PARTIAL REPLACEMENT OF COARSE

AGGREGATE WITH CERAMIC

INSULATOR WASTE

ABSTRACT
The problem arising from continuous technological and industrial
development is disposal of waste material. Conservation of natural
resources and sustainable development

is essential for comfortable

living. If some of the waste materials are found suitable in concrete

making not only cost of construction can be cut down but also safe
disposal of waste material can be achieved. The quantities of ceramic
wastes in our nation have been on the increase significantly without
consideration for potential reuse or recycling, increasing the risk to
public health due to the scarcity of land area.
We are completely dependent on conventional concrete materials are
also leading to scarcity of these materials resulting to increased
construction cost.
So an attempt has been made to access the suitability. The present
experimental study deal with the investigation of possibility of
using waste ceramic insulators in concrete. This effort is done

towards use of ceramic waste as possible partial substitute for

conventional coarse aggregate in concrete.

INTRODUCTION :
In modern way of construction, the consumption of ceramic materials
has building up day by day in the form of tiles, sanitary fittings and other
electrical goods like insulators. Crushed Insulator and bush scrap was
used as a coarse aggregate in the present study.
Conventional Concrete is being used in bulk quantity. Therefore, doing
research about using modern technologies in production concrete is of
great importance. Furthermore, one of the most critical problems of the
world
This experimental study is related to remove the wastage and reusing of
it. In all countries, large amount of wastage is produced annually. most
of these wastage are not reusable or if they are, their recycling leads to
wasting energy and pollution which is turn increase the risk of these
materials for the environment. Moreover, a good strategy to achieve the
two purposes of removing the wastage material and also obtaining the
positive qualities of concrete.
The wastage related to tile, ceramic insulators and sanitary ware are
created in different forms some of which are produced in companies
during and after production process due to errors in either construction,
human activities, and also inappropriate raw materials. Some others are
produced in transportation and distribution procedures and finally, the
most bulk of them are created as a result of destroying constructions. It
is predicted that almost 3 to 7 percent of daily production of ceramic in
Europe change into wastage and this amount reaches to millions ton per
year .

The properties of these materials are in a way that they are unusable in
other cycles of production. Therefore, they are useless in practiced and
cause damages to environment. All in all, the hard physical structure of
these materials and also their chemical structure make them a good and
suitable choice to be used in concrete.
However, no comprehensive study has yet done in which the use of the
materials as sand and coarse aggregate in wide ranges and then
determining the ideal percent of substation have not been achieved
either.
Therefore, in this experimental study, first the grinded waste ceramic
ceramic insulator and then its grading were done in a way that the tile
grading curve of the natural aggregates used in control concrete was
completely in compatible with the ceramic aggregates. After that, a
range of experiments including chemical analysis, unit weight, water
absorption, and Crushing strength test were done on ceramic
aggregates. Waste ceramic material in 0, 25, 30, 35 and 40 percent is
substituted for coarse aggregates.
The experimental studied is done of concrete made with replacement of
stone coarse aggregate by ceramic waste aggregate with conventional
stone coarse aggregate, coarse sand of kolayat, Bikaner and OPC 43
grade Make: JK cement. The ceramic waste aggregate is taken at 25%,
30%, 35% and 40%.

Design mix concrete Economy & Environmental issues :

1. Concrete is most commonly used material in civil construction work all
over the country. There is hardly any major original civil construction
work where structural concrete is not used.
2. Nowadays concrete is produced in batch mixing plants located either
at site of construction or away from the site in a location from where

concrete is carried in transit mixers to the site. The later one is

commonly called Ready Mix Concrete (RMC).
3. The proportion of various ingredients of concrete made in batch
mixing
plants mentioned above is usually determined in laboratory. This
process is called designing (proportioning) of concrete mix and such a
concrete is called design mix concrete. The designing process is a trial
and error method in which right proportion of ingredients is sought to be
determined so as to achieve targeted mean strength which is kept
somewhat higher than the characteristic compressive strength of the
concrete. Besides achieving the targeted strength, the workability and
durability requirements are also required to be ensured while designing
the concrete mix. All this has to be done keeping in mind the objective
of achieving overall economy by reducing the content of costliest
material in the concrete, i.e. the cement.
4. The designing process in most of the major projects is usually carried
out through reputed laboratories. IS 10262:2009 is the relevant Indian
standard stipulating guidelines for concrete mix proportioning.
5. Some important economy and environmental issues pertaining to
design mix concrete are discussed hereunder: -

GREEN CONCRETE :
Green concrete can be defined as the concrete with material as a partial
or complete replacement for cement or fine or coarse aggregates. The
substitution material can be of waste or residual product in the
manufacturing process. The substituted materials could be a waste
material that remain unused, that may be harmful (material that contains

radioactive elements). Green concrete should follow reduce, reuse and

recycle technique or any two process in the concrete technology. The
three major objective behind green concept in concrete is to reduce
green house gas emission (carbon dioxide emission from cement
industry, as one ton of cement manufacturing process emits one ton of
carbon dioxide), secondly to reduce the use of natural resources such
as limestone, shale, clay, natural river sand, natural rocks that are being
consume for the development of human mankind that are not given
back to the earth, thirdly use of waste materials in concrete that also
prevents the large area of land that is used for the storage of waste
materials that results in the air, land and water pollution. This objective
behind green concrete will result in the sustainable development without
destruction natural resources.
Protecting the built environment from the forces of throtecting the natural
environment from the engineered world. But the 21st-century engineer
should also look to the natural world as a powerful design partner and a
source of sustainable solutions. A good place to begin is by studying the
way natural materials are constructed at the nanoscale and drawing
inspiration from them as we engineer our own materials. Take, for example,
the civil engineers construction material of choice: concrete, the oldest
engineered building material and one of the most widely consumed
materials on earth, second only to water.
Each year, 1.89 billion tons of cementthe primary component of concrete
are manufactured, enough to produce one cubic meter of concrete for every
person alive. Unfortunately, cement is a major source of atmospheric
carbon dioxidelargely because its made by burning fossil fuel to heat a

limestone and clay powder to 1,500 C, which changes its molecular

structure. When the cement powder is later mixed with water and gravel

PROPERTIES OF MATERIALS USED IN EXPERIMENTATION :

MATERIAL USED :
STONE COARSE AGGREGATE :
Crushed stone aggregate available
from local sources near Randhisar in Bikaner (Rajasthan) has been
used.
FINE AGGREGATE :
Fine aggregate is coarse sand available from local
sources near Kolayat in Bikaner (Rajasthan) has been used.Coarse
sand confirming to zone II of table 4 of IS 383-1970.
CERAMIC WASTE COARSE AGGREGATE :
Ceramic waste was
collected from ceramic insulators industries in which ceramic insulator
bushes are used. Crushing of these bushes was done manually and
with jaw crusher made it into same size of coarse aggregates.
.
Water:
Potable water available from local sources was used for mixing and
curing of specimens

PROPERTIES OF MATERIAL USED IN CONCRETE :

Ceramic Wastes Classification :

Ceramic wastes are classified as non-recyclable wastes in the world,

except for the normal use as filling material. Based on research
regarding recyclable Construction and Demolition (C&D) wastes,
ceramic wastes have the potential to be used in concrete production.
However, there are no guidelines and standards to the usage of these
wastes in concrete. In addition, the local construction industry does not
have knowledge and experience to utilize the material.

Ceramic Wastes Properties :

Ceramic wastes have special properties, which can contribute positively
in other areas of recycling. Reference conducted research on the
properties of ceramic waste forms to establish whether it was suitable to
provide a stable concrete.

THE CERAMICS INDUSTRY :

The term ceramics is a general term used to refer to ceramic products.
Common manufactured ceramics include wall tiles, floor tiles, sanitary
ware, household ceramics and technical ceramics. In essence, ceramic
is a term used to describe inorganic materials (with possibly some
organic content), made up of non-metallic compounds and made
permanent by a firing process .Clay, which is the most abundant
material in the making of
most ceramics, is naturally not a pozzolanic material. This is because it
does not have silicate properties, which can react with water to form
calcium hydroxide in the production of concrete. Research conducted by

on the possibility of waste clay materials being used as pozzolanic

additions indicated that the activation of clay to become pozzolanic
begins during dehydration process, which initiates when heating clay
from around 500C, and the separation of amorphous and very active
aluminum oxide. The temperature required to reach maximum
concentrations of the aluminum oxide depends on the type of minerals
in the clay. During the making of ceramics, clay is heated at relatively
high temperatures.

TESTING OF CEMENT :

Cement:43 Grade ordinary Portland cement of JK make conforming to

IS : 8112-1989 was used.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

Specific gravity
: 3.15.
Initial Setting Time : 75 minutes
Final Setting Time : 186 minutes
Soundness
: 2.00 mm
Compressive
: 345 Kg/cm2
Strength

Chemical analysis of the ceramic waste :

The chemical compositions of ceramic pastes were analyzed, and the

results obtained are

Materials
Percent

Percent

Materials

Percent

SiO2

68.85

Na2O

2.01

MnO

Al2O3

18.53

K2O

1.63

P2O5

Fe2O3

4.81

MgO

0.72

SO3

CaO

1.57

TiO2

0.737

Materials
0.078
0.034
0.06

COARSE AND FINE AGGREGATES AND CERAMIC WASTE

COARSE AGGREGATE :
S
N

TESTS

STONE
AGGREGATE

CERAMIC
WASTE COARSE
AGGREGATE

COARSE
SAND
(Zone-II)

IMPACT VALUE
As per
IS:2386

13.60%

20.00%

--

CRUSHING
VALUE As per

15.75%

22.00%

--

IS:2386

3
4
5
6

WATER
ABSORPTION
MOISTURE
CONTENT
SPECIFIC
GRAVITY
FLAKINESS
INDEX
As per
IS:2386

0.50%

0.21%

1.25%

NIL

NIL

0.10%

2.45

2.71

2.60

17.50%

21.36 %

--

SIEVE ANALYSIS OF COARSE AND FINE AGGREGATES

As per IS:383, Fine Aggregate Confirming to grading zone :II
SN.

SIEVE SIZE

% PASSING Of Sand

10 mm

100

4.75 mm

95.26

2.36 mm

88.53

1.18 mm

68.30

600 micron

40.21

300 micron

8.15

150 micron

1.45

COARSE AGGREGATES :
SN.

SIEVE SIZE

% PASSING

% PASSING

20 mm

10 mm

1.

40 mm

100

--

2.

20 mm

92.87

--

12.5 mm

--

100

10 mm

1.64

95.56

4.75 mm

1.11

2.36 mm

--

0.13

As per IS:383, Analysis of Coarse Aggregate fractions :

SN.

SIEVE
SIZE

% PASSING

% PASSING

Combined

20 mm

10 mm

100 %

(60 %)

(40 %)

1.

40 mm

60

40

100

2.

20 mm

55.72

40

95.72

3.

10 mm

0.98

38.22

39.20

4.

4.75 mm

0.44

0.44

2.36 mm

--

0.05

EXPERIMENTAL PROGRAM :
Experimentation was done for verdict of following
1. Effect of replacement of coarse aggregate with Ceramic waste
aggregate on compressive strength, flexural strength and
workability of concrete.

CONCRETES PRODUCED WITH WASTE CERAMIC :

The gradation of aggregates affects both fresh and hardened concretes.

The sieve analysis of this crushed aggregates have been performed
according to IS: 383. The gradations of ceramic aggregates are shown
in Table 1. Ceramic aggregates were sieved in such a way that their
grading are exactly compatible with the natural used aggregate in
concrete, this compatibility causes that the error created by the grading
differences in the properties of concrete become minimized. The
diagram of grading of ceramic aggregates and natural ones should be
exactly compatible.

TARGET MEAN STRENGTH FOR M-20 :

As per IS: 10262-2009
fck = fck + 1.65s
The target mean strength for M-20 grade concrete :
fck = Target mean compressive strength at 28 days
= 26.60 N/mm2
fck = Characteristic Compressive strength at 28 days
= 20.00 N/mm2
S= Standard deviation= 4

W/C RATIO :
As per IS: 456 maximum W/C ratio is 0.55 for M-20 grade of concrete.
So 0.55 W/C ratio is taken for better workability of concrete for all six
trials.
MIX PROPORTION :
Based on the ingredient properties of concrete, M-20 concrete mix
design as per IS 10262-2009 was prepared and its proportion was
0.55: 1: 1.96: (1.91,1.27) (W: C: FA: CA) by weight.

TEST PROCEDURE

Compressive strength:
Six cube specimens for each replacement percentage were casted
according to the design mix. The size of cubes is 150x150x150mm. To
study the workability, slump cone test is performed. Specimens were
compacted in table vibrator and de-molded after 24 hrs and cured in
water curing tank @ temperature of 27 2 for a period of 7 and 28
days. After completion of curing period, specimens were removed from

curing tank kept for drying and then tested in compression testing
machine of 2000 KN Capacity.

OBSERVATION:
TRIAL NO. 1 :
Procedure :
After trial with different cement and w/c ratio final and suitable concrete
for for M-20 grade of concrete design mix of concrete conventional
material OPC 43 grade cement, fine aggregate, coarse aggregate and
water mixed with concrete mixture and cubes are prepared. Compaction
is done with the help of vibrating table. The compressive strength of 7
and 28 days are found as per target mean strength.

W/C

CEMENT

0.55

S
N

MATERIAL

CCCUBES
(M-20)

FINE AGGREGATE

CONVENTIONAL CONVENTIONAL
C. A.
C. A.

1.96

COMPRESSIVE
STRENGTH FOR
7 DAYS CURING
Kg/cm2
SAMPLES
1. 197.25
2. 192.77
3. 195.90

20 mm
(60%)

10 mm
(40%)

1.91

1.27

COMPRESSIVE
STRENGTH FOR
28 DAYS CURING
Kg/cm2

RESULT
195.30

SAMPLES
4. 298.43
5. 297.74
6. 298.36

RESULT
298.17

TRIAL NO. 2 :
Procedure :
For M-20 grade of concrete design mix with 60% of conventional coarse
aggregate and 40% of ceramic waste material, OPC 43 grade cement,
fine aggregate and water mixed with concrete mixture and six cubes are
casted. Compaction is done with the help of vibrating table.The
compressive strength of 7 and 28 days are found satisfactory. The target
mean strength has been achieved but lower compressive strength
found.
W/C

CEMENT

FINE AGGREGATE

CONVENTIONAL CERAMIC WASTE

C. A.

0.55

S
N

MATERIAL

CCCUBES
(M-20)

1.96

COMPRESSIVE
STRENGTH
FOR
7 DAYS CURING
Kg/cm2
SAMPLES
1. 186.90
2. 188.03
3. 187.70

RESULT
187.54

C. A.

20 mm
(60%)

10 mm
(40%)

1.91

1.27

COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH
FOR
28 DAYS CURING
Kg/cm2

SAMPLES
4. 267.24
5. 266.90
6. 267.29

RESULT
267.15

TRIAL NO. 3 :
Procedure :
For M-20 grade of concrete design mix with 65% of conventional coarse
aggregate and 35% of ceramic waste material, OPC 43 grade cement,
fine aggregate and water mixed with concrete mixture and six cubes are
casted. Compaction is done with the help of vibrating table.The
compressive strength of 7 and 28 days are found satisfactory. The target
mean strength has been achieved but lower compressive strength
found.

W/C

0.55

S
N

CEMENT

MATERIAL

CCCUBES
(M-20)

FINE AGGREGATE

CONVENTIONAL CERAMIC WASTE

C. A.
C. A.

1.96

COMPRESSIVE
STRENGTH FOR
7 DAYS CURING
Kg/cm2

SAMPLES
1. 190.20
2. 192.77
3. 192.70

RESULT
191.89

20 mm
(65%)

10 mm
(35%)

2.06

1.11

COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH
FOR
28 DAYS CURING
Kg/cm2

SAMPLES
4. 270.90
5. 274.89
6. 276.76

RESULT
274.18

TRIAL NO. 4 :
Procedure :
For M-20 grade of concrete design mix with 70% of conventional coarse
aggregate and 30% of ceramic waste material, OPC 43 grade cement,
fine aggregate and water mixed with concrete mixture and six cubes are
casted. Compaction is done with the help of vibrating table.The
compressive strength of 7 and 28 days are found satisfactory. The target
mean strength has been achieved but average compressive strength
found.

W/C

0.55

S
N

CEMENT

MATERIAL

CCCUBES
(M-20)

FINE AGGREGATE

CONVENTIONAL CERAMIC WASTE

C. A.
C. A.

1.96

COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH
FOR
7 DAYS CURING
Kg/cm2

SAMPLES
1. 193.12
2. 194.46
3. 193.70

RESULT
193.76

20 mm
(70%)

10 mm
(30%)

2.22

0.95

COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH
FOR
28 DAYS CURING
Kg/cm2

SAMPLES
4. 280.20
5. 282.43
6. 282.72

RESULT
281.78

TRIAL NO. 5 :
Procedure :
For M-20 grade of concrete design mix with 75% of conventional coarse
aggregate and 25% of ceramic waste material, OPC 43 grade cement,
fine aggregate and water mixed with concrete mixture and six cubes are
casted. Compaction is done with the help of vibrating table. The
compressive strength of 7 and 28 days are found satisfactory. The target
mean strength has been achieved but better compressive strength
found.

W/C

0.55

S
N

CEMENT

MATERIAL

CCCUBES
(M-20)

FINE AGGREGATE

CONVENTIONAL CERAMIC WASTE

C. A.
C. A.

1.96

COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH
FOR
7 DAYS CURING
SAMPLES
1. 195.26
2. 196.70
3. 195.22

RESULT
195.72

20 mm
(75%)

10 mm
(25%)

2.38

0.79

COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH
FOR
28 DAYS CURING
SAMPLES
4. 290.20
5. 292.77
6. 291.70

RESULT
291.55

TRIAL NO. 6 :
Procedure :
For M-20 grade of concrete design mix with 75% of conventional coarse
aggregate and 25% of ceramic waste material, OPC 43 grade cement,
fine aggregate and water mixed with concrete mixture and six cubes are
casted. Compaction is done with the help of vibrating table. The
compressive strength of 7 and 28 days are found satisfactory. The target

mean strength has been achieved but better compressive strength

found.

W/C

CEMENT

0.55

S
N

MATERIAL

CCCUBES
(M-20)

FINE AGGREGATE

CONVENTIONAL CERAMIC WASTE

C. A.
C. A.

1.96

COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH
FOR
7 DAYS CURING
SAMPLES
1. 195.80
2. 196.77
3. 196.24

RESULT
196.27

20 mm
(80%)

10 mm
(20%)

2.54

0.63

COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH
FOR
28 DAYS CURING
SAMPLES
4. 294.24
5. 294.72
6. 295.71

RESULT
294.89

SLUMP :
1. Reduction of slump was 5.3% when recycled ceramic
aggregate was used at a replacement level of 25%.
2. Compressive strength of concrete made with ceramic insulator lower
as compared to the conventional concrete .
3. Recycled aggregate shows higher water absorption and lower density
due to the mortar adhered to the recycled aggregate and these

characteristics influenced the compressive strength and modulus of

elasticity
4. Due to its pore structure, ceramic aggregate shows lower water
absorption (0.21%) as compared to natural aggregate (0.50%) and as
the permeation characteristics values increases with increase of watercement ratio
5. Maximum reduction of compressive strength of observed

fired

temperature for waste ceramic aggregate in concrete.

6. Addition of waste ceramic insulator in ceramic concrete, decreases
the compressive strength and increases the water absorption due to
polishing powder
7. Workability of concrete with ceramic waste aggregate decreases with
increase of ceramic waste aggregate, compressive strength slightly
drops with 100% substitution
8. Strength of concrete increases due to replacing fine aggregate with
stone dust and declined with the replacing of coarse
aggregate with ceramic scrap
9. Concrete produced with coarse recycled aggregate had shown lower
compressive strength. 10. Replacing recycled brick bats as coarse
aggregate in concrete, there was a reduction of concrete strength
properties .
11. Replacement of traditional coarse aggregate by ceramic coarse
aggregate, the results are promising but under performed slightly in
water absorption
12.Concrete mixes containing recycled ceramic aggregate achieved the
strength levels of 80% to 95% as compared to normal
conventional concrete .
13. Ceramic aggregates show higher water absorption than limestone
aggregate. The mechanical properties of ceramic concrete decreases
with increasing of replacement of ceramic aggregate (Hollow clay brick)

14. The compressive, flexural strengths are lowered by 3.8%, 18.2%,

and 6% as ceramic waste was used as coarse aggregate
a15. Fig. show the crushed ceramic waste obtained from the insulator
porcelain ceramic bush and scrap dump
Use of Fig.1: Ceramic waste after crushing to 20 mm size
Fig. 2: Ceramic insulator bush waste dump at manufacturing industry

Water absorption:
Water absorption of ceramic waste was 0.21% and that of natural
aggregate was 0.50%. Compacted and even crushing of these will not
wide opens. So, due to this reason water absorption has increased little
in ceramic scrap. Ceramic scrap has porcelain cover over the top
surface, deglazing was done partially during chiseling and crushing.
Partial deglazing of ceramic waste surface is influencing the water
absorption property. Table presents the comparison of physical
properties of ceramic waste aggregate and crushed granite coarse
aggregate. All the properties were well within the acceptable range for
coarse aggregates and hence the ceramic waste aggregate can be
safely used in concrete making.

Compressive strength:

The compressive strength decreases. Strength values were gradually

decreased, because of higher water absorption, adhered bonding
between mortar paste and porcelain surface area and higher content of
flaky aggregate (see Fig. 5). Due to more water absorption, dense state
of concrete observed during the casting.

CONCLUSION :
The substation of ceramic as a coarse aggregate and finally reported a
positive effect for the process.
Compressive Strength of non conventional concrete is gradually
increase with decrease of percentage of waste ceramic insulator in the
concrete as coarse aggregate. However compressive strength of
ceramic waste aggregate is found satisfactory with achievement of
target mean strength. Due to the influence of water absorption and
external porcelain nature, strength of ceramic concrete is declining
gradually but strength of ceramic concrete is more than the targeted
mean strength even after replacing 100% of natural coarse aggregate.
Coarse aggregate is 30% less than the natural aggregate and loss of
strength is about 30% as compared to the conventional aggregate
concrete. Similar trends were reported even for flexural strength.

1.

Using ceramic wastage in concrete production causes no

remarkable negative effect in

the properties of concrete. The optimal case of using tile wastage as

sand are amounts of 25 to 50 percent, besides, the best case of their
use as coarse aggregate are as amounts of 10 to 20 percent. In these
measures, not only an increase happens in compressive strength, but
also a decrease in unit weight and lack of remarkable negative effect on
water absorption is reported.
2. Using tile wastage in concrete leads to removal of those materials
from environment.
Besides, decreasing the use of raw materials, using the wastage is
considered positive
economically.
3. Using ceramic wastage in concrete, with regard to reducing the
costs and keeping the environment clean along with wastage
management, and ameliorating the strength of structures, is an
effective measure in sustainable development.
4. Sustainable development is a key towards improving living
conditions of the future generations. Thus recycling wastes is only
rational and logical step towards conservation of natural
resources. The economic aspect of recycling is motivation to
proceed in this direction. From the researches discussed, it is
clear that ceramic wastes are suitable to be used in the
construction industry, and more significantly on the making of
concrete. Ceramic wastes are found to be suitable for usage as
substitution for fine and coarse aggregates and partial substitution
in cement production. Researchers have indicated their potential
for usage in both structural and non-structural concrete and even

for mortars. They were found to be performing better than normal

concrete, in properties such as density, durability, permeability and
compressive strength. Thus to continue with further research in this area
is necessary to make available the information, which will inevitably
come handy in the near future.
From economic point of view, cement and fine aggregates contribute a
bigger portion of costs in the production of concrete, thus to have them
replaced by waste material of similar characteristics is a major economic
gain, while sustaining the environment.
A decrease in unit weight and hence it helps the load bearing capacity of
structures. Considering the obtained findings and the positive reported
use of ceramic waste in concrete, it can be inferred that using ceramic
waste can not only bear fruitful effects in concrete but also can have a
positive effect on environment.
About 120 billion ton ceramic wastage is produced which can be used
simply in concrete production and consequently bear positive effects
both in concrete production and environment and decrease the
excessive use of raw materials in concrete.

REFERENCES :
IS Codes :
1. IS : 383 OF 1970 : Specification for coarse and fine aggregate.
2. IS : 2386 OF 1963 : Method of test for aggregate for concrete.
3. IS : 10262 OF 2009 : Recommended guidelines for Concrete mix
design
4. IS : 456 OF 2000
: Code of practice for plain reinforced
concrete.
5. IS : SP-23 (S&T)-1982 : Concrete design mixes
6. IS : 8112 : OPC 43 grade Cement
7. IS : 1269
1.M.S. Shetty

2. Mehta PK. Reducing the environment impact of concrete. Concrete

can be durable and environmentally friendly. Concrete International,
10(2001) 61-6.
3. PROPERTIES OF CONCRETES PRODUCTS Jagannadha Rao K,
Ahmed Khan T. Suitability of glass fibers in high strength recycled
aggregate concrete-an experimental investigation.
4. Asian Journal of Civil Engineering
(Building and Housing), No. 6, 10(2009) 681-9.
5. Bhikshma V, Manipal K. Study on mechanical properties of recycled
aggregate
concrete containing containing steel fibers. Asian Journal of Civil
Engineering
(Building and Housing), No. 2, 13(2012) 154-64.