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API Gas-Lift

Specifications and
Recommended Practices
Prepared by

Cleon Dunham, Oilfield Automation Consulting


John Martinez, Production Associates

Importance of Gas Lift


in Petroleum Industry
From 2003 International Gas Lift Workshop
Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
ExxonMobil
49% of oil production by artificial lift
31% by gas lift

1
2
3

Shell International
39% of oil production by artificial lift
25% by gas lift

1
2
3

Significant industry thrusts

Offshore, sub-sea
Horizontal, often multi-lateral completions
More and more depleting reservoirs
More focus on deliquification of gas wells

Feb. 6, 2007

2007 Gas-Lift Workshop

API 11V Gas Lift Task Group


on Gas Lift Equipment

History
Formed in 1979
34 Members from Industry

Operating Companies (11)


Service Companies (14)
Consultants (7) (5 were previously with Operating Companies)
Universities (2)

Ad-Hoc Members (Several others help on specific topics)


Feb. 6, 2007

2007 Gas-Lift Workshop

API Gas Lift Work Groups


Eight work groups

API Specification 11V1 Gas lift valves, orifices, dummies


API RP* 11V2 Gas lift valve testing, modeling
API RP 11V5 Gas lift operations (revision in progress)
API RP 11V6 Gas lift design
API RP 11V7 Gas lift valve reconditioning
API RP 11V8 Gas lift systems
API RP 11V9 Dual gas lift (development in progress)
API RP 11V10 Intermittent gas lift (development in progress)

* Recommended Practice

Feb. 6, 2007

2007 Gas-Lift Workshop

API 11V1
Gas Lift Valves, Orifices
API Specification
Specifications for manufacture and functional testing of gas lift valves,
orifices, reverse flow valves, and dummy valves
Chair: Wayne Mabry, Schlumberger

Status

2nd Edition: Feb. 1995


Reaffirmed: Jan. 2000
Document: 37 pages, $87.00
Status: Active

Future plans, recommendations


To be replaced by ISO Standards
ISO 17078.1 (mandrels)
ISO 17078.2 (flow control devices)
ISO 17078.3 (running/pulling/kick-over tools, and latches)
Recommend using the ISO documents in the future
Feb. 6, 2007

2007 Gas-Lift Workshop

Feb. 6, 2007

2007 Gas-Lift Workshop

API RP 11V2
Gas Lift Valve Testing, Modeling
API Recommended Practice
Recommended practices for flow performance testing and development
of performance models for IPO & PPO gas lift valves
Chair: Ken Decker, Decker Technology

Status
2nd Edition: Mar. 2001
Document: 56 pages, $80.00
Status: Active

Future plans, recommendations


To be replaced by ISO Standard
ISO 17078.2 (flow control devices)
Recommend using the ISO document in the future
Feb. 6, 2007

2007 Gas-Lift Workshop

Conventional
Tubing
Retrievable Gas
Lift Valve
IPO

Feb. 6, 2007

Wireline
Retrievable Gas
Lift Valve

Wireline Retrievable
Gas Lift Orifice
Valve

Wireline
Retrievable
Dummy Valve

IPO

2007 Gas-Lift Workshop

API RP 11V5
Gas Lift Operations
API Recommended Practice
Recommended practices for unloading, kickoff, adjustment,
troubleshooting, and location of problems for gas lift operations
Chair: Cleon Dunham, OAC

Status
2nd Edition: Jun. 1999
Document: $87.00
Status: Active

Future plans, recommendations


Currently being updated and expanded
Hope to re-publish in 2007
Recommend using this document for training gas-lift engineers,
technicians, operators
The current draft version can be obtained from www.alrdc.com,
Technical Committees, API Gas-Lift
Feb. 6, 2007

2007 Gas-Lift Workshop

Wireline Retrievable Gas Lift


Equipment

Feb. 6, 2007

Side Pocket Mandrels


Gas Lift Valves
Valve Latches
Kick-over Tools
Running Tools
Pulling Tools

2007 Gas-Lift Workshop

10

API RP 11V6
Gas Lift Design
API Recommended Practice
Recommended practices for design of continuous flow, single string
gas lift systems using injection pressure operated (IPO) gas lift
valves
Chair: Joe Clegg, Consultant

Status
2nd Edition: Jul. 1999
Document: $117.00
Status: Active

Future plans, recommendations


Maintain document as is
Recommend using this document as a guide for gas-lift design
Feb. 6, 2007

2007 Gas-Lift Workshop

11

PT

Tubing
Design
Line

Gas Lift Design Challenges

PCko
Unloading PCs
Kick-Off
Safety
Factor
Unloading
Gradients

Design
Mandrel
Spacing
Minimum
Spacing

Feb. 6, 2007

2007 Gas-Lift Workshop

Must be able to kick-off the


well.
Must be able to unload the
well.
Must not damage any valves.
After unloading, must keep
unloading valves closed.
Must be able to operate:
- Deep
- Stable
- Optimum

12

API RP 11V7
Gas Lift Valve Reconditioning
API Recommended Practice
Recommended practices for repair and reconditioning, testing, and
setting used gas lift valves
Chair: John Martinez, Production Associates

Status
2nd Edition: Jun. 1999
Document: $82.00
Status: Active

Future plans, recommendations


To be replaced by ISO Standard
ISO 17078.2 (flow control devices)
Recommend using the ISO document in the future
Feb. 6, 2007

2007 Gas-Lift Workshop

13

Gas Lift Valve Reconditioning


Challenges

Feb. 6, 2007

Which components have failed?


Why did they fail?
Can some components be re-used?
They must be thoroughly tested before reuse.

2007 Gas-Lift Workshop

14

API RP 11V8
Gas Lift Systems
API Recommended Practice
Recommended practices for designing and predicting the performance of
a gas lift system
Chair: John Martinez, Production Associates

Status
1st Edition: Sep. 2003
Document: 79 pages, $90.00
Status: Active

Future plans, recommendations


Review status in 5 years (2008)
Recommend using this document for training gas-lift engineers,
technicians, operators
Feb. 6, 2007

2007 Gas-Lift Workshop

15

Gas Lift System Layout


System is only as good as
the weakest link

Feb. 6, 2007

2007 Gas-Lift Workshop

16

API RP 11V9
Dual Gas Lift
API Recommended Practice
Recommended practices for design and operation of dual gas lift
systems
Chair: Cleon Dunham, OAC

Status
Under development

Future plans
Hope to publish in 2007
Recommend using this document for training gas-lift engineers,
technicians, operators who are involved in dual gas-lift
The current draft version can be obtained from www.alrdc.com,
Technical Committees, API Gas-Lift
Feb. 6, 2007

2007 Gas-Lift Workshop

17

Dual Gas Lift Challenges


Dual Gas Lift
Short
string

Long
string
Gas is injected down the
common annulus and into
the two dual production
strings.

Dual
packer

Production
packer

Feb. 6, 2007

Short string
production zone

Long string
production zone.

Continuously injecting in both


sides of the dual
Injecting deep in both sides
Testing and diagnosing
problems with both sides
Choosing the correct gas lift
equipment

Recommended Practice
Focuses On:

Design
Operation
Troubleshooting
Optimization

2007 Gas-Lift Workshop

18

API RP 11V10
Intermittent Gas Lift
API Recommended Practice
Recommended practices for design and operation of intermittent gas lift
systems
Chair: Ali Hernandez, PDVSA

Status
Under development

Future plans, recommendations


Hope to publish in 2007 or 2008
Recommend using this document for training gas-lift engineers,
technicians, operators who are involved in intermittent gas-lift
The current draft version can be obtained from www.alrdc.com,
Technical Committees, API Gas-Lift
Feb. 6, 2007

2007 Gas-Lift Workshop

19

Intermittent Gas Lift Challenges


Injecting gas at the correct cycle
frequency to optimize production
Injecting the correct amount of gas per
cycle
Operating each well without upsetting
other wells in the system

Recommended Practice Focuses On:

Feb. 6, 2007

Design
Operation
Troubleshooting
Optimization

2007 Gas-Lift Workshop

20

Obtaining and Using API Documents


To obtain copies of the recommended API documents:

Go to the API web site


http://api-ep.api.org/filelibrary/Catalog2004_web.pdf
Go to Series 11 for Production Equipment
Page down to 11V documents
Order via: www.global.ihs.com
Or FAX an order to 1303-397-2740

These documents are good as:


A basis for training classes
Reference documents

Feb. 6, 2007

2007 Gas-Lift Workshop

21

Developing a New API Document


Process

Approx. Time (Months)

New idea presented to or conceived by Task Group 11V


24
Approved by API Committees 11
24
New Work Group appointed (volunteers)
24
Developed by Work Group 11Vx
24 - 48
Approved by Task Group 11V
36
Voted by Committee 11
36
Reworked to address comments
36
Re-voted by Committee 11
36
Approved by API
36
Published by API
36
Total 48 96
Feb. 6, 2007

2007 Gas-Lift Workshop

22

Looking to the Future


Other gas lift topics may be addressed in the future
Gas lift design using production pressure operated (PPO) gas lift
valves
Gas lift system and well automation
Surface controlled downhole gas lift systems
Standard gas lift symbols and abbreviations
Selection of artificial lift equipment
Other topics as requested by industry

Feb. 6, 2007

2007 Gas-Lift Workshop

23

Looking to the Future


To continue support of existing API gas lift documents
and develop new ones, we need ..
Active interest and participation by industry gas lift personnel
Operators, Suppliers, Others

Good news
Some members of API gas lift subcommittee have participated
since day #1 so they bring a wealth of experience (4 members)
Some are young enthusiastic engineers (4 members)
Some are from other countries outside the USA (7 members)
Several are also helping to lead and actively participate on the
ISO gas lift international standards committee, so continuity
exists (9 members)
Feb. 6, 2007

2007 Gas-Lift Workshop

24

ISO Gas Lift


Standards
Prepared by

Cleon Dunham, Oilfield Automation Consulting

ISO (International Organization for Standards)

Purpose
ISO (International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide
federation of national standards bodies (ISO member bodies).
International Standards are prepared by ISO technical committees.
Each member body may be represented on these committees.
Both governmental and non-governmental international organizations
may participate.
The task of technical committees is to prepare International Standards.
Draft International Standards adopted by the technical committees are
circulated to the member bodies for voting.
Publication as an International Standard requires approval by 75 % of
the member bodies that vote.
Feb. 6, 2007

2007 Gas-Lift Workshop

26

ISO Gas Lift Task Group 17078


on Gas Lift Standards

History
Formed in 1998

Works under ISO Work Group #4 (Technical Committee)


Chair: Wayne Mabry, Schlumberger
Secretary: Cleon Dunham, Oilfield Automation Consulting
Meetings: 7 or 8 per year

33 Members from Industry

Operating Companies (10)


Service Companies (19)
Consultants (4) (3 were previously with Operating Companies)
Universities (0)

Ad-Hoc Members (Several others help on specific topics)


Feb. 6, 2007

2007 Gas-Lift Workshop

27

ISO Standards for Gas Lift Equipment

Purpose
These International Standards are developed by a task group of
users/purchasers and suppliers/manufacturers of gas lift equipment.
This equipment is intended for use in the worldwide petroleum and
natural gas industry.
These International Standards are intended to provide requirements
and information to all parties who are involved in the specification,
selection, manufacture, testing, and use of gas lift equipment.
Further, these International Standards address supplier/manufacturer
requirements that set the minimum parameters with which each
supplier/manufacturer shall comply, in order to be able to claim
conformity with these International Standards.

Feb. 6, 2007

2007 Gas-Lift Workshop

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ISO Standards for Gas Lift Equipment

Structure
These International Standards are structured to allow different quality
control grades to support quality control, design validation, design
verification, and product functional testing.
These variations allow the user/purchaser to select the grades that are
required for a specific application.
If the user/purchaser does not specify a specific grade for the following
categories, the supplier/manufacturer shall meet the requirements of
grade 3 (the lowest grade).
- Well environmental service grade
- Design validation grade
- Product functional testing grade
- Quality control grade
Feb. 6, 2007

2007 Gas-Lift Workshop

29

ISO Gas Lift Standards


Four standards (so far)
- ISO 17078.1 --- Side-pocket mandrels
- ISO 17078.2 --- Flow control devices for side-pocket mandrels
- ISO 17078.3 --- Running, pulling, and kick-over tools, and
latches for side-pocket mandrels

- ISO 17078.4 --- Practices for side-pocket mandrels and related


equipment

Feb. 6, 2007

2007 Gas-Lift Workshop

30

ISO 17078.1
Side-pocket mandrels
Status
Published by ISO in December, 2004
Document: 48 pages, $110.00

Outline
Normative annexes

Main clauses
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.

Feb. 6, 2007

Scope
Normative references
Terms and definitions
Abbreviated terms
Functional specification
Technical specification
Supplier/manufacturer
requirements

A. Environmental service
requirements
B. Design validation
requirements
C. Product functional testing
requirements
D. Quality control requirements

2007 Gas-Lift Workshop

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Feb. 6, 2007

2007 Gas-Lift Workshop

32

ISO 17078.2
Flow control devices
Status
Is in Final Draft International Standard (FDIS) status
(The document has been approved by the ISO International Committee and
is ready for publication)

Outline
Main clauses
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.

Feb. 6, 2007

Scope
Normative references
Terms and definitions
Abbreviated terms
Functional specification
Technical specification
Supplier/manufacturer
requirements
2007 Gas-Lift Workshop

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ISO 17078.2
Flow control devices
Outline (Continued)

Normative annexes
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
F.
G.
H.
I.
J.
K.
L.
M.
N.

Feb. 6, 2007

Design validation and product functional testing requirements


Environmental service classes
Design validation grades
Product functional testing grades
Interface testing requirements
Insertion testing requirements
Probe and travel testing, and load rate determination
Dynamic flow testing and flow coefficient (Cv) calculation
Back check testing
Open and closing pressure testing
Bellow actuation life cycle testing
Erosion testing
Shelf testing
Port/seat leakage rate testing
2007 Gas-Lift Workshop

34

ISO 17078.2
Flow control devices
Outline (Continued)

Informative annexes
O. Performance testing test facility recommendations
P. Performance testing prediction correlations

Feb. 6, 2007

2007 Gas-Lift Workshop

35

ISO 17078.2
Flow control devices
Flow Control Device Group
I

IPO, Balanced IPO, IPO with choke

II

PPO, PPO with choke

III

Pilot, Differential

IV

Orifice, Nozzle Venturi, Shear Orifice,


Dump/Kill

Dummy

VI

Chemical Injection, Chemical Injection


Spring Loaded

VII

Surface Controlled Hydraulic, Surface


Controlled Electric, Smart

VIII

Liquid Injection

IX
Feb. 6, 2007

Flow Control Device Types

Other
2007 Gas-Lift Workshop

36

Wireline
Retrievable Gas
Lift Valve

Wireline Retrievable
Gas Lift Orifice
Valve

Wireline
Retrievable
Dummy Valve

IPO

Feb. 6, 2007

2007 Gas-Lift Workshop

37

ISO 17078.3
Running, pulling, and kick-over tools, and latches
Status
Is in Draft International Standard (DIS) status
(The document has undergone one round of review by the International
ISO Committee and is ready for a second round)

Outline
Main clauses
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.

Feb. 6, 2007

Scope
Normative references
Terms and definitions
Abbreviated terms
Functional specification
Technical specification
Supplier/manufacturer
requirements
2007 Gas-Lift Workshop

38

ISO 17078.3
Running, pulling, and kick-over tools, and latches
Outline

(Continued)

Normative annexes (tentative)


A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
F.
G.
H.
I.
J.
K.
L.
M.

Feb. 6, 2007

Purpose of annexes and device classes


Environmental service grades
Design validation grades
Product functional testing grades
Interface testing requirements
Functional testing requirements
Slick line testing requirements
Pre-trigger testing requirements
Tension testing requirements
Jarring testing requirements
Erosion testing requirements
Kick-over tool activation testing requirements
Kick-over, flow control device, etc. catcher testing requirements
2007 Gas-Lift Workshop

39

Wireline Retrievable Gas Lift


Equipment

Feb. 6, 2007

Running Tools
Pulling Tools
Kick-over Tools
Latches

2007 Gas-Lift Workshop

40

ISO 17078.4
Practices for side-pocket mandrels and related
equipment
Status

Is in Committee Draft (CD) status


(The document has been drafted and is ready for review by the
International ISO Committee)

Outline

Main clauses
1.
2.
3.
4.

Feb. 6, 2007

Scope
Terms and definitions
Symbols and Abbreviated terms
Guidelines for application of side-pocket mandrels and related
equipment

2007 Gas-Lift Workshop

41

ISO 17078.4
Practices for side-pocket mandrels and related
equipment
Outline

(Continued)

Informative annexes
A. User/Purchaser functional specification templates for side-pocket
mandrels and related equipment
B. Supplier/Manufacturer product data sheets for side-pocket mandrels
and related equipment
C. Guidelines for setting up and calibrating flow control devices
D. Guidelines for test sites for flow control device performance testing
E. Guidelines for setting up reconditioning shops and selecting shop
personnel for side-pocket mandrels and related equipment

Feb. 6, 2007

2007 Gas-Lift Workshop

42

ISO 17078.4
Practices for side-pocket mandrels and related
equipment
Outline

(Continued)

Informative annexes
F.

Guidelines for pre- and post-installation inspection and testing of


side-pocket mandrels and related equipment
G. Guidelines for reconditioning side-pocket mandrels and related
equipment
H. Guidelines for selecting and training gas-lift User/Purchaser
personnel
I. Guidelines for understanding interface compatibility issues
J. Engineering units conversion

Feb. 6, 2007

2007 Gas-Lift Workshop

43

Obtaining and Using ISO Documents


To obtain copies of these documents:

Go to the ISO web site, www.iso.org


Use the search feature on the top of the page, enter 17078
Select the specific document desired
Currently, only 17078.1 is available for purchase
Price is 130.00 CHF (US $110.00)
Drafts may be obtained from www.alrdc.com, Technical
Committees, ISO Gas-Lift

These documents are good for:


Specifying the quality of device required for an application
Assuring the quality of the manufactured product
Feb. 6, 2007

2007 Gas-Lift Workshop

44

Developing a New ISO Document


Document

Approx. Time (Months)

ISO 17078.1
First meeting
First draft completed
Document published

Feb. 1998
July 2001
Dec. 2004

42 months
83 months

ISO 17078.2
First meeting
First draft completed
Document published

May 2001
Sept. 2004
Est. mid 2007

41 months
74 months

ISO 17078.3 and 17078.4


First meeting
Documents published

Oct. 2003
Est. end 2008

63 months

Feb. 6, 2007

2007 Gas-Lift Workshop

45

Looking to the Future


Other gas lift topics may be addressed in the future
New topics may be proposed for the future
This will depend on pull from the user/purchaser companies
and some push from the supplier/manufacturer companies

Feb. 6, 2007

2007 Gas-Lift Workshop

46

Looking to the Future


To continue support of existing ISO gas lift documents,
complete the ones in draft form, and develop new ones,
we need ..
Active interest and participation by industry gas lift personnel
Operators, Suppliers, Others

Good news
Some members of ISO gas lift task group have participated since
day #1 so they bring a wealth of experience (5 members)
Some are young enthusiastic engineers (2 members)
Some are from other countries (7 members)
Several are also helping to lead and actively participate on the
API gas lift recommended practices committee, so continuity
exists (9 members)
Feb. 6, 2007

2007 Gas-Lift Workshop

47

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