this document, the following terms and definitions apply. The IEEE Standards
Dictionary Online should be consulted for terms not defined in this clause. 4
For definitions of terms used in this standard, also see IEEE Std C57.19.00-1991.
draw-lead bushing: A bushing that will allow the use of a current-carrying draw-lead conductor drawn
through the hollow tube and enabling its connection to the top terminal.
draw-lead conductor: A cable or a solid conductor that has one end connected to the transformer or a
reactor winding lead and the other end drawn through the bushing hollow tube and connected to the top
terminal of the bushing. A solid conductor can be either one piece or multiple pieces connected together.
draw-rod: A non-current-carrying rod (current is carried by the bushing tube) that has one end connected
to the transformer/reactor lead end terminal and the other end drawn through the bushing hollow tube and
connected to the top end of the bushing. A draw-rod can be either one piece or multiple pieces connected.
2
This publication is available from The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (http://standards.ieee.org/).
The IEEE standards or products referred to in this clause are trademarks of The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc.
4
IEEE Standards Dictionary Online subscription is available at: http://www.ieee.org/portal/innovate/products/standard/
standards_dictionary.html.
3
IEEE Std C57.19.100-2012

draw-rod bushing: A bushing that allows the use of a non-current-carrying rod drawn through the hollow
tube and enabling a connection between the bushings inboard end terminal and the transformer or reactor
winding lead.
4. Thermal loading above nameplate rating for bushings applied on power

transformers
4.1 General
The thermal loading capability of bushings varies with the way they are loaded, the way they are designed,
and the ambient conditions in which they are applied.
4.1.1 Basis of rating and rationalization of thermal requirements rating
Capacitance-graded, paper-insulated bushings that, at rated current, meet the requirements of
IEEE Std C57.19.00-1991 and earlier versions of that standard may be applied in either 55 C or 65 C rise
transformers. IEEE Std C57.19.00-1991 states that the temperature of the oil in which the lower end of the
bushing is immersed shall not exceed 95 C when averaged over a 24 h period. Refer to IEEE Std C57.91TM
for loading requirements and operating oil temperatures of power transformers.
4.1.1.1 Operation above normal temperature
When operating a bushing at rated current in conjunction with a 65 C average winding rise rated
transformer, the hottest-spot temperature of the bushing is limited to a 65 C rise over ambient or a 105 C
total temperature because of the use of temperature index 105 insulating paper for the bushing condenser. If
it should be determined that a transformer develops a top oil rise of 65 C at rated current when operating
in a 40 C ambient, then the hottest-spot temperature of the bushing can be expected to exceed 105 C. In
addition, transformers can be expected to have bushing temperatures above 105 C when loaded in
accordance with IEEE Std C57.91.
In each instance, the normal life expectancy of the bushing will be shortened by the higher operating
temperatures. The loss-of-life of a bushing will, like transformers, be a function of the actual temperature
and the time operating at that temperature.
The severity of loss-of-life in a bushing can be minimized by installing bushings that have nameplate
ratings greater than the transformer current ratings or by using bushings with special high-temperature
insulation. An alternative is to operate the bushing with the higher inherent temperatures and accept a
moderate degree of accelerated aging, as it is presently recognized for transformers.
4.1.1.2 Factors influencing bushing aging
There are several factors that tend to decrease the severity of bushing aging. These are as follows:
a)
The top oil rise of many transformers is signicantly below 65 C when the transformer is operated
at nameplate loading. This is most likely to occur on forced oil-cooled (OFAF or ODAF)
transformers.
b)
Bushings are totally sealed from the atmosphere at the time of manufacture, thus preserving their
dielectric and thermal integrity.
3
IEEE Std C57.19.100-2012

c)
Bushing insulation is generally processed to a greater degree of dryness than transformer insulation,
thus providing a lower power factor, lower dielectric losses, and consequently prolonged life at any
temperature.
d)
The end-of-life of cellulose insulation in transformers may be governed by its ability to withstand
mechanical forces that are associated with fault currents through the transformers. Cellulose
insulation in bushings is not subjected to similar forces.
e)
Although end-of-life of insulating materials is typically based on a given change in mechanical or

chemical properties, no similar relationship for dielectric characteristics has been established.
However, considering increased insulation power factor and capacitance as important criteria, welldried bushing cellulose material is probably equal in life expectancy to thermally upgraded (65 C)
transformer insulation.
f)
The use of bushings with current ratings greater than the transformer current ratings as described in
4.1.1.1 reduces the temperature rise inside the bushing at rated transformer current.
4.1.2 Overload concerns

When a bushing is loaded above nameplate, it is exposed to the risks described in 4.1.2.1 through 4.1.2.5.
4.1.2.1 Pressure buildup
When load current through a bushing exceeds the nameplate rating, internal pressures can develop that
could cause one or more of the sealing gaskets to leak or fail. This pressure increase is caused by the
expansion of the insulating oil within the bushing. The rate of oil expansion is normally considered to be
approximately 0.0725% to 0.0755% per C temperature increase for temperatures ranging from 0 C to
100 C.
4.1.2.2 Gasket seals
Gasket materials will age according to the temperature adjacent to the gasket surface and the duration at
that temperature. Usually gaskets will perform well at elevated temperatures; however, progressive changes
in physical properties will occur when excessive temperatures are maintained for long durations. These
changes could result in loss of seal and consequent loss of dielectric strength. Therefore, repeated
occurrences at high temperature will require inspection for oil leaks and corrective actions where necessary.
4.1.2.3 Power factor and capacitance
There are many reasons why insulation power factor and/or capacitance may increase over the life of a
bushing. In fact, some slight increase of power factor can be tolerated. However, degradation of that
portion of the insulation that operates at greatly elevated temperature could result in a substantial increase
in power factor. An unusual increase in power factor may become an indicator of the detrimental
mechanical and electrical effects of loading beyond nameplate rating. Bushings that have been loaded
beyond nameplate rating should be tested more frequently.
4.1.2.4 Dielectric performance at elevated temperatures
When bushing insulation is subjected to high electrical stress at above its normal operating temperatures,
the insulation power factor increases due to increased dielectric loss. When the increase in dielectric loss
exceeds the ability of the insulation to dissipate this increased loss, the temperature of the dielectric is
IEEE Std C57.19.100-2012

further increased. Under some extreme conditions, thermal runaway may occur. This risk should be
considered when the guide is applied.
Special capacitance-graded bushings built with insulation systems such as thermally upgraded paper or
resin impregnated paper, rated higher than temperature index 105 insulation class, are sometimes used.
These insulation systems may have higher power factors particularly at higher temperatures and may
experience thermal runaway if loaded signicantly beyond the nameplate rating. For specic information,
the manufacturer should be contacted.
4.1.2.5 Stray magnetic flux
Additional heating may occur in bushings placed in the magnetic field of the windings and leads. The
heating can result from the eddy current flowing in the metallic portions of the bushing below the mounting
flange. The magnetic flux will increase with the load current.
Magnetic fields can create high eddy current losses in tanks, flanges, and bus enclosures during overload
conditions, causing them to reach high temperatures. High temperatures of the part itself may not be of
concern, but the heat may transfer to the bushing causing high-temperature bushing concerns.
4.2 Temperature calculations for short-time loads above bushing rating

The hottest-spot temperature of a bushing is of importance when it is loaded under various conditions. The
ve key elements that affect the bushing hottest spot are the bushing current, the ambient air temperature,
the surrounding oil temperature, the air-end-connection temperature, and the oil-end-connection
temperature. Easley and McNutt [B3] 5 gave an expression that contains each of these elements.
Accurate information about the end-connection temperatures and coefcients is usually not available.
Therefore, this guide uses a more conservative method that requires information only about the bushing
current, the ambient air temperature, and the surrounding oil temperature to calculate the bushing hottestspot temperature.
This method was developed from experimental data for bushings with no appreciable dielectric losses and
no cooling ducts. Three constants are determined as described in 4.3.3. These constants are then used to
estimate the steady-state and transient bushing hottest-spot temperatures. Mathematical models for
bushings with appreciable dielectric losses and/or with cooling ducts may be developed in the future and
could be used in the same manner.
4.2.1 Steady-state hottest-spot temperature calculations
The steady-state temperature rise at the hottest spot of the conductor for bottom connected bushings with
no appreciable dielectric losses and no cooling ducts is estimated with Equation (1):
=
K1 I n + K 2 0
HS
(1)
where
HS
0
is the steady-state bushing hottest-spot rise over ambient (C)

is the steady-state immersion oil rise over ambient (C) (transformer top oil rise)
The numbers in brackets correspond to those of the bibliography in Annex B.
IEEE Std C57.19.100-2012

I
n, K1, and K2
is the per unit load current based on bushing rating

are constants that can be determined as described in 4.3
Typical values of K1 range from 15 to 32. Typical values of K2 range from 0.6 to 0.8. The exponent n
generally ranges between 1.6 and 2.0, with 1.8 being the most common value.
When a bushing is operated in the draw-lead mode, the thermal performance is dominated by an integral
part of the transformer that is inserted through the tube of the bushing. This lead is not an integral part of
the bushing, so the thermal performance cannot be directly related to a specic design of bushing that may
also be operated in other transformers with different size draw leads.
The temperature of the hottest spot of the conductor, when operated in the draw-lead mode, may be
determined in the same manner, with I being the per unit load current of the draw lead.
4.2.2 Transient hottest-spot temperature calculations
After changes in load current or ambient temperature occur, both the immersion oil temperature and
bushing hottest-spot temperature will change with time from the initial to the nal value in an exponential
manner. Therefore, it is necessary to determine the initial and nal transformer top oil temperature and the
rate of change by the procedures established in IEEE Std C57.91. After the changed per unit current I, the
transformer top oil rise 0, and the transformer top oil time constant to have been established, the
transient response of the bushing may be determined using K1, K2, n, and the bushing time constant t.
K1, K2, and n are the same constants and exponent used for the steady-state bushing calculations.
The bushing time constant to is the length of time required for the temperature change to reach 63.2% of the
nal temperature change.
4.2.2.1 Iterative method
One method is to simulate the exponential rise by making a series of repeated calculations of the bushing
hottest-spot temperature rise in successive time increments following steps AF.
where
T
t
t1
t2
o
HS(t1)
HS (t2)
For the new load (C)
is the elapsed time of the transient load (minutes)

is the an arbitrary time increment to divide the elapsed time of the transient load
into steps for calculation (minutes)
is the initial time at start of an increment (minutes)
is the time when transformer oil 0 reaches practical equilibrium (minutes)
is the bushing time constant (minutes)
is the oil time constant of transformer (minutes)
is the bushing hottest-spot temperature rise at time t1 (C)
is the ultimate bushing hottest-spot temperature rise as calculated from the steadystate Equation (1)
is the bushing hottest-spot temperature rise at the end of the transient load period
HS (T)
or
HS (T) = HS (t1+t) (C)
is the immersion oil temperature rise as determined for time t1 (C)
O(t1)
IEEE Std C57.19.100-2012

O(t2)
O (t1 + t)
HS (t1+t)
is the ultimate immersion oil temperature rise as determined from

IEEE Std C57.91 for the new load conditions that apply during the transient load
(C)
is the new immersion oil temperature rise at end of time increment t1 + t, (C),
as calculated in Equation (2):
0 ( t1 + t ) = 0 ( t1 ) + 0 ( t2 ) 0 ( t1 ) 1 e ( t / 0 )
(2)
is the new bushing hottest-spot temperature rise at end of
time increment t1 + t, (C), as calculated in Equation (3):
HS ( t1 + t ) =
HS ( t1 ) + HS ( t2 ) HS ( t1 ) 1 e ( t / 0 )
(3)
Step A: Determine initial bushing hottest-spot temperature rise at start of rst increment, HS
(t1) from Equation (1) for prior per unit load I and O (t1).
Step B: Determine new transformer immersion oil temperature rise at end of rst increment,
O (t1+ t) from Equation (2).
Step C: Determine the new ultimate bushing hottest-spot rise HS (t2) for the conditions that
apply from Equation (1) using O (t1+ t) from step B.
Step D: Calculate the new transient bushing hottest-spot rise HS (t1+t) at the end of the time
increment from Equation (3) using HS (t1) and HS (t2) from steps A and C.
Step E: Use this new transient bushing hottest-spot rise HS (t1+t) as the new HS (t1) for
input to the subsequent incremental step.
Step F: Repeat the incremental procedure of Steps AE until the end of the transient load period
(t = T).
See the example in Figure 1.
IEEE Std C57.19.100-2012

Figure 1 Bushing hottest-spot transient response

4.2.2.2 Single step method
A simpler but less precise method is to make a single step calculation using Equation (4). This method
yields a higher bushing hottest-spot temperature and therefore can be considered more conservative than
the method in 4.2.2.1.
HS (T ) =
}{
HS ( t1 ) + K1 I n + K 2 0 ( t1 ) + ( 0 ( t2 ) 0 ( t1 ) ) 1 e (T / 0 ) HS ( t1 ) 1 e (T / t )
(4)
4.3 Test procedures for derivation of mathematical model

When performance is to be determined by test, it is highly desirable that a uniform procedure be followed
so that data may be accumulated on a consistent basis. These procedures are in no way to be construed as a
mandatory design test for all bushings.
IEEE Std C57.19.100-2012

4.3.1 Procedure for performance testing of bottom-connected bushings

This procedure applies to bushings that comply with Table 3 through Table 6 of IEEE Std C57.19.01TM.
a)
Prepare the test unit by installing thermocouples on each terminal and in at least four locations
not more than 762 mm (30 in) apart on the center conductor. The thermocouples may be
attached directly to the outside of the conductor by removing portions of the insulation, or the
thermocouples may make contact with the inside of a hollow conductor by means of a phosphor
bronze thermocouple brush. The thermocouple leads may be threaded through the bottom end of
a hollow center conductor, through a small hole in the top terminal, or brought out at some
convenient location above the internal oil level.
b) Install a pressure gage in such a way that the additional gas space of the gage and connections
will not exceed 0.5% of the normal gas space. Seal the test unit with the gas chamber charged
with the proper gas at the sealing pressure. If the thermocouple connections of item a) have
disturbed the sealing characteristics of the test unit, then a duplicate unit may be prepared for
pressure monitoring. If the test tank is of sufficient size to avoid proximity effects, then the
pressure unit may be mounted adjacent to and connected in series with the test unit. As an
alternative, the pressure unit may be tested separately.
c)
Mount the bushing on a suitable nonmagnetic metal plate that complies with the minimum size
tab calculated as follows:
Bushing mounting plate
bolt circle
(in)
(mm)
6 to 9 1/4
152 to 235
13 to 15 337 to 400
21 to 25
530 to 635
Cover plate size

(square or round)
(in)
(mm)
18
457
24
610
36
914
Thickness
(in)
5/8
(mm)
6.4
13
16
d) Attach oil-end terminal connectors suitable for the rated current.

e)
Attach air-end terminal connectors suitable for the rated current.
f)
Attach air-end bus at least 1 m (3 ft) long, projecting from the terminal connector in a horizontal
plane. The cross section of the bus should be such that at rated current the temperature rise at a
location 1 m (3 ft) from the bushing should be at least 30 C above ambient.
g) Attach thermocouples to the bus work connectors, mounting plate, and exterior of the bushing.
h) Mount the bushing so that the oil level complies with either 5.4.1 of IEEE Std C57.19.00-1991
or the level required in the actual bushing application after the steady-state test tank oil
temperature has been achieved.
i)
Heat and circulate the oil to maintain a minimum vertical temperature gradient over the bushing
immersion depth without oil flow being directed at the test bushing.
j)
The ambient environment should be indoor air between 10 C and 40 C.
k) Make load tests, as required, for obtaining the data necessary for a good statistical basis for a
bushing mathematical model. Some suggested conditions are as follows:
I
Current (pu)
0.0
0.7
o
Oil rise (C)
55
55
1.0
1.25
55
55
IEEE Std C57.19.100-2012

I
Current (pu)
0.0
o
Oil rise (C)
70
1.0
70
1.5
70
2.0
70
l)
Record temperatures at appropriate intervals until the thermal conditions become constant or until
the measured temperatures do not increase by more than 1 C for 2 h for bushings up through
900 kV basic insulation level (BIL) and not more than 1 C for 4 h for bushings 1050 kV BIL and
above.
m)
Report initial and final values of conductor hottest-spot rise, top and bottom terminal connector
rises, and increase in pressure. Also report the bushing time and temperature readings.
4.3.2 Tests on draw-lead bushings

When the thermal performance of a bushing with a specic transformer lead is to be determined by test, a
procedure similar to the applicable portions of 4.3.1 may be followed.
4.3.3 Derivation of model constants
Nominal values of the K1, K2, and n constants can be determined as follows:
a)
Obtain a steady-state temperature prole at rated current with the bottom end immersed in hot
oil by the procedure discussed in 4.3.1. This establishes o(I = 1 pu) and HS(I = 1 pu).
b) Reduce the current to zero and determine the steady-state temperature of the location that was
the hottest spot at rated current. This establishes o(I = 1 pu) and HS(I = 0 pu).
c)
The constants K1 and K2 can be calculated using Equation (5) and Equation (6):
K2 =
HS ( I =
0 pu ) / o ( I =
K1 =
HS ( I =
1 pu ) K 2 [o ( I =
0 pu
(5)
1 pu )]
(6)
d) The exponent n can be calculated from additional tests using Equation (7):
=
n
[1
=
/ ln ( I Xpu ) ]ln{[=
HS pu
( I X ) K=
( I X )] / K1}
2 o pu
(7)
where X is the per unit value of the current.

e)
The bushing time constant can be determined by analysis of the timetemperature curves from
the tests.
Additional tests as recommended in item k) in 4.3.1 will conrm the nominal values of constants K1, K2,
and n or give additional data to rene the estimates by graphical or statistical means.
10
IEEE Std C57.19.100-2012

5. Special considerations for application of bushings to power

transformers
5.1 General
The temperature limits of bushings applied to power transformers can be exceeded by the transfer of heat
from transformer components and accessories. If the thermal coordination of these sources is not correct,
then the bushing hottest-spot temperature may exceed 105 C. The result may be accelerated aging. An
additional concern is that the higher temperatures may deteriorate sealing gaskets. Potential sources of heat
transferred to the bushing include the following:
a)
Operation of bushings in transformers with top oil temperature rise greater than 55 C
b) Increased transfer of heat into the bushing from top oil in transformers with conservator oil
preservation systems
c)
Improper thermal coordination of isolated-phase bus equipment (see Clause 7)
d) Stray flux heating in the flange and other metallic bushing parts
5.2 Loading of bushings with transformer top oil temperature rises between 55 C
and 65 C
If a transformer has a top oil temperature rise greater than 55 C but less than or equal to 65 C, then a
bushing with a higher nameplate current rating than the transformer current rating may be applied by using
an appropriate derating factor. If the bushing thermal constants are known, then the derated current Id may
be determined from the following:
Id = dIr
(8)
where
Id
d
Ir
K1, K2, and n
is the derated current at new transformer top oil temperature rise o

is the [(65 K2 o) / K1]1/n
is the bushing current rating
are as dened in 4.2 and 4.3
If the bushing thermal constants are not known, then the curve in Figure 2, derived by setting K1 = 21,
K2 = 0.8, and n = 1.6 in Equation (8), may be used to determine item d) in 5.1.
11
IEEE Std C57.19.100-2012

Figure 2 Bushing current derating factor for transformer top oil temperature rises
between 55 C and 65 C
5.3 Application of bushings in transformers with conservator oil preservation

systems
IEEE Std C57.19.00-1991 establishes bushing current ratings based on thermal tests run with the lower end
of the bushing immersed to the minimum oil level, normally the bottom of the ground sleeve. When
bushings are applied to transformers with conservator oil preservation systems, the bushing lower end is
totally immersed in oil. If the transformer top oil temperature is higher than the bushing internal
temperature, then additional heat from the transformer oil will transfer into the bushing reducing its
current-carrying capability. Consult the bushing manufacturer for appropriate derating factors for these
applications.
5.4 Draw-lead application

The following guidelines can be used when bushings are used in a draw-lead application mode.
5.4.1 Bushing current rating
The maximum continuous current rating of the bushing in the draw-lead mode is limited to the rating
specified on the bushing nameplate. The maximum continuous current rating of the draw-lead cable is
determined by the size and type of the cable supplied by the transformer manufacturer. Since the draw-lead
cable is an integral part of the transformer, the current rating specified on the transformer nameplate
12
IEEE Std C57.19.100-2012

determines the rating of the draw-lead cable. When the bushing manufacturer supplies the draw-lead
conductor as part of the bushing, the current is limited to the rating specified on the bushing nameplate.
5.4.2 Draw-lead cable/bushing loading
The current-carrying capacity of the draw lead cable is determined by the size and type of the cable used by
the transformer manufacturer. The current is limited to the rating specified on the transformer nameplate.
When applying bushings in the draw-lead mode, the bushing manufacturer should be consulted for
guidelines on draw-lead sizes, ratings, and loading. To minimize cable insulation loss of life during
overloads, it would be preferable to choose a cable with current rating of at least 20% above the rated
current of the transformer. If higher overloads are anticipated, then cables with even greater margin should
be considered.
Although specific guidelines should be obtained from bushing or transformer manufacturers, following
general guidelines can be used for rating draw-lead cables with thermally upgraded 65 C insulation.
Maximum ambient 40 C
Maximum cable hottest-spot temperature rise above ambient air at rated current 80 C
Maximum cable hottest-spot temperature rise above ambient air under overload condition
100 C
The 80 C rise limit agrees with the maximum winding hottest-spot temperature rise for 65 C rise
transformers as per IEEE Std C57.12.00.
The 100 C hottest-spot temperature rise limit is based on maximum oil temperature of 140 C with
maximum ambient air temperature of 40 C. Operation at hottest-spot temperature above 140 C may result
in gassing of oil/paper insulation.
Because it is not possible to detect the absolute hottest spot in the cable, it is prudent to keep temperatures
below these maximums.
5.5 Draw-rod application

In a draw-rod bushing, the load current is carried mainly by the bushing central tube. The thermal
characteristics of such a bushing are essentially the same as a conventional bushing.
6. Thermal loading for bushings applied on circuit breakers

Bushings applied on power circuit breakers will be subject to the requirements in IEEE Std C37.010TM and
IEEE Std C37.017TM.
7. Thermal loading for bushings used with isolated-phase bus

7.1 Concerns for bushings used in isolated-phase bus
Bushings used with isolated-phase bus meeting the requirements of IEEE Std C37.23TM may be subjected
13
IEEE Std C57.19.100-2012

to conductor and enclosure temperatures that violate the conditions specied in 4.1 of
IEEE Std C57.19.00-1991. Table 5 of IEEE Std C37.23-2003 lists the temperature limits of isolated-phase
bus conductors, enclosures, insulation, and terminations. After selecting the temperature rise rating of the
conductor and enclosure, the user should identify this unusual service condition in the equipment
specication.
7.2 Thermal coordination between the bushings and the isolated-phase bus
To ensure proper thermal coordination between the bushing and the bus, steps should be taken to reduce
the temperature of the bus conductor, the surrounding medium, and the bus duct. Such steps could include
the following:
a) Increase cross-sectional area of the conductor or the connection between the bushing and the
conductor.
b)
Use flexible cable or braids and silver-surfaced or tinned joints at the connection between the
bushing and conductor.
c)
Increase the cross-sectional area and the diameter of the bus enclosure surrounding the bushing.
d)
Circulate forced air around the bushing or through the ventilated bus duct to keep the air
temperature within the acceptable range.
As an alternative, bushings and gaskets suitable for high-temperature application can be considered, for
instance bushings with aramid insulation, oil-lled bushings, or bushings with insulating materials other
than oil-impregnated paper. Use of fluorocarbon or other high-temperature gasket materials may sometimes
be necessary.
Information on material temperature classication is covered in Table 3 of IEEE Std 1TM-2000.
Information on temperature rises of bus systems is covered in IEEE Std C37.23.
8. Allowable line pull (cantilever loading)

8.1 General (transformers and circuit breakers)
The continuous cantilever loading (i.e., line pull, wind loading, and ice loading) applied to the bushing
terminal should not exceed 50% of the test value, for the bushing ratings given in Table 8 of
IEEE Std C57.19.01-2000. The cantilever loading applied to a bushing terminal as a result of continuous
cantilever loading plus dynamic or short-time loading (i.e., short-circuit forces, seismic but not including
seismic forces generated by the mass of the bushing itself) should not exceed 85% of the bushing test value
given in Table 4 of IEEE Std C57.19.01-2000. Cantilever loading should not exceed allowable values for
the equipment in which the bushing is installed.
8.2 Mounting angles greater than 20

When a bushing is mounted at an angle that exceeds 20 from the vertical recommended in
IEEE Std C57.19.00-1991 under Unusual Service Conditions, it may be subjected to an excessive bending
moment. If the bushing is not designed for such an application, then it may be subjected to excessive force
that may result in leaks or damage to the bushing.
14
IEEE Std C57.19.100-2012

Standard bushings may not be acceptable for replacements on mobile transformers or substations. Always
consult with the bushing manufacturer regarding the specific application before selecting a replacement.
8.3 Circuit breaker applications

Condenser bushings applied on oil circuit breakers should be capable of withstanding the forces specied in
Table 1 of IEEE Std C37.017-2010.
If the bushing is not identified as being transformer breaker interchangeable (TBI), the manufacturer needs
to be contacted to ensure that the bushing will withstand the forces of the breaker operation.
9. Application of bushings in unusual service conditions

Usual service conditions are described in subclause 4.1 of IEEE Std. C57.19.00-1991.
9.1 Contaminated environments

Standard bushing characteristics are specied for a standard clean environment. This promotes a common
understanding between manufacturers and users of what bushing ratings mean.
Proper application of bushings in environments different from the standard requires knowledge of how
bushing performance changes from one environment to another.
The purpose of this subclause is to highlight those issues that need to be considered in applying bushings in
varied environments.
9.1.1 Types of environments
Contaminated environments can be divided into the general types summarized in Table 1.
9.1.2 Types of contaminants
9.1.2.1 Natural deposits
Natural deposits on bushings include such things as salts, dust, sand, and so on, left on the bushings as the
result of natural action. They may be airborne, waterborne, or left behind after the melting of snow and ice.
9.1.2.2 Automotive/industrial effluents
These are by-products put into the air as a result of industrial/commercial activity. They include
particulates and gaseous materials that condense on bushing surfaces.
15
IEEE Std C57.19.100-2012

Table 1 General types of contaminated environments

Contamination level
Light
Medium
Heavy
Extra heavy
Typical environments
Areas without industries and with a low density of emission-producing residential
heating systems. Areas with some industrial or residential density but subject to
frequent winds and/or precipitation. Agricultural areas (exposure to wind-borne
fertilizer spray or crop-burning residues can lead to higher contamination levels).
Mountainous areas. These areas are not exposed to sea winds or located near the sea.
Typical measured equivalent salt deposit density (ESDD) levels are 0.03 mg/cm2 to
0.08 mg/cm2.
Areas with industries not producing highly polluting smoke and/or with an average
density of emission-producing residential heating systems. Areas with high industrial
and/or residential density but subject to frequent winds and/or precipitation. Areas
exposed to sea winds but not located directly on the coast. Typical measured ESDD
levels are 0.08 mg/cm2 to 0.25 mg/cm2.
Areas with high industrial density and large city suburbs with a high density of
emission-producing residential heating systems. Areas close to the sea or exposed to
strong sea winds. Typical measured ESDD levels are 0.25 mg/cm2 to 0.6 mg/cm2.
Small areas subject to industrial smoke-producing thick conductive deposits. Small
coastal areas exposed to very strong and polluting sea winds. Typical measured
ESDD levels are above 0.6 mg/cm2.
9.1.2.3 Other deposits

Other types of deposits such as agricultural residues can also occur as a result of specic types of activities
in the vicinity of a bushing location.
9.1.3 Articial contamination testing
A design or production test method that fully duplicates an actual environment where a bushing will be
applied is usually not practical. Therefore, articial test methods have been developed that are intended to
provide a realistic assessment of the characteristic being tested (see reports by the General Electric
Company [B4] and the IEEE Working Group on Insulator Contamination [B11] for discussions of test
methods). The three major categories of testing are discussed in 9.1.3.1 through 9.1.3.3.
9.1.3.1 Salt fog
A bushing is energized at a constant test voltage and subjected to a salt fog of controlled salinity. Typical
salinity values range from 2.5 g to 160 g of salt per cubic meter of fog solution. The fog is sprayed on the
bushing through an array of nozzles with compressed air. The withstand salinity is the salinity at which
there is a withstand in at least three of four 1 h test periods.
9.1.3.2 Wet-contamination
Articial contamination is applied to a bushing by a spray or flow-coating method. Three to ve minutes
later, before the contaminant has time to dry, a test voltage is applied to the bushing. The voltage is either
raised until the bushing flashes over or raised to a test value and held constant until the bushing flashes over
or the contaminant dries out and all scintillation activity stops. The contaminant is a mixture of water and
kaolin or other nonconductive material with a controlled amount of salt added.
A withstand value is sometimes determined by either three successful withstands without a flashover at a
given test voltage or by statistical analysis of a number of trials.
This method has an advantage over the other methods in simplicity, ease of use, and low test cost.
16
IEEE Std C57.19.100-2012

9.1.3.3 Clean fog

A dry, articially contaminated bushing is subjected to clean fog and test voltage. In one variation, the fog
is applied to the bushing and then it is energized. In the other variation, the bushing is energized and then
the fog is applied to it.
9.1.4 Natural contamination testing
The primary way to identify the types of natural contaminant on a bushing is through chemical analysis and
testing. This is especially important for cases of industrial pollutants when the identity of the polluting
agent is not immediately known. In addition, special tests can be used to quantify the effect of the
contaminants on the electrical bushing characteristics.
The primary test for this purpose is the ESDD. This test is used to establish the conductivity of the watersoluble deposits on a bushing surface in terms of the density of a standard soluble salt deposited on a
surface that would produce the same conductivity.
A measured surface area on a bushing is washed in a known amount of water of very low conductivity. The
resistivity of the wash water is then measured and the amount of sodium chloride (NaCl) needed to produce
the same conductivity in the known quantity of wash water is calculated. The result is expressed as
milligrams of NaCl per square centimeter of washed bushing surface area (mg/cm2).
Additional information on this method is contained in Appendix 1C of IEEE Std 4TM-1995.
9.1.5 Countermeasures
The user will need to evaluate the following and any other options available to determine their suitability to
the situation:
a) Install extra creep distance bushings. The following minimum creep values based on the
bushing nominal line-to-ground kV rating are recommended. These values may need to be
adjusted for factors such as shape, number of sheds, and bushing inclination.
Contamination
Light
Medium
Heavy
Extra heavy
Creep distance
28 mm/kV
35 mm/kV
44 mm/kV
54 mm/kV or greater
b) Apply protective coatings. Protective coatings can be applied to the surface of the bushings to
improve their dielectric performance. There are temporary coatings, such as silicone grease, that
require periodic replacement and permanent coatings that are nonremovable. These coatings
may cause power factor testing issues and they may become contaminated.
c)
Install conductive glaze bushings. Consult the manufacturer for specic application information.
d) Install composite insulated bushings with nonceramic, contamination-resistant external

insulation. Consult the manufacturer for specic application information.
e)
Periodic cleaning of bushing surfaces. Bushings with known contamination cycles can be
cleaned periodically as part of a maintenance program.
f)
Eliminate air bushings. Installations can be designed to minimize the number of bushings
exposed to atmospheric contamination.
17
IEEE Std C57.19.100-2012

9.2 High altitudes

Refer to IEEE Std C57.19.00-2004 for altitude correction factors.
9.3 Application of outdoor bushings in indoor locations

Bushings designed for outdoor application can also be applied indoors; however, the following should be
considered:
a)
The rating of bushings is assigned at an ambient air temperature not exceeding 40 C, and the
average temperature of the ambient air is not exceeding 30 C in any 24 h period. These limits
may be exceeded in the indoor locations. If it should be determined that the ambient air
temperatures will exceed the allowable temperature, then the user may either select a bushing
with higher rating or accept a moderate degree of accelerated aging.
b) The environmental contamination should be reviewed. If the ventilation system allows the air
from the outdoors to circulate freely indoors without any filtration, contaminants present
outdoors will be indoors and will be deposited on the bushing. However, unlike outdoor
bushings where the contaminants are washed away by rain, the contamination level on indoor
bushings will keep increasing. The user may select bushings with higher creepage distance and
institute maintenance programs to include bushing insulator cleaning.
9.4 Bushing monitors

Bushing monitors are installed on bushing voltage/test taps to allow for on-line testing and monitoring of
the bushing power factor. These allow for continuous monitoring or periodic testing of bushings without
removing the bushing from service. Since the monitors replace the existing voltage/test tap cover, the user
should ensure proper fit of the monitor to prevent moisture ingress into the test tap. A voltage is then
brought from the monitor to an accessible area of the transformer to perform the monitoring. The user
should consult with the manufacturer of the monitor to determine the voltage levels that are normally
expected and the maximums that could be reached should the device fail. Operational guidelines can then
be developed by the user to determine the level of safety requirements and experience of personnel who
should have access to the devices.
10. Bushing maintenance practices

The in-service maintenance frequency of bushings will normally vary according to circumstances and is
generally combined with the inspection and maintenance of the associated equipment.
10.1 Mechanical maintenance and inspection

10.1.1 External porcelain
Inspect the porcelain for damage and pollution deposits. At least the following guidelines should be
considered during the examination.
Small chips or breaks in the sheds are generally of no concern. The exposed unglazed surface may be
painted with a suitable paint to improve the appearance. Large breaks or chips may reduce the creep
distance and may require bushing replacement.
18
IEEE Std C57.19.100-2012

Small cracks in the sheds may be ground off to prevent further propagation. Large cracks may require
bushing replacement.
Any damage to the main porcelain body would be a cause for concern and may require bushing
replacement.
Bushings may be periodically cleaned by either hand-washing (deenergized installation) or by a suitable
spray or jet method using low conductivity water.
Silicone-based greases and coatings can be applied to increase the time interval between cleanings.
However, this treatment prevents normal rainfall from cleaning the porcelain surfaces.
10.1.2 Terminals
Inspect bushings for overheated connections when the unit is energized and loaded. Infrared cameras are
sometimes used to detect overheated terminal connections. Loose connections should be tightened
according to the bushing manufacturers recommendations.
10.1.3 Mounting hardware
Inspect the mounting hardware for tightness.
10.1.4 Gaskets
Gaskets that are part of the bushing normally do not require replacement. Be sure that replacement gaskets
between the bushing flange and the associated equipment are the right thickness and suitable material.
Gasket stop rings, if used, should be in place.
Gaskets that are sensitive to ultraviolet radiation may deteriorate rapidly when exposed to combined
sunlight, high humidity, and contamination. These materials should be avoided in these conditions. As an
added precaution, gaskets in these conditions should be protected from exposure to sunlight.
10.1.5 Oil level
Loss of oil threatens the integrity of a bushing; therefore, any bushing that shows an abnormal oil level
should be investigated as soon as possible. Follow the manufacturers recommendations in correcting the
cause of the abnormal oil level and in relling the bushing.
The associated apparatus should be checked to ensure that the lower end of the bushing is immersed in oil
to the proper level.
Special measures may be required to keep oil over internal insulation in bushings mounted at angles greater
than 20 from vertical.
10.1.6 Bushing taps
Inspect the bushing voltage and test taps for proper gaskets and grounding. The voltage tap compartments
should be lled with insulating oil or compound when recommended by the bushing manufacturer.
19
IEEE Std C57.19.100-2012

10.2 Bushing repair

Maintenance and repair recommendations vary widely from one manufacturer to another. In all cases, the
user is advised to consult the manufacturer prior to attempting any bushing repairs.
Extreme care should be taken when working on or around damaged bushings. Many bushings are
constructed with high compressive forces and can be dangerous when components are damaged. If
transporting the bushing is required, check with local regulations prior to shipment to determine oil
polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) level limitations.
The following are common repair needs that may be encountered by bushing users and general
recommendations for each:
a)
Damaged porcelain: Small chips or breaks in porcelain are not detrimental to bushing
performance, as modern electrical porcelain is a nonporous material. Larger chips or breaks
generally will not hinder performance either but may have improved appearance by painting
over the area with a suitable paint (bright-colored paint is often used for safety purposes).
Cracks in the main porcelain body are cause for immediate replacement. Damages to sheds that
significantly reduce creepage distances are also cause for bushing replacement or professional
repair. Care should be taken when working with damaged porcelain, as broken edges are often
extremely sharp.
b) Damaged oil sight glasses: A cracked, chipped, or shattered oil sight glass often allows moisture
to enter into the bushing and is cause for bushing replacement or professional repair. To
minimize damage to the bushing core, it is recommended to wrap the affected area as soon as
possible. Field repairs are not recommended.
c)
Malfunctioning oil-level gages: An oil-level gage that does not correctly indicate the oil level in
the bushing can lead to future problems and is reason for repair. Many oil level gages can be
replaced without disassembling the bushing. The mechanism that measures oil level, however, is
internal to the bushing and cannot usually be replaced in the field. The manufacturer or a
professional repair service should be contacted to determine if the gage design can be replaced
in the field.
d) Leaking seals: Loss of oil threatens the integrity of a bushing and may be cause for bushing
replacement or professional repair. Gaskets that are bulging out between bushing sections,
unevenly seated, cracked, overheated, have lost their elasticity, or appear in any way damaged,
have most likely permanently ceased to protect the bushing and should be replaced, even if no
leaks are in evidence, or at least the bushing should be closely monitored. Bushings that have
been subjected to overload may have damaged gaskets. These should be examined closely and
replaced if any signs of damage are present even if they are not currently leaking. Some leaks
may be temporarily sealed using an oil-compatible sealant, but it is important to repair the seal
as soon as possible. Professional repair services can often eliminate the leak by disassembling
the bushing and replacing the gaskets. The manufacturer or a professional repair service should
be contacted if a significant reduction in oil level has occurred.
e)
Leaking taps: Loss of oil into the bushing tap space can often be temporarily sealed with the
provided tap cover. Some bushing taps can be replaced in the field by positioning the bushing
horizontally and installing a suitable replacement. The manufacturer or a professional repair
service should be contacted to determine if tap replacement is possible in the field.
f)
Damaged taps: Damage due to electrical activity at the bushing tap can cause high- or lowpower factor readings and is reason for repair. Some bushing taps can be replaced in the field by
positioning the bushing horizontally and installing a suitable replacement. The manufacturer or
a professional repair service should be contacted to determine if tap replacement is possible in
the field.
20
IEEE Std C57.19.100-2012

g) Power factor or capacitance abnormalities Significant or rapid changes to power factor or

capacitance are often precursors to dielectric failure and may be cause for bushing replacement
or professional repair. Investigation should follow manufacturer recommendations and the
guidelines in 10.3.1. Baking the bushing core in an oven, a popular remedy in the past, will not
result in a long-term improvement in power factor. Field repairs are not recommended.
h) Overheated terminals: Excessive heat at bushing terminals is most often caused by loose
connections or damaged threads. This situation can be corrected by tightening connections or
repairing damaged threads, where needed. In these cases, consideration should be given to the
duration the bushing was overheated and the impact on seals in proximity to the heat source.
10.3 Routine and special tests

10.3.1 Power factor and capacitance
The bushing power factor and capacitance should be measured when a bushing is first installed and again
one year after installation. After these initial measurements, the bushing power factor and capacitance
should be measured at regular intervals (3 years to 5 years typically). If the bushing is installed in a
transformer, then it is important to remember that the transformer winding can also influence the test
results.
Since the power factor can vary with temperature, test results should be converted to a common
temperature base (usually 20 C) using temperature-correction data that are available from manufacturers
and various industry sources. The following procedure should be used:
a)
Measure the bushings power factor
b) Determine the bushings temperature

c)
Obtain the appropriate correction factor corresponding to the bushings temperature
d) Multiply item a) and item c)see example

Example
A 115 kV oil-impregnated bushing:
Calculated power factor = 0.42%
Bushing temperature = 30 C
Multiplier from the temperature-correction table at 30 C = 1.11
Corrected to 20 C power factor = 0.42% 1.11 = 0.47%
These correction factors are average at best and therefore are subject to some error. The magnitude of the
error is minimized if the tests are performed at temperatures near the reference temperature of 20 C. If
questionable power factors are recorded at a relatively high temperature, then the bushing should not be
condemned until it has been allowed to cool down to near 20 C and repeat tests have been performed. This
also applies to bushings tested near freezing where a large (greater than 1.00) correction may cause the
result to be unacceptably high; in this case, the equipment should be retested at a higher temperature.
Bushings should not be tested when their temperatures are below freezing because moisture may have
changed to ice, which has a significantly higher resistivity and therefore are undetected. In the case of
bushings mounted in transformers, the bushing temperature is approximated by taking the average between
the ambient and transformer top-oil temperatures.
21
IEEE Std C57.19.100-2012

Any bushing that exhibits a history of continued power factor increase should be further investigated and
considered for removal from service. The bushing manufacturer should be consulted for guidance. If any
bushing exhibits an increase in power factor over a period of time, then the rate of change of this increase
should be monitored by more frequent tests. The decision on when to increase test frequency or remove
from service should consider manufacturer recommendations, user and industry experience with service
aged equipment, and bushing design, among other factors. Some bushing manufacturers consider an
increase between 1.5 and 2 times the initial reading to be significant. Bushing capacitance should be
measured with each power factor test and compared carefully with both nameplate and previous tests in
assessing bushing condition. This is especially important for capacitance-graded bushings where an
increase in capacitance of 5% or more over the initial/nameplate value is cause to investigate the suitability
of the bushing for continued service. The manufacturer should be consulted for guidance on specific
bushings.
It is usually impossible to make absolute ungrounded specimen test (UST) measurements of the bushing
core capacitance and power factor of resistance-graded bushings because of the influence of the resistive
glaze on the surface of the bushing porcelain. Differences in the glaze can cause significant variations in
measurements between different bushings of the same voltage class and type. In some instances, the
measured UST power factor may even be negative.
Standard practice during diagnostic testing of resistance-graded bushings is to record the measured UST
values of capacitance and power factor for comparison with other measurements made on the same
bushing. When there is evidence of a permanent increasing or decreasing trend in the measured values, the
bushing manufacturer should be consulted for assistance in evaluation of the condition of the bushing.
Most modern high-voltage bushings are equipped with voltage or test taps. Voltage (or capacitance) taps
are used generally on bushings rated above 69 kV, and test (or power factor) taps are used generally on
bushings rated at 69 kV and below. Routine bushing field tests should include power factor tests on the tap
insulation. These measurements are effective for detecting problems such as deteriorated or contaminated
oil, defective tap compartment seals, mechanical damage to the tap insulators, and the failure of the top
terminal gaskets. Abnormal readings can alert the user to a potential failure hazard before the C1 insulation
is affected. While the test tap (C2) insulation is not controlled during the manufacturing process, significant
changes in either the C2 capacitance and/or power factor from an initial value may be indicative of a
problem. The manufacturer should be contacted.
10.3.2 Gas in oil
This test is not recommended as a routine test because it requires that the bushing be opened up and
exposed to the outside atmosphere. This introduces the possibility of moisture entering the bushing while
the bushing is open or after improper sealing of the opening. While this test is performed by some
companies, the degree of expertise to perform and interpret it makes it impractical for most users. There are
no IEEE values for DGAs in bushings. Transformer values are not applicable due to the differences in oil
volumes and paper/oil ratios. IEC/TS 61464 [B7] may be used for a reference.
The gas-in-oil test should only be used for diagnostic purposes on bushings that are suspect due to highpower-factor measurements or other reasons. Gas-in-oil results should be compared with test results from
other bushings and not with power transformer test results. The different mixture of materials in bushings
and in transformers will give different results. Experts with experience in interpreting bushing gas-in-oil
tests should be consulted if help is needed.
A good noninvasive alternative to taking an oil sample is to perform the C2 test. This test energizes the oil
in the vicinity of the energized tap lead near the bushing flange and thus includes any watts loss caused by
contamination of that oil in the results. This contamination would be apparent as long as there was a
sufficient amount in the tap lead area and if the tap housing area were clean and dry so as not to mask the
contamination in the oil.
22
IEEE Std C57.19.100-2012

The bushing manufacturer should be consulted for assistance in taking samples and interpreting results. The
bushing oil level should be checked and adjusted if needed after oil samples are taken.
10.3.3 Dielectric tests
Bushing dielectric tests are sometimes performed in the eld. Insulation dielectric strength generally
depends on the level of insulation degradation. When dielectric tests are performed on service aged
bushings, the following guidelines can help in determining the appropriate test levels:
a)
Transformer bushings that will be removed from the transformer for testing should undergo
60 Hz tests at the 100% voltage test levels specied in IEEE Std C57.19.01. This will minimize
any problems that may develop during the testing of the transformer after the bushing is
reinstalled.
b) Transformer bushings that will be tested while mounted in the transformer can only be tested at
the lower of either the applicable bushing or transformer test levels. Test levels of 60 Hz should
be limited to 1.5 times rated line-to-ground voltage or 85% of the withstand voltage level,
whichever is lower. The voltage application should be limited to 1 min.
Partial discharges should be monitored during these tests to provide data for evaluating the condition of the
bushing. IEEE Std C57.19.00-1991 gives additional information on partial discharge testing.
10.4 Bushing storage

10.4.1 New bushings
It is recommended that the bushing manufacturer be consulted concerning bushing storage. They will
provide instructions as to the proper storage of their bushing. Improper storage can result in damaging not
only the bushing but also the equipment in which it is installed.
New bushings should arrive from the manufacturer properly crated for short-term storage. If the bushings
are to be used in a short time (6 months maximum), storage in the original crate should be adequate. If the
bushings are kept at a construction location, then they should be positioned to be where they are protected
from accidental breakage or vandalism before they can be installed.
New bushings for stores or spares are possibly going to remain unused for long periods. Since most crates
are not designed for long-term storage, arrangements should be made to protect them from weather. This
can be done by applying a waterproof covering, plastic sheeting, exterior rated plywood, roofing material,
etc., or by storing them indoors. They can also be uncrated and stored in metal racks either indoors or
outdoors. Storage in this manner has the advantage that the bushings can be periodically tested. The
disadvantage is the possibility of breakage as they are uncrated and then recrated for shipping. Since they
are designed to be used in oil-filled equipment, storing them out of oil exposes them to air, moisture, and
possibly ultraviolet rays. To ensure they are usable when needed, the manufacturer should be consulted for
storage information. This is for both short- and long-term storage.
10.4.2 Used bushings
Bushings manufactured before 1980 may be PCB contaminated. Consult with your environmental expert
concerning the local and Environmental Protection Agency laws before attempting to store these older
bushings of unknown contents. Newer bushings should be tagged to be non-PCB. If the tag is missing, then
the manufacturer may be able to assist you in determining the PCB content.
23
IEEE Std C57.19.100-2012

The type of bushing and expected storage time should both be considered when determining storage
options. Knowledge of bushing construction is helpful in developing storage plans. In all cases, the goal
should be to cause no damage to the bushing and to keep it in good operating condition. If the bushings are
subject to periodic testing, then the storage facility should be arranged such that this can be accomplished.
10.5 Bushing replacement

Bushing replacement is a common practice, taking place thousands of times every year. The most critical
item to remember when replacing existing bushings is that you do not change the electrical geometry inside
the transformer. Any change to the electrical clearances or insulation structure inside the transformer may
lead to a transformer failure. When specifying bushings, future replaceability should be a serious
consideration.
When replacing an existing bushing, a number of key items need to be addressed before a replacement
bushing is selected. The following is a list of items to be considered:
Bushing mounting flange configuration; bolt circle diameter and number of bolt holes.
Bushing length below the flange, this is normally noted on the nameplate as the L dimension.
How is the bushing connected to the transformer winding? Via draw lead cable or conductor or
connected to the bottom of the bushing.
Bottom terminal; threaded stud, two-hole spade, or bottom plate.
Height of bushing above the mounting flange.
Bushing current rating.
A complete list is included in Clause 11when bushings must be ordered.
10.5.1 Replacing bottom-connected bushings
If the replacement bottom connected bushing meets all the dimensional requirements below the mounting
flange as the existing bushing, then the only other item to consider is the shielding. The key item to confirm
is the thickness and diameter of the bottom plate. It must not be thicker than the existing bushings bottom
plate nor larger in diameter.
Bushing shields are related to both transformer and bushing design. Determination of shielding
requirements will need input from both parties or from knowledgeable consultants.
10.5.2 Replacing draw lead connected bushings
If the replacement draw lead bushing meets all the dimensional requirements below the mounting flange as
the existing bushing, then the only other item to consider is the shielding.
Bushing shields are related to both transformer and bushing design. Determination of shielding
requirements will need input from both parties or from knowledgeable consultants.
24
IEEE Std C57.19.100-2012

11. Checklist
The following is a checklist for ordering replacement bushings.
Checklist for ordering replacement bushings
Bushing manufacturer
Year built
Bushing style
Outline drawing (to be attached with order)
Insulation class
kV
BIL
kV peak
V max L-g
kV
V withstand/1 min
kV
Rated current
Amp
Conductor connection
Bottom connected or draw lead
Air side dimension
inch
Oil side dimension
inch
CT pocket lengtha
inch
a
Flange BCD/#Holes/OD
Minimum creep distance
inch
Arcing distance
inch
Insulator color
Top terminal
Bottom terminal
Additional notes:
a
BCD = bolt circle diameter; CT = current transformer; OD = outside diameter.
25
IEEE Std C57.19.100-2012

Annex A
(informative)
Examples of calculation procedures to determine hot-spot temperatures for
bushings applied on transformers
A.1 General information

This annex contains examples showing the use of calculation procedures given in this guide. In general, the
conditions to be evaluated will include a period during which the bushing and transformer have reached a
steady-state condition followed by a peak load period that may or may not reach steady-state conditions.
The load conditions and transformer parameters were obtained from actual operating data. The bushing
parameters were obtained from published test data (Easley and McNutt [B3]).
The parameters for the bushings and transformer used in the examples are as follows:
a)
Bushing coefcient K1 = 29.07
b) Bushing coefcient K2 = 0.635

c)
Bushing time constant = 60 min
d) Transformer oil time constant o = 166 min

e)
Bushing exponent n = 2
A.2 Example 1
The equivalent load shape is 10 h at 0.64 pu followed by 14 h at 1.14 pu. The ultimate transformer oil
temperature rises for the two load periods are 25.2 C and 69.5 C.
The duration of the initial load and the peak load periods are relatively long compared to the time constants
of both the transformer and the bushing. This means that essentially constant conditions will be achieved in
both periods. The average ambient temperature during the 10 h period is 27 C, and during the 14 h period,
it is 33 C.
The rise above ambient of the hottest spot in the bushing can be calculated using Equation (1) for each of
the two load periods.
A.2.1 Load of 0.64 pu for 10 h

HS = 29.07 (0.64)2 + 0.635 25.2 = 27.9 C
Hottest-spot temperature = 27 C + 27.9 C = 54.9 C
26
IEEE Std C57.19.100-2012


HS = 29.07 (1.14)2 + 0.635 69.5 = 81.9 C
Hottest-spot temperature = 33 C + 81.9 C = 114.9 C
A.3 Example 2
The equivalent load shape is 1.22 pu for 11 h followed by 1.5 pu for 3 h. The ultimate transformer oil
temperature rises for the two load periods are 78.2 C and 115.7 C, respectively. The average ambient
temperature during the total of both load periods is 5.4 C.
The rise above ambient temperature of the hottest spot in the bushing can be calculated using Equation (1)
for the 11 h period since it is long compared to the bushing and transformer constants.
HS = 29.07 (1.22)2 + 0.635 78.2 = 92.9 C
Hottest-spot temperature = 5.4 C + 92.9 C = 98.3 C
The conditions during the peak load of 1.5 pu for 3 h will not reach steady-state conditions. Therefore, it is
necessary to use the procedures in either 4.2.2.1 or 4.2.2.2.
The calculations in 4.2.2.1 are most easily performed using a digital computer or a programmable
calculator. However, for the purpose of this example, manual calculations following the step-by-step
procedure in 4.2.2.1 will be performed. Additional manual calculations will be made using Equation (4).
Finally, the results of both methods obtained by use of a digital computer will be tabulated.
The time interval chosen for the calculations is 5 min. The calculations using procedures from 4.2.2.1 are as
follows:
a)
Step A1. The initial hottest-spot rise is 92.9248 C as determined in A.3.1.
b) Step B1. The oil temperature rise at the end of 5 min is:
0 ( 5 min
=
=
) 78.2 + {115.7 78.2}{1 e5/166
} 79.312 C
Note that several signicant gures are carried to improve the accuracy of the iterative
calculations but are not to imply such a degree of accuracy in the nal temperature rise.
c)
Step C1. The ultimate hottest-spot rise based on conditions at 5 min is:
HS = 29.07 (1.5)2 + 0.635 79.312 = 115.771 C
d) Step D1. The hottest-spot temperature rise at 5 min is:

HS(5 min ) = 92.925 + {115.771 92.925}{1 e5/60 } = 94.751 C
e)
Step A2. The new hottest-spot rise is 94.751 C.
27
IEEE Std C57.19.100-2012

f)
Step B2. The oil temperature rise at the end of 10 min is:
0(10 min) = 79.312 + {115.7 79.312} {1 e5/166 } = 80.392 C
g) Step C2. The ultimate hottest-spot rise based on conditions at 10 min is:
HS = 29.07 (1.5)2 + 0.635 80.392 = 116.457 C
h) Step D2. The hottest-spot temperature rise at 10 min is:
HS(10 min ) = 94.751 + {116.457 94.751} {1 e5/60 } = 96.487 C
These steps can be repeated in the same manner until the entire 180 min time period has been covered. The
calculations using Equation (4) from 4.2.2.2 for 180 min are as follows:
2
min) 92.9248 + 29.07 (1.5 ) + 0.635 78.2 + (115.7 78.2 ) 1 e 180/166 92.9248
HS (180
=
60
128.938 C
1 e 180/
=
The computer output with complete results is shown in Table A.1.
28
IEEE Std C57.19.100-2012

Table A.1Sample computer data

Input data
Results
Elapsed time (min)
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
55
60
65
70
75
80
85
90
95
100
105
110
115
120
125
130
135
140
145
150
155
160
165
170
175
180
180 Final
Initial load current in pu = 1.22

Peak load current in pu = 1.5
Ultimate top oil temperature rise in C = 115.7
K1 = 29.07, K2 = 0.635, n = 2
Duration of peak load in min = 180
Time increments in min = 5
Bushing time constant in min = 60
Transformer oil time constant in min = 166
Top oil
Hottest-spot rise (C)
temperature rise
Per 4.2.2.1
Per 4.2.2.2
(C)
78.2
92.9248
92.9248
79.312 7
94.7515
80.392 3
96.4869
81.44
98.1368
82.456 5
99.7064
83.442 9
101.201
84.4
102.624
85.328 7
103.98
86.229 9
105.274
87.104 3
106.509
87.952 8
107.688
88.776 1
108.815
89.574 9
109.892
90.350 1
110.923
91.102 3
111.909
91.832 1
112.853
92.540 3
113.758
93.227 5
114.626
93.894 3
115.458
94.541 3
116.256
95.169 1
117.022
95.778 3
117.758
96.369 4
118.465
96.942 9
119.145
97.499 5
119.799
98.039 5
120.427
98.563 5
121.032
99.072
121.615
99.565 4
122.176
100.044
122.716
100.509
123.237
100.959
123.739
101.397
124.224
101.821
124.69
102.233
125.141
102.633
125.576
103.02
125.996
128.938
103 C
126 C
129 C
29
IEEE Std C57.19.100-2012

Annex B
(informative)
Bibliography
Bibliographical references are resources that provide additional or helpful material but do not need to be
understood or used to implement this standard. Reference to these resources is made for informational use
only.
[B1] Craghead, D. O., and J. K. Easley, Thermal test performance of a modern apparatus bushing, IEEE
Transactions on Power Apparatus and Systems, vol. PAS-97, no. 6, pp. 22912299, Nov./Dec. 1978.
[B2] Easley, J. K., Digest and application of IEEE Guide for Loading Power Apparatus Bushings,
Minutes of the Fiftieth Annual International Conference of Doble Clients, pp. 4-1014-106, 1983.
[B3] Easley, J. K., and W. McNutt, Mathematical modeling, a basis for bushing load guides, IEEE
Transactions on Power Apparatus and Systems, vol. PAS-97, pp. 23932404, Nov./Dec. 1978.
[B4] General Electric Company, Transmission Line Reference Book, 345 kV and Above, 2d ed. Palo Alto,
CA: Electric Power Research Institute, 1982.
[B5] IEC 137 (1984), Bushings for alternating voltages above 1000 V. 6
[B6] IEC 815 (1986), Guide for the selection of insulators in respect of polluted conditions.
[B7] IEC/TS 61464 (1998), Ed. 1.0, Insulated bushingsGuide for the interpretation of dissolved gas
analysis (DGA) in bushings where oil is the impregnating medium of the main insulation (generally paper).
[B8] IEEE Std 1TM-2000, IEEE Recommended PracticeGeneral Principles for Temperature Limits in the
Rating of Electrical Equipment and for the Evaluation of Electrical Insulation. 7,8
[B9] IEEE Std 957TM-1987, IEEE Guide for Cleaning Insulators.
[B10] IEEE Std C37.04TM-1999, IEEE Standard Rating Structure for AC High-Voltage Circuit Breakers
Rated on a Symmetrical Current Basis.
[B11] IEEE Working Group on Insulator Contamination, Lightning and Insulator Subcommittee,
Application of insulators in a contaminated environment, IEEE Transactions on Power Apparatus and
Systems, vol. PAS-98, no. 5, pp. 16761695, Sept./Oct. 1979.
[B12] Ozaki, Y., et al., Flashover voltage characteristics of contaminated bushing shells for UHV
transmission systems, IEEE Transactions on Power Apparatus and Systems, vol. PAS-100, no. 8,
pp. 37333743, Aug. 1981.
[B13] Power Technologies Inc., Transmission Line Reference Book, 115-138 kV Compact Line Design,
1st ed. Palo Alto, CA: Electric Power Research Institute, 1978.
[B14] Ueda, M., et al., Performance of contaminated bushing of UHV transmission systems, IEEE
Transactions on Power Apparatus and Systems, vol. PAS-104, no. 4, pp. 891899, Apr. 1985.
6
IEC publications are available from the International Electrotechnical Commission (http://www.iec.ch/). IEC publications are also
available in the United States from the American National Standards Institute (http://www.ansi.org/).
7
The IEEE standards or products referred to in this clause are trademarks of The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc.
8
IEEE publications are available from The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (http://standards.ieee.org/).
30

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IEEE Std C57.19-100-2012

IEEE Std C57.19.100TM-2012

IEEE Guide for Application of Power

IEEE Power and Energy Society

IEEE-SA Standards Board

The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc.

Updating of IEEE documents

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Information about references can be found in Clause 2.

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IEEE Guide for Application of Power

Information about references can be found in Clause 2.

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IEEE Std C57.19.100-2012

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IEEE Std C57.19.100-2012

4. Thermal loading above nameplate rating for bushings applied on power

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IEEE Std C57.19.100-2012

Although end-of-life of insulating materials is typically based on a given change in mechanical or

4.1.2 Overload concerns

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IEEE Std C57.19.100-2012

4.2 Temperature calculations for short-time loads above bushing rating

is the steady-state bushing hottest-spot rise over ambient (C)

The numbers in brackets correspond to those of the bibliography in Annex B.

Copyright 2013 IEEE. All rights reserved.

IEEE Std C57.19.100-2012

is the per unit load current based on bushing rating

is the elapsed time of the transient load (minutes)

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IEEE Std C57.19.100-2012

is the ultimate immersion oil temperature rise as determined from

Copyright 2013 IEEE. All rights reserved.

IEEE Std C57.19.100-2012

Figure 1 Bushing hottest-spot transient response

4.3 Test procedures for derivation of mathematical model

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IEEE Std C57.19.100-2012

4.3.1 Procedure for performance testing of bottom-connected bushings

Cover plate size

d) Attach oil-end terminal connectors suitable for the rated current.

Attach air-end terminal connectors suitable for the rated current.

The ambient environment should be indoor air between 10 C and 40 C.

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IEEE Std C57.19.100-2012

4.3.2 Tests on draw-lead bushings

where X is the per unit value of the current.

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IEEE Std C57.19.100-2012

5. Special considerations for application of bushings to power

Improper thermal coordination of isolated-phase bus equipment (see Clause 7)

is the derated current at new transformer top oil temperature rise o

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IEEE Std C57.19.100-2012

5.3 Application of bushings in transformers with conservator oil preservation

5.4 Draw-lead application